• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of single and combined applications of fluoride on the amount of fluoride release, and the remineralization and physical properties of enamel. Materials and Methods: Each of four fluoride varnish and gel products (Fluor Protector, FP, Ivoclar Vivadent; Tooth Mousse Plus, TM, GC; 60 Second Gel, A, Germiphene; CavityShield, CS, 3M ESPE) and two fluoride solutions (2% sodium fluoride, N; 8% tin(ii) fluoride, S) were applied on bovine teeth using single and combined methods (10 per group), and then the amount of fluoride release was measured for 4 wk. The electron probe microanalysis and the Vickers microhardness measurements were conducted to assess the effect of fluoride application on the surface properties of bovine teeth. Results: The amount of fluoride release was higher in combined applications than in single application (p < 0.05). Microhardness values were higher after combined applications of N with FP, TM, and CS than single application of them, and these values were also higher after combined applications of S than single application of A (p < 0.05). Ca and P values were higher in combined applications of N with TM and CS than single application of them (p < 0.05). They were also increased after combined applications of the S with A than after single application (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Combined applications of fluoride could be used as a basis to design more effective methods of fluoride application to provide enhanced remineralization.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2015

Combined applications of rice bran with pine leaves were tested to examine the inhibitory effects to paddy weeds and increased yield of rice for developing techniques of environment-friendly weed management in paddy rice fields. Weed control efficacy at 60 days after treatment was improved to 88.8% by combined application of rice bran with pine leaves, while weed control efficacy by single application of rice bran showed 67.5%. The other weed control efficacy combined with chestnut leaves and barley straws were 76.3% and 69.9% respectively. Combined application of rice bran with pine leaves was more effective to broadleaf weeds such as Monochoria vaginalis. Weed control efficacy by combined application with pine leaves was 100% until 70 days after rice transplanting and maintained weed control effect up to 90 days after transplanting. Rice yield by combined application of rice bran with pine leaves was 526 kg/10 a, which was higher yield than by combined application with barley straws, single application of rice bran, natural snail application and hand weeding.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.357-357
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• 2017

The combined application of oil cake and rice bran into the soil surface was found useful for weed control in our previous pot study. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) while incorporated in the paddy field and effects of combined fertilizer on weed control and rice yield. A plot was divided into two parts i.e. white clover incorporated and not incorporated. The nitrogen content of the incorporated white clover was $12.5gm^{-2}$. Chemical fertilizer and combined fertilizer plots were compared with non-fertilizer conditions. The mixed ratio of combined fertilizer was oil cake 1.35 and rice bran 1.0. Combined fertilizer was applied to the soil surface, and chemical fertilizer was mixed in the soil. Nitrogen application rate was $8gm^{-2}$ for any fertilizer. The weed numbers were significantly reduced in the white clover plot irrespective of application condition both at heading and harvest time. Also, weed control ability was improved by the use of combined fertilizer. In the not incorporated plot, the number of weeds was suppressed about 90% by applying combined fertilizer. The rice yield was markedly increased by the incorporation with white clover under all fertilization conditions. Contribution rates of increased rice yield by white clover and combined fertilizer were about 55% and about 25%, respectively. The rice yield was increased by the incorporation with white clover, and the number of weeds remarkably decreased as well. Also, these effects were improved due to combined application of oil cake and rice bran.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 1994

토양현탁(土壤懸濁) 배양시(培養時) 셀루로스와 유기염소계(有機鹽素系) 살균제(殺菌劑)인 클로로타로닐(TPN)의 첨가횟수에 따른 총세균(總細菌), TPN분해균(分解菌), 셀루로스분해균(分解菌)의 밀도(密度) 그리고 이들 화학물질(化學物質)의 농도변화(濃度變化) 등(等)에 대한 상호관계(相互關系)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 총세균수(總細菌數)와 그람음성세균수(陰性細菌數)는 TPN과 셀루로스 혼합처리(混合處理)가 TPN 또는 셀구로스 단독처리(單獨處理)에 비(比)하여 많았고, 단독처리(單獨處理)는 배양(培養) 1 또는 2주째까지 증가(增加)한 후 감소(減少)하였으나 혼합처리(混合處理)는 반복시용(反覆施用)할수록 증가(增加) 경향(傾向)이었다. 2. TPN분해수(分解數)는 초기(初期)에 비(比)하여 배양(培養) 5주째 모든 처리(處理)에서 증가(增加)되었고 TPN과 셀루로스를 혼합반복처리(混合反覆處理)할수록 더욱 촉진(促進)되었다. 3. 셀루로스 분해균수(分解菌數)는 배양(培養) 1주째에 모든 처리(處理)에서 가장 많았고, 셀루로스를 첨가(添加)할수록 높았으나 동시 TPN 처리(處理)로 감소(減少)를 촉진(促進)하였다. 4. TPN분해균(分解菌)에 의한 TPN의 분해소실(分解消失) 정도(程度)는 TPN단용(單用)에 비해 셀루로스 첨가(添加)에 의하여 더욱 분해촉진(分解促進)되었으나 반복시용(反覆施用)할수록 소실정도(消失程度)는 지연(遲延)되었다. 5. 셀루로스가 분해(分解)된 환원당(還元糖)의 함량(合量)은 배양(培養) 초기(初期)와 4주 후에 급격한 증가(增加)가 있었고, 셀루로스 단용(單用)보다 셀루로스와 TPN 혼합처리(混合處理)에서 높았으나 반복시용간(反覆施用間)에는 큰 차이(差異)가 없었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.262-270
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• 2014

본 연구는 바닥재의 농업적 활용성을 증대시키기 위해 바닥재의 안정화 제재로써 축분퇴비를 선발하였고 알타리무의 재배토양에서 바닥재와 축분퇴비의 혼합 시용량에 따른 토양의 화학적 특성, 토양 내 중금속의 함량, 효소활성의 변화 및 알타리무의 수량을 조사하기 위해 실시되었다. 바닥재를 단독으로 시용하였을 때 보다 바닥재와 축분퇴비를 혼합 시용하였을 때 토양의 화학적 특성이 더욱 우수하게 개량되어지는 결과를 나타내었다. 바닥재의 시용량을 증가시킴에 따라 토양 내 수용성 망간과 아연의 함량이 유의적으로 감소하였으며 이러한 효과는 바닥재와 축분퇴비를 혼합 시용하였을 때 더욱 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 바닥재의 시용량 증가는 알타리무 수확 후 토양 내 urease의 활성을 유의적으로 증가시켰다. 바닥재의 단독시용에 비해 바닥재와 축분퇴비의 혼합시용은 urease, dehydrogenase, acidic phosphotase 및 alkaline phosphotase의 활성을 더욱 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 바닥재와 축분퇴비의 혼합시용은 알타리무의 수량 감소를 초래하지 않았으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었지만 수량의 증수를 보였다. 결론적으로 바닥재는 축분퇴비와 혼합하여 사용된다면 밭토양 내 중금속 함량의 증대와 작물수량의 감소 없이 토양의 화학적 특성과 효소활성을 개량할 수 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 2003년도 춘계전력전자학술대회 논문집(2)
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• pp.886-890
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• 2003

This paper introduces the combined test results of the traction system for KHST(Korean High Speed Train: hereafter refer to KHST). The main purpose of this combined test is to verify the performance of the traction system that is designed to operate up to maximum 350km/h speed. Combined test system consists of a traction transformer, two AC-DC PWM converters, a PWM Inverter, two traction motors and flywheel system. Flywheel system represents equivalent model of the train inertia. Also traction control system and MASCON Interfaces are included. Various kinds of experiments are performed to prove total traction system performance and detail waveforms are described

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.241-246
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• 1999

This paper describes the economic evaluation of battery energy storage system(BESS) for the domestic application. Application target is decided on conventional combined cycle of domestic and we analyzed economics that compared conventional combined cycle with power generation cost in development and the commercialized in case that establish it on utility and customer, urban and rural. The result shows that about the same conventional combined cycle of Anyang, Bundang and Pyungtak but more economical than seoincheon conventional combined cycle. And, in case of capacity enlargment and using the maintenance free battery more economical than conventional system.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.82-91
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• 2014

The combined generator system by integrating several renewable energy sources can share the electrical infrastructure and therefore have the advantage of constructing not only the transmission system but also the power conversion system. Among the various combined renewable system, the wind power and wave power has a high possibility of future growth due to the economic feasibility in offshore environment. This kind of large-scale combined systems might be follow the determination by the transmission system operator's directions and control the output profile by focusing at PCC. However, both renewable energies are depend on the unpredictable environmental variation; it is needed to do the compensation devices. In this paper, the ESS compensation plan is proposed to do output determination of the combined generator system by paying attention to active power of utility grid with the analysis of the controllable elements of the wind and wave power generator. The improvement of the new application technique of the combined system is confirmed through using the PSCAD/EMTDC. The entire simulation process was designed by adopting the active power control according to the reference signal of TSO.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.286-294
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• 1998

일년생 화본과 잡초인 피의 방제 약제로 사용하는 carbamate계 제초제 molinate와 일년생 광엽잡초 방제 약제로 사용하는 triazine계 제초제 simetryn을 혼합처리하고 잡초에 대한 약효 상호작용과 벼에 대한 약해 안전성을 온실에서 조사하였다. 1. Molinate와 simetryn 혼합처리시 피(Echinochloa crus-galli)에 대해서는 상승적효과를, 가막사리(Bidens tripartita)에 대해서는 상가적효과를 나타내었다. 2. Molinate+simetryn 혼합처리시 벼에 대한 약해는 상승적효과인 것으로 나타났다. 3. Molinate+simetrn 혼합처리는 molinate 단제 처리보다 피의 제초효과를 얻는 담수기간이 약 2~4일 정도 단축되어 직파재배시의 논 그누기가 용이할 것으로 생각되었다. 4. 제초효과 및 벼에 대한 약해를 고려할 때 혼합제는 molinate 150g+simetryn 9~18g이 적절한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.405-421
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• 1997

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the acid resistance and antimicrobial effect of fluoride-laser combined application. Recently extracted third molars were used. $5{\times}3mm$ of the buccal and lingual specimens were exposed and incipient artificial carious lesions were formed by keeping them in the artificial cariogenic solution for 5 days. They were divided into five groups and treated with fluoride and laser according to the predetermined regimen. The acid resistance was compared between groups by chemical quantitative analysis of the calcium and phosphorous released into the test solution after single or combined application of fluoride and laser. The antimicrobial effect of each group was analyzed by counting the number of colony forming units after microbial incubation. The results from the present study can be summarized as follows; 1. Experimental groups showed lower values in calcium and phosphorous contents as well as in $CFU/m{\ell}$(colony forming units) than control group. Combined application groups showed lower values than single application groups. 2. Acid resistance and antimicrobial effect by fluoride and laser treatment were confirmed in this study. 3. Based upon the above-mentioned results of this study, it can be assumed that the use of laser-fluoride combined application may provide the child and adolescent patient population with antimicrobial effect as well as acid resistance. Further studies using various materials and experimental conditions are being encouraged.