• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2006

The main colorant of Chelidonium majus extracts is a berberine which shows relatively good dyeability onto silk fabrics in the appropriate dyeing conditions without mordant, But cotton fabrics are difficult to dye with berberine because of the low substantivity the cationic to cellulosic fibers. we treated cotton fabrics using three types of polycarboxylic acid, DL-malic acid, citric acid, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid(BTCA) to increase dyeability of Chelidonium majus extracts onto cotton fabrics. As a result the cotton fabrics treated with polycarboxylic acid could be dyed with Chelidonium majus extracts and also showed yellow vividly. The dye uptake were increased with increasing the number of carboxy groups. And so dye uptake resulted the largest in the BTCA solutions which have four carboxylic groups in the molecular unit. The optimal dyeing temperature a of Chelidonium majus extracts onto polycarboxylic acid treated cotton fabrics were $60^{\circ}C$. The dye equilibrium was reached 20 minutes after dyeing. Neutral pH of dye solutions showed in higher K/S value than acidic or alkaline conditions. But the colorfastness to washing and light according to polycarboxylic acid treat was not enhance.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.400-404
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• 2009

With the aim of using Bokbunja byproducts as natural pigments, characteristics of extracts were investigated after application of different extraction conditions. Total optical density (TOD) of pigment extracts was greatest (9.51 units) when 80% (v/v) ethanol was used as solvent. The polyphenol content was greatest when 40% (v/v) ethanol was used and tended to decrease with higher concentrations of ethanol. The TOD values were increased when citric or lactic acid was added to extracting solvents. Polyphenols were effectively extracted by solvent containing ascorbic acid. As the level of byproducts increased with different extraction procedures, TOD and polyphenol content of byproducts tended to decrease. More than 90% of anthocyanin pigments and polyphenols could be obtained using two extractions with 40% (v/v) ethanol.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.3 s.56
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• pp.380-390
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• 2005

The effect of high purity chitosan was studied on its application to the natural dyeing using Rhusjara ica. In the dyeing experiment, examinations were introduced on the difference between the chitosan treated fabrics and chitosan untreated fabrics, and on the difference according to the type of mordanting agents and the mordanting methods. Dyeing was carried out for the chitosan treated and untreated fabrics under the conditions of non-mordanting and Al, Sn, Fe mordanting. As a result, we found that, in the case of cotton, chitosan untreated fabrics were not dyed enough, and the dyeing effect was not developed even though the mordanting was introduced. However, the chitosan treated fabrics developed excellent dyeing result even in the non-mordanting case. Through the results of cotton fabric dyeing, it was presumed that the dyeing affinity of the chitosan toward the Rhusjara ica, which prefer specific dyestuff (mainly black color), is selectively high. In the case of nylon, the dyeing effect is not developed easily under all conditions regardless of the chitosan treatment or the mordant treatment. It was inferred that a certain portion of the Rhusjara ica dyestuff made direct bonding with the functional elements in the nylon molecules without the help of the mordant. Through the results of nylon fabrics, it was presumed that some functional elements of the nylon molecules had selective affinity toward the specific colorant (mainly yellow color) of the Rhusjara ica.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.453-457
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• 2007

The physicochemical properties of red beets and the stability of betalain pigments irradiated at 2.5, 5, 10 and 30 kGy were evaluated. Betalain extraction yield of irradiated red beets was not significantly different from non-irradiated red beet. The red beet irradiated at 5kGy showed high optical density value in betacyanin and betaxanthin. In Hunter's color value lightness (L), redness (a) and yellowness (b) decreased with increment of irradiation dose. All red beets showed no difference in pH. The red beets irradiated above 10 kGy had poor textural property quality but antioxidant activity of betalain was not significantly changed by gamma irradiation. Considering natural colorant and textural quality, the gamma irradiation above 10kGy was an undesirable technique for red beets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity, antimutagenic and anticancer effects and dyeing properties of the fermented indigo extract. The physiological effects of natural color extracts from colorant plants(gardenia, beet and indigo) were studied. The methanol extract of indigo showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli and Staph. aureus, and also showed a strong antimicrobial effect on Trich. mentagrophytes compared to others. The methanol extract of indigo showed antimutagenic activities against aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. The proliferation of Clone M-3 mouse melanoma cells and A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells was inhibited by the methanol extract of indigo. So we decided to use natural indigo for dyeing the fabrics because of those effects. Dried indigo leaves were fermented at variouss temperature and the fermented indigo was reduced by using alkaline(NaOH, Ca(OH)2) and glucose to dye the fabrics. The values of K/S fermented indigo showed the highest value when it was fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The indigo fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$ had the greatest number of total bacterial counts and we identified one of the main microorganisms as Aspergillus niger. This microorganism was responsible for the indigo fermentation and accelerated indigo fermentation. So it can be supposed to reduce the fermentation period of indigo by inoculating Aspergillus niger into the indigo leaves at 3$0^{\circ}C$.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.486-492
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• 2017

This study finds surface color and functions of natural dyeing from Chamaecyparis obtusa leaves which help cure skin problems such as atopic dermatitis. This study also seeks to find dyeing properties and functions of natural colorants derived from Chamaecyparis obtusa and Rubia tinctorum on silk. Dyeing properties and functions are compared between silks dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa and silks composite-dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa and Rubia tinctorum. The comparison examines the feasibility of developing healthy and high functional fabrics and wellness of fashion merchandises. Silk dyeing with Chamaecyparis obtuse leaves yields yellow and double coloring from Chamaecyparis obtusa; however, Rubia tinctorum yields yellow/red on silks. Silks dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa and silks composite-dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa and Rubia tinctorum show a high level on dry cleaning, ultraviolet protection and deodorization. Especially, the dyed silks from leaves of Chamaecyparis obtusa show a 99.7% antimicrobial effect against staphylococcus aureus ATCC 653B. Silks composite-dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa and Rubia tinctorum are better known for medicinal herb for dermatitis, and natural colorant, Rubia tinctorum does not improve significantly functions compared with silks dyed with Chamaecyparis obtusa. However, the dyeing properties improve by composite dyeing. This implies that ways to maximize effects of tie-dyeing technique could be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 1997

The characteristics and stability of pigments produced by Monascus anka in a jar fermenter were examined The pigments produced by the mold were fractionated into four pigments, i.e., extracellular red pigment(ERP) extracellular yellow Pigment(EYP), intracellular red pigment(IRP) and intracellular yellow pigment(IYP) by the solvent fractionation method. These pigments showed characteristic absorption spectrum indicating that they were composed of different components of pigments. Each of these four pigments separated from Monascus anka were stable under ultraviolet light, fluorescent light and in dark conditions, but their color was faded rapidly under sun light. They were also very stable against temperature below 8$0^{\circ}C$, above which temperature the stability of the Pigments was decreased rapidly. Among the eight organic acids tested, tartaric and citric acids were found to be detrimental against the Monascus anka Pigments. And Cu$^{2+}$ ion showed the most deleterious effect on the color change of the pigments.s.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2020

Iron oxides are the essential coloring oxides in traditional ceramic glazes. However, when Fe is involved in the coloration in the form of ions or colloids in glazes with low Fe content, it is difficult to identify the iron oxide phases. Generally, in many these glazes, Ca-rich minerals are observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) or microscopic images, owing to their devitrification by the high Ca content. This study attempts to elucidate the correlation between the crystalline structure and coloration in the glazes while mainly focusing on neoformed Ca-rich minerals and Fe content. An experimental firing was carried out to produce tree ash glazes, with pine tree ash and Buyeo feldspar. In the case of oxidation glazes, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and XRD patterns did not exhibit any Ca-rich crystals, and all the visible light reflectance spectra lines exhibited a similar shape. In contrast, the reduction glazes divided into blue glazes and other colored glazes according to the shapes of their reflectance spectra. It was confirmed that the influence of Ca-rich minerals on the glaze color was more pronounced than the blue color of the reduction glazes when the Ca and feldspar contents were sufficiently high and low, respectively, to form wollastonite. As the Ca content increased and the elemental composition of the reduction glazes changed, the neoformation of the Ca-rich minerals, such as wollastonite, anorthite, diopside, and akermanite was sequentially observed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.651-657
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• 1999

These experiments focused on processing low sugar fig jam having marketability by selected substitute for extracted and purified pectinesterase (PE), colorant for colour improvement, food additive to make texture better, and stabilizer for stable storage. Cherry tomato pulp as PE substitute to hydrolyze pectin substance in fig pulp into low-methoxyl pectin was most effective among used vegetables and fruits pulp. Carmacid-R among natural colorants for imprving colour, addition of 20% starch syrup as sugar substitute for texture and addition of $MULTIPHOSE^{TM}$ for red colour change control at cold storage were effective. The low sugar fig jam processed by using the above selected materials showed higher score than others (typical jam and orange PE low sugar fig jam) for colour in sensory evaluation and did no significant difference in taste, odor, texture and overall acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.446-452
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• 1989

The pigment of the Korean cockscomb flower, a betacyanin, was evaluated for its stability in terms of temperature, pH, and its behavior upon exposure to water, light, and air. The pigment was the most stable at pH 4.0, and its activation energy (Ea) for degradation was shown to be 17.55Kcal/mol. In general, sugars protected against color degradation at the concentration of 0.1M. Degradation of this pigment in the presence of food constituents, such as organic acids , metal ions, or antioxidants, at the concentrations normally present in food preparations, can be kept to a minimum by selective adjustment of conditions. This pigment, therefore, has potential value as a food colorant under selected conditions.