• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제13권
• /
• pp.43-68
• /
• 2000

Incoterms mean the ICC official rules for the interpretation of trade terms which facilitate the conduct of international trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree. Nevertheless, Incoterms has been revised successively to adapt them to contemporary commercial practice. In particularly, substantive changes in Incoterms 2000 have been made in two areas: (i) the customs clearance under FAS and DEQ; and (ii) the loading and unloading obligations under FCA. But it should be stressed that the scope of Incoterms is limited to the contract of sale and not apply to the contracts of carriage, insurance and financing. Moreover, merchants wishing to use Incoterms 2000 should clearly specify that their contract is governed by 'Incoterms 2000'. It is particularly important to note that Incoterms are not dealt with a great number of problems, such as transfer of property rights, breaches of contract and exemptions from liability. Therefore, the contracting parties should clearly agree to the applicable law related their contract of sale, like the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.

• 한국BIM학회 논문집
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.44-53
• /
• 2015

Recently, BIM has been widely applying in civil engineering projects centering on the private construction industry in order to establish self guidelines for spreading in practice. However, most BIM technologies and software are based on the architectural projects. In these environments, it is not easy to apply the BIM to a infrastructure field. Even BIM standards with IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) are also focusing on architectural projects. Especially, both private and public sectors do not know about how BIM delivery system should be performed, and how such deliverable should be submitted to the government yet. Thus, we need to analyze an application level of BIM S/W (Software) in real projects and verify their interoperability. Besides, since there are not any common standards that can exchange IFC models for civil engineering projects, we have many issues in converting as-built infrastructure models into IFC and delivering their design documents to the government. Accordingly, this study aims to perform a BIM process with commercial software for real road project after a detailed design process is finished and verify interoperability between diverse BIM software for securing BIM data reliability.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제53권2호
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 2013

The present study was planned to evaluate the bioequivalence of two commercial formulations of enrofloxacin, which have been marketed as 10% injectable solution after intramuscular administration at a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to 12 clinically healthy goats The study was carried out on the basis of crossover design. The two formulations were: Baytril as a reference product and Spectrama Vet as a test product. The plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector. The pharmacokinetics of that data was performed using non-compartmental analysis. The maximum plasma concentration ($C_{max}$), time to reach peak concentration ($T_{max}$), area under concentration-time curve (AUC), elimination half-life ($t_{0.5el}$) were 1.14 and $1.05{\mu}g/mL$, 0.79 and 0.83 h, 5.70 and $5.79{\mu}g.h/mL$, 5.19 and 5.39 h for Baytril and Spectrama Vet, respectively. The 90% confidence interval for the mean ratio of $T_{max}$, $C_{max}$ and AUC were 94.72-116.2, 87.88-97.16 and 86.44-118.72%, respectively. These values falls within the European Medicines Agency bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125% for both $T_{max}$ and AUC and between 75-133% for $C_{max}$. In conclusion, Spectrama-Vet is bioequivalent to Baytril and both products can be used as interchangeable drug in veterinary medicine practice.

• 태양에너지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.77-85
• /
• 1990

본 조사에서는 자연광(일광, 혹은 주광 : sunlight)을 도입하는데 있어 현휘(glare)나 강한 휘도군을 지양하고 하절기의 과열을 방지하여 쾌적한 생활 환경을 조성하는데 유용한 주광 제어 장치들의 종류와 특성에 대해 간략히 알아보고 이를 적용한 외국의 실제 예를 소개하였다. 특히, 미국 Utah주 Salt Lake City에 위치한 Johnson Controls사의 지사 건물은 자연채광의 한 방편으로 light shelf와 고창을 이용하여 에너지 절약과 실내 빛 환경의 개선을 도모한 좋은 표본이라 하겠다. 에너지 자원을 거의 수입에 의존하고 있는 우리의 실정을 감안한다면 우리도 이 분야에 대한 다각적인 검토와 연구가 이루어져 건물에너지의 절약을 꾀하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.581-587
• /
• 2011

이 논문은 임베디드 소프트웨어 설계 과목을 위한 실습 키트 하드웨어와 이 키트를 사용한 임베디드 소프트웨어 설계 교육 과정에 대해서 소개한다. 임베디드 소프트웨어 설계 과목은 그 특성상 실습과 한 학기에 걸친 프로젝트 위주로 진행되는데 이를 위해서는 소프트웨어를 실행시킬 실습 키트가 꼭 필요하다. 학생들이 하드웨어를 완벽하게 이해하고 소프트웨어 설계 및 개발을 진행할 수 있도록 학생들의 수준에 맞는 맞춤형 실습 키트 하드웨어를 설계하고 제작하였다. 학생들은 제작된 실습 키트를 사용하여 디바이스구동 소프트웨어에서부터 사용자 인터페이스까지 임베디드 소프트웨어 전 계층에 걸친 프로그램 설계하고 구현해 봄으로써 보다 수월하게 임베디드 시스템에 대한 이해를 넓히고 프로그램 개발 능력을 향상시킬 수 있었다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.285-294
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The study was done to survey feminine hygiene and vaginal douche practices in middle-aged women to obtain basic information for public health education. Methods: With a descriptive survey design, 134 middle-aged women who have menstrual period were recruited via convenience sampling. Survey contents were from the study by Czerwinski (2000) regarding feminine hygiene and vaginal douching practices. After obtaining IRB approval, a self-administered structured questionnaire was distributed to study participants. Results: Mean age of middle-aged women was 46.88 years old. Fifty-six percent of the women practiced vaginal douching. Women performed douching with water (68%), commercial products (13%), soap (12%), and vinegar-mixed water (6%) for clean and fresh feeling, removal of unpleasant odor, and removal of vaginal discharge. Vaginal douche practice was significantly related to a history of vaginitis. Conclusion: The study results indicate that most of the women practiced inadequate feminine hygiene especially in douching, suggesting that is important to develop education programs on feminine hygiene practices for women of all ages, especially regarding douching and hand washing before and after changing pads or tampons.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집B
• /
• pp.618-623
• /
• 2001

In a practical vibration isolation system, vibration is transmitted from the source to the receiver through several paths such as more than one inter-connected point and multi-degree of freedom at each connection point. Therefore, the major path investigation for vibration transmission among them is often required in a point of view of isolation. For the path analysis of multi-dimensional vibration isolation system, it is useful to employ the concept of vibration power in high frequency range where radiation of noise from the receiver structure is concerned. The idea is simple to understand and formulate but rather complicated to apply in practice. For an accurate estimation of power flow especially over a high frequency range, it is well known in theory that rotational motions should be taken into consideration together with translational motions at inter-connected points. In reality, however, power transmissions related to rotational terms are often neglected mainly due to difficulties in the instrumentation. In this paper, necessary formula and measurable mechanical quantities for vibration power analysis will be reviewed and experimental results with rotational terms included for compressor system in a commercial air conditioner will be shown.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.49-70
• /
• 2015

There are three categories of arbitration - domestic arbitration, foreign-related arbitration and foreign arbitration. Although the meaning of foreign arbitration and International Commercial Arbitration is different, they are used to mean the same in practice. In fact, there is significant controversy about the meaning of non-domestic arbitration because it is too difficult to distinguish between non-domestic arbitration and domestic arbitration. In the Chinese arbitration system, there are two main laws,Chinese Arbitration Law and Chinese Civil Procedure Law. Chinese Arbitration Law regulates the internal matters, while Chinese Civil Procedure Law regulates the external legal regulations. After the 2012 revised Chinese Civil Procedure Law, a number of laws and regulations have been revised, and almost every Arbitrations Rules have been revised, and will be in effect in 2015. Depending on the nationality of arbitration, the applicable laws will be different. The nationality of arbitration is so important that this paper will pay more attention to it. Although the case in China has no precedent effect, it is so important to the parties that this paper will address it. This paper will analyze the process and the cases of the recognition and enforcement of the award system in China.

• 한국측량학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.341-346
• /
• 2003

인터넷으로 3차원 지도 정보를 제공하기 위해서는 먼저 웹 서버가 고려되어져야 하지만, 일반적으로, 어플리케이션의 소스코드는 비공개적이며 소스 기술에 대한 접근이 어려우므로 기술개발에 많은 한계가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 이런 문제를 해결하기 위해, 공개된 소스 체제인 Linux운영체제를 도입하였고, 웹 브라우저에서 3차원 공간데이터 실행이 가능한 VRLR을 활용하여 인터넷 3차원 지도 서버를 구축였다. 그 결과, 하드웨어 구입이외의 비용은 들지 않아 경제적이었으며, 개방된 소스를 이용하므로 능동적인 유지관리가 이루어 질 수 있었다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제21권9호
• /
• pp.32-40
• /
• 2004

This paper deals with an automated computer-aided process planning and die design system by which designer can determine operation sequences even if they have a little experience in process planning and die design for axisymmetric products. An attempt is made to link programs incorporating a number of expert design rules with the process variables obtained by commercial FEM softwares, DEFORM and ANSYS, to form a useful package. The system is composed of four main modules. The process planning and the die design modules consider several factors, such as the complexities of preform geometry, punch and die profiles, specifications of available multi former, and the availability of standard parts. They can provide a flexible process based on either the reduction in the number of forming sequences by combining the possible two processes in sequence, or the reduction of deviation of the distribution on the level of the required forming loads by controlling the forming ratios. Especially in die design module an optimal design technique and horizontal split die were investigated for determining appropriate dimensions of components of multi-former die set. It is constructed that the proposed method can be beneficial for improving the tool life of die set at practice.