• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2001

Objective: Mouse pre-antral follicles require the addition of gonadotropins (Gns) to complete maturation and ovulation of oocyte and antrum formation in vitro. However, we tried examination of in vitro growth of mouse pre-antral follicles in medium without Gns and/or phygiological factors. And also, pre-antral follicles were isolated from ovaries by mechanical method. Our present studies were conducted to evaluate on the growth of follicles and intra-follicular oocytes and antrum formation in vitro of mouse pre-antral follicles in two different media. Methods: Pre-antral follicles ($91{\sim}120{\mu}m$) were isolated mechanically by fine 30G needles not using enzymes from ovaries of 3-6 week-old female ICR mice. Isolated pre-antral follicles were cultured in $20{\mu}l$ droplets of TCM (n=17; follicles: $107.8{\pm}1.58{\mu}m$; oocytes: $57.9{\pm}1.2{\mu}m$) or MEM (n=12; follicles: $109.3{\pm}2.53{\mu}m$; oocytes: $55.4{\pm}1.6{\mu}m$) under mineral oil on the 60 mm culture dish. All experimental media was supplemented with 10% FBS without Gns and/or physiological factors. Pre antral follicles were individually cultured for 8 days. Antram formation and growth of pre-antral follicles and intra-follicular oocytes were evaluated using precalibrated ocular micrometer at X200 magnifications during in vitro culture. Results were analyzed using combination of Student's t-test and Chi-square, and considered statistically significant when p<0.05. Results: Antrum formation had started in two culture media on day 2. On day 8, antrum formation had occurred in 58.3% of pre-antral follicles cultured in DMEM, but only in 23.5% of those cultured in TCM (p=0.0364). Growth of pre-antral follicles and intra-follicular oocytes were observed on day 4 and 8. On day 4, follicular diameter was similar (p=0.1338) in TCM ($119.4{\pm}2.58{\mu}m$) and MEM ($125.4{\pm}4.52{\mu}m$). However, on day 8, diameters of pre-antral follicles cultured in MEM ($168.9{\pm}17.29{\mu}m$) were significantly bigger (p=0.0248) than that in TCM ($126.7{\pm}4.28{\mu}m$). On day 4 and 8, diameters of intra-follicular oocytes were similar in TCM ($67.1{\pm}1.3$ and $72.4{\pm}0.9{\mu}m$) and MEM ($65.2{\pm}1.7$ and $73.3{\pm}1.5{\mu}m$), respectively. Conclusion: We can conform that medium without Gns and/or physiological factors can be used for in vitro antrum formation and growth of pre-antral follicles and intra-follicular oocytes in mouse. In conclusion, MEM supplemented with FBS can be used for growth in vitro of mouse pre-antral follicles isolated mechanically.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2000

Subconfluent neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes were treated with a concentration 200 ng/$m\ell$ of human recombinant epidermal growth factor (hrEGF), human recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 (hrIGF-1), and with a combination of hrEGF and hrIGF-1. Cytoplasmic and membrane-associated proteins were extracted and assayed. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, and subjected to the western blot analysis. In the cytoplasmic fraction, the PKC concentration of keratinocyte treated with hrIGF-1 was higher than the control group, but the concentration of control group was the highest than the others in the membrane fraction. In the cytoplasmic fraction, EGF stimulated PKC-$\beta$II, -$\delta$, -$\theta$, and also stimulated PKC-$\alpha$, -$\beta$I, -$\delta$, -$\Im$ and -$\theta$ in the membrane fraction. IGF-1 stimulated PKC-$\beta$I, -$\Im$ and -$\theta$ in the cytoplasmic, PKC-$\alpha$, -$\beta$I, -$\delta$, -$\Im$, - $\varepsilon$ and -$\theta$ in the membrane. In the cells treated with a combination of EGF and IGF-1, PKC-$\alpha$, -$\beta$I, -$\Im$ and -$\theta$ in the cytoplasmic fraction, PKC-$\alpha$, -$\delta$, -$\Im$, -$\varepsilon$ and -$\theta$ in the membrane fraction were stimulated.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.657-664
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• 2016

The green macroalga Cladophora vadorum bloomed along the coast at Sangrok Beach, Buan, South Korea, in September 2015. To elucidate the cause of bloom, the effects of environmental factors on the vegetative growth of adult fragments were examined. Growth experiments were carried out under different combinations of temperatures and irradiances, and with a single factor of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus). The maximal growth of C. vadorum was reported under the combination of 25°C and 100 μmol photons m⁻²s⁻¹. The species grew under a wide range of N and P concentrations. The growth of C. vadorum peaked at 50 μM PO₄³⁻, 80 μM NH₄⁺, and 100 μM NO₃⁻. Adult fragments formed holdfasts and new branches within 3 days in culture and became adults, showing polarized growth patterns, in 2 weeks. This is the first report showing the development of numerous bladelets from a segment in Cladophora species. The present results indicate that Cladophora blooms appear under growth conditions that are favorable in terms of temperatures, irradiance, and nutrients via fragment growth patterns producing rapid holdfasts and many bladelets.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 1999

NaX zeolite crystal were grown from seed elements of synthetic NaX(2~3$\mu\textrm{m}$) Powder in a mother liquor having an approximate reactant composition ${4.12{Na}_{2}O{\cdot}{Al}_{2}{O}_{3}{\cdot}3.5{SiO}_{2}{\cdot}593{H}_{2}O$.The result was that crystallization time of NaX zeolite was reduced with adding seed materials to the initial mixture and crystal size was reduced . but with increasing crystallization time, NaX zeolite. In this study, We investigated detailed factors which NaX crystal has been determined by a combination of SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and BET.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.155-164
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• 2009

The most important factors in environment that influence the physiology of insects are temperature and humidity. Insects display a remarkable range of adaptations to changing environments and maintain their internal temperature (thermoregulation) and water content within tolerable limits, despite wide fluctuations in their surroundings. Adaptation is a complex and dynamic state that widely differs in species. Surviving under changing environment in insects depends on dispersal, habitat selection, habitat modification, relationship with ice and water, resistance to cold, diapause and developmental rate, sensitivity to environmental signals and syntheses of variety of cryoprotectant molecules. The mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) is very delicate and sensitive to environmental fluctuations and unable to survive naturally because of their domestication since ancient times. Thus, the adaptability to environmental conditions in the silkworm is quite different from those of wild insects. Temperature, humidity, air circulation, gases and photoperiod etc. shows a significant interaction in their effect on the physiology of silkworm depending upon the combination of factors and developmental stage affecting growth, development, productivity and quality of silk. An attempt has been made in this article to briefly discuss adaptation in insects with special emphasis on the role of environmental factors and their fluctuations and its significance in the physiology of mulberry silkworm, B. mori.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2001

It was orginally thought that runaway adolescents needed to improve their ability to cope with personal problems based on their own understanding of them. As a result we exchanged theoretical background on the matter as follows: 1. Generally, adolescency is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood and characterized by a dramatic conversion period with unique phenomena relative to other periods. Futhermore, it is the key transitional moment in the development of an adult personality. 2, Runaway adolescents are defined as 'adolescents who leave impulsively or intentionally their homes without permission of their parents for at least 24 hours.' 3. The reasons for this behavior are generally regarded as complex, interdependent and dynamic including a cast-away factor. seducing factors, and other action-provoking factors. There is also another view to explain the adolescent run-away as a combination of personal. domestic, academic, peer, or socal factors. 4. We found that adolescent runaways have different attitudes dependent on the reasons and procedures of runaways, lifestyles of adolescents. and results of their runaway experience. In conclusion, runaway adolescents are in a very important period in their development and growth of bodies and minds, but are in a great crisis for various complex reasons. Therefore, we propose that nursing should provide effective nursing interventions to improve the ability of the runaway adolescents address theses problems by themselves.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.87-92
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• 2014

It is difficult to innovate product or service alone in the fast-changing world. The convergence is new approach in order to respond to customers' desires for new products and services. The online service platform as combination of technology and services is one of growth drivers for service innovation. Thus, it is worthwhile to note that we need to investigate the success factors of online service platform. To to this, this study delves into MyMusicTaste.com of JJS media as a case of online service platform. By doing so, we can suggest a success factors for online service platforms.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-35
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• 2016

The phytoextraction of some toxic heavy metals from municipal waste dump soil by castor plant (Ricinus communis) was tested under natural and single or mixed chelant-assisted scenarios in pot microcosms. A sandy loam with total metal contents (mg/kg): Cd (84.5), Cu (114.5), Ni (70.3), Pb (57.8), and Zn (117.5), was sampled from an active dumpsite in Calabar, Nigeria and used for the study. Castor (small seed variety) was grown under natural phytoextraction or single/binary chelant (citric acid, oxalic acid, and EDTA) applications (5-20 mmol/kg soil) for 63 days. Castor exhibited no visual phytotoxic symptoms with typically sigmoid growth profiles at the applied chelant doses. Growth rates, however, decelerated with increase in chelant dose. Post-harvest biomass yields were higher under chelant application than for natural phytoextraction. Both root and shoot metal concentrations (mg/kg) increased quasilinearly and significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) with increase in chelant dose, furnishing maximum levels as: Cd (55.6 and 20.9), Cu (89.5 and 58.4), Ni (49.8 and 19.6), Pb (32.1 and 12.1), and Zn (99.5 and 46.6). Ranges of translocation factors, root and shoot bioaccumulation factors were 0.21-3.49, 0.01-0.89 and 0.01-0.51, respectively. Overall, the binary chelant treatments were less toxic for R. communis growth and enhanced metal accumulation in shoots to a greater extent than the single chelant scenarios, but more so when EDTA was present in the binary combination. This suggests that the mixed chelants could be considered as alternative treatments for enhanced phytoextraction and revegetation of degraded waste dump soils.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2016

Effects of environmental factors on the zoospore release and germling growth of Chaetomorpha linum were examined. Zoospore release and germling growth experiments were carried out under a combination of temperatures ${\times}$ irradiances, and a single factor of irradiances, salinities, daylength and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus). Zoospore release was maximal under condition of $20^{\circ}C{\times}100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in a factorial experiment (temperatures ${\times}$ irradiances), at $100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in irradiance experiment and at 34 psu in salinity conditions. After 24 days in culture, germling growth was maximal at $25^{\circ}C{\times}100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in temperatures ${\times}$ irradiances and at normal seawater (34 psu) in salinity. Germling growth is faster at higher irradiance under same temperature condition and it increased with increasing daylengths (8-16 h). Chaetomorpha linum grew in wide range of N and P concentrations. The growth of germling was maximal at $50{\mu}M\;{PO_4}^{3-}$ and $40{\mu}M\;{NH_4}^+$. Germling growth was more effective under nitrogen addition than phosphorus addition in culture. In conclusion, optimal environmental conditions for zoospore release were $20^{\circ}C$, $100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, and 34 psu. In addition, the optimal germling growth was observed at $25^{\circ}C$, $100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, 34 psu, 16 h, $50{\mu}M\;({PO_4}^{3-})$ and $40{\mu}M\;{(NH_4}^+)$.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.306-312
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• 2017

Changes in the cell growth and lipid accumulation of marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta were investigated in response to the combination of different stress factors including the variation of iron supply as a primary stress factor and different options in light irradiation and $CO_2$ supply as a secondary stress factor. High or limited Fe conditions could act as a stress for lipid synthesis. As a secondary stress factor, non-$CO_2$ condition was good for lipid accumulation, but the overall cell growth was sacrificed significantly after a long-time cultivation. Dark condition as a secondary stress factor also favored lipid accumulation and the extent of cell density reduction at the early period in the dark was small compared to other stress conditions. The two-stage cultivation strategy was necessary to maximize lipid production because tendencies of the cell growth and lipid content were not identical under the chosen stress condition. The first stage was for preparing a high cell density under the normal growth-favoring condition and the second stage was the stress condition to induce lipid accumulation in a short time. The short-term (12 h) incubation under the 5X Fe (3.25 mg/L) and dark conditions resulted in the best lipid productivity of 1.44 g/L/d providing 2 g/L inoculum at the second stage.