• Mycobiology
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.286-290
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• 2014

Fungi are the known sources of irritation associated with atopic diseases (e.g., asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema). To quantitatively estimate their presence in the indoor environment of atopic dermatitis-inflicted child patient's houses (ADCPHs), the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters installed inside the air cleaners of three different ADCPHs were investigated for the presence of mold. The air cleaner HEPA filters obtained from the three different ADCPHs were coded as HEPA-A, -B, and -C, respectively, and tested for the presence of mold. The colony forming units (CFUs) corresponding to the HEPA-A, -B, and -C filters were estimated to be $6.51{\times}10^2{\pm}1.50{\times}10^2CFU/cm^2$, $8.72{\times}10^2{\pm}1.69{\times}10^2CFU/cm^2$, and $9.71{\times}10^2{\pm}1.35{\times}10^2CFU/cm^2$, respectively. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Trichoderma, and other fungal groups were detected in the 2,494 isolates. The distribution of these fungal groups differed among the three filters. Cladosporium was the major fungal group in filters HEPA-A and -C, whereas Penicillium was the major fungal group in the filter HEPA-B. Nine fungal species, including some of the known allergenic species, were identified in these isolates. Cladosporium cladosporioides was the most common mold among all the three filters. This is the first report on the presence of fungi in the air cleaner HEPA filters from ADCPHs in Korea.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.438-446
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was performed in order to determine airborne fungi levels in homes and find related factors that may affect airborne fungi concentration. Methods: Fifty homes were study subjects for measuring airborne fungi. For sampling airborne fungi, the impaction method on agar plates was used and samples were counted as colony forming units per cubic meter of air ($CFU/m^3$). In addition, information regarding housing characteristics and atopic disease in each home were collected via questionnaire. Results: The geometric means (GM) of airborne fungi concentrations in fifty living rooms and bedrooms were 68.03 and 62.93 $CFU/m^3$, respectively. The GM of airborne fungi concentration in atopy homes was 78.42 $CFU/m^3$. This was higher than non-atopy homes' 54.34 $CFU/m^3$ (p-value=0.051). In the results of the multiple regression analysis, outdoor airborne fungal concentration proved a strong effective factor on indoor airborne fungal concentration. Also, construction year, floor area of house, indoor smoking and frequency of ventilation were factors that showed a significant association with indoor airborne fungi concentration. Conclusions: The results of this study show that some housing and living characteristics may affect the development and increase of airborne fungi. In addition, exposure to airborne fungi may be a risk factor for the prevalence of childhood atopic diseases.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.321-330
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• 2005

PHB/chitosan 필름의 항균성 실험에서는 chitosan 필름이 실험에 사용한 세균과 곰팡이 모두에 대해 가장 높은 항균력을 나타내었고 PHB(L)도 Fusarium solani KCTC 6636와 Penicillium citreonigrum KCTC 6927에 대해 높은 항균성을 나타내었다. 식빵포장 실험에서는 chitosan이 첨가된 필름으로 포장된 식빵이 저장기간 중 수분 보유율이 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 식빵의 색도에 있어서는 포장 필름의 종류에 관계없이 $L^*$과 $b^*$는 저장기간 동안 증가하였고 $a^*$는 저장기간 동안 거의 변화하지 않았다. Chitosan 필름과 PHB(L) 필름으로 포장한 식빵의 TBA가는 저장기간 중 적게 증가하여 이들 식빵에서 지질의 산화가 크게 일어나지 않았음을 확인할 수 있었다. 식빵의 질감특성 분석에서는 PHB(M), PHB(L), chitosan 필름으로 포장한 식빵이 PHB, PHB(H)로 포장한 식빵보다 유의적으로 탄력성이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 식빵 저장 중 미생물 수의 변화에서는 chitosan의 항균력으로 chitosan이 함유된 필름으로 포장된 식빵에서 미생물 수가 적게 나타났다. 따라서 전체적으로 볼 때 식빵 포장용으로 PHB(M), PHB(L), chitosan 필름이 PHB(H), PHB 필름보다 더 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.4.1-4.5
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• 2015

The study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of a lipid-encapsulated Zinc oxide on growth parameters and intestinal mucosal morphology piglets born to Duroc-sired Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire dams. Twenty-four 30-day-old piglets weaned at 25 days of age were orally challenged with $5{\times}10^8$ colony forming units of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 and fed one of the four diets for 7 days: (i) a nursery basal diet containing 100-ppm ZnO (referred to as BASAL), (ii) BASAL supplemented with 120-ppm apramycin (referred to as ANTIBIO), (iii) BASAL with 2,400-ppm ZnO (referred to as HIGH), and BASAL containing 100-ppm lipid-encapsulated ZnO (referred to as LE). All piglets were killed at the end of the experiment for histological examination on the intestine. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG), the villus height: crypt depth (CD) ratio in the ileum, and the goblet cell density of the villus and crypt in the duodenum, jejunum, and colon were greater in the LE-fed group that those of the BASAL (p < 0.05). Fecal consistency score (FCS) and the CD ratio in the ileum were less in the LE-fed group, compared to the BASAL-fed one (p < 0.05). The effects observed in the LE-fed group were almost equal to those of the HIGH-fed group as well as even superior to those of the ANTIBIO-fed group. Taken together, our results imply that dietary supplementation of 100-ppm lipid-encapsulated ZnO is as effective as that of 2,400-ppm ZnO for promoting growth diarrhea and intestinal morphology caused by ETEC infection.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.271-275
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• 2015

Colloidal semiconductor CdSe-ZnS core-shell nanocrystal quantum dot (Qdot) are luminescent inorganic fluorophores that show potential to overcome some of the functional limitations encountered with organic dyes in fluorescence labeling applications. Salmonella Enteritidis has emerged as a major cause of human salmonellosis worldwide since the 1980s. A rapid, specific, and sensitive method for the detection of Salmonella Enteritidis was developed using Qdot as a fluorescence marker coupled with immunomagnetic separation. Magnetic beads coated with anti-Salmonella Enteritidis antibodies were employed to selectively capture the target bacteria, and biotin-conjugated anti-Salmonella antibodies were added to form sandwich immune complexes. After magnetic separation, the immune complexes were labeled with Qdot via biotin-streptavidin conjugation, and fluorescence measurement was carried out using a fluorescence measurement system. The detection limit of the Qdot method was a Salmonella Enteritidis concentration of $10^3$ colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, whereas the conventional fluorescein isothiocyanate-based method required over $10^5CFU/mL$. The total detection time was within 2 h. In addition to the potential for general nanotechnology development, these results suggest a new rapid detection method of various pathogenic bacteria from a complex food matrix.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.357-368
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• 2016

캄보디아는 동남아시아 지역에서 대표적인 저개발 국가이다. 수자원의 관점에서 캄보디아는 풍부한 수량을 갖고 있지만, 농촌지역에서는 안전하지 않은 식수와 처리되지 않은 분뇨에 의하여 공중 보건의 문제가 이어지고 있다. 본 연구는 캄보디아 지역에서의 물 원조 프로그램을 위한 신전략수립과 준비를 위해 현지조사, 검토 및 농촌지역에서의 물 오염현황분석, 그리고 해당지역의 물 순환을 분석하였다. 조사 대상지역은 푸르사트주에 있는 쁘로얍과 랭뜰을 조사 대상지로 정하였다. 연구대상 농촌지역의 사람들은 식수전용 웅덩이, 빗물 항아리, 관리되지 않은 우물물 등 지표수에 의존하고 있었다. 분석은 분원성 미생물(TTC)과 일반항목으로 크게 두 가지로 하였으며, 대상지역에서 채수한 시료들을 분석/평가하였다. TTC는 수인성 배설물 오염의 세균 지표인데 26개의 시료중 단 한개만이 WHO가 규정한 TTC 허용한계인 불검출/100 mL의 기준을 충족시켰다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.6-10
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• 2015

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) apply photosensitizers and light. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of PDT using blue LED (light emitting diode) with photofrin and radachlorin for Propionibacterium acnes. The colony forming units method was used to assess the antibacterial activity. Suspension (1 mL) containing P. acnes at $1{\times}10^5CFU/mL$ were prepared and then 2 fold serial diluted to $12.5{\mu}g/mL$ from $50{\mu}g/mL$ concentration of photofrin and radachlorin. After 60 minutes incubation, light was irradiated for 10 to 30 minutes using the following light source of wavelength 460 nm, each energy density 36, 72 and $108J/cm^2$. Bacterial growth was evaluated after 72 hours incubation in a Phenylethanol Blood Agar (PEBA) culture. In addition, flow cytometric analysis were performed to measure the live cell after PDT. Also transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to evaluate the effect of pathogens by PDT. The PDT Group was perfectly killed to all kind of photosensitizers dose of $12.5{\mu}g/mL$ with irradiation of 10 minutes. Also other Groups were killed to all kind of photosensitizers dose of $6.25{\mu}g/mL$ with irradiation time of 20 and 30 minutes. The flow cytometry showed a lower number of viable bacteria in the PDT group compared to the control group. The images of the TEM results were showed in cytoplasmic membrane damage and partially deformed to cell morphologies. These results suggest that radachlorin and photofrin combine blue LED PDT can be effectively treated when was proved treatment for acnes therapy.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.248-256
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• 2007

돼지고기에 오염된 살모넬라의 수를 직접 측정하는 방법으로 경쟁적 PCR(competitive PCR)을 사용하였다. 세가지 DNA추출방법을 비교한 후 guanidine thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform 방법을 일부 수정하여 인위적으로 살모넬라를 오염시킨 돼지고기로부터 DNA를 직접 추출하는 방법으로 선택하였다. Rahn 등(Mol. Cell. Probes 1992년)이 이미 보고한 284-bp iuvA gene의 특이성을 평가하기 위해 살모넬라 57균주와 살모넬라가 아닌 균주 24개를 사용하였다. 시험해 본 모든 살모넬라 균주는 invA 양성으로 살모넬라가 아닌 모든 균주는 invA 음성으로 판명되었으며 살모넬라가 아닌 균주 중 양성으로 잘 못 판명된 경우는 없었다. 돼지고기 0.1 g을 사용할 경우 검출한계는 1,460 cfu였다. 경쟁적 PCR을 위해 invA gene중 82-bp를 결실시킨 DNA조각을 pGEM-4Z백터에 클로닝을 하였다. 인위적으로 오염된 돼지고기로부터 추출한 살모넬라 염색체 DNA와 이와 같은 primer결합자리를 가진 경쟁 DNA를 동시에 경쟁적 PCR로 증폭하였다. 경쟁적 PCR을 사용하여 결정한 균수와 MPN방법으로 결정한 균수는 거의 유사하였으며 전체 과정을 수행하는 데 약 5시간이 소요되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.354-359
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• 2003

Multiplex-PCR protocols were designed in order to make a rapid identification of MRSA. MecA, femB, and 165 rRNA genes were amplified for making a detection of MRSA. The incidence of MRSA in the clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was examined by using a multiplex-PCR assay. The mecA gene was detected in 266 strains out of 336 clinical isolates of S. aureus, thus the incidence of MRSA was approximately 76.5%. The MRSAs of 247 strains (96.1%) showed resistance to more than eight species of the antimicrobial agents tested. The isolates of MRSA showed 27 different antimicrobial-resistant patterns. The results indicate that many different MRSA strains having high multidrug resistance are actually prevalent in Korea. Also, VISA was screened from the MRSA. Two strains were grown on the BHI agar plate supplemented with $8\;\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ of vancomycin at a frequency of $1/10^8$ colony forming units or higher.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1401-1409
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to develop a SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay for the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, which causes bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), a serious disease of cucurbit plants. The molecular and serological methods currently available for the detection of this pathogen are insufficiently sensitive and specific. Thus, a novel SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay targeting the YD-repeat protein gene of A. avenae subsp. citrulli was developed. The specificity of the primer set was evaluated using DNA purified from 6 isolates of A. avenae subsp. citrulli, 7 other Acidovorax species, and 22 of non-targeted strains, including pathogens and non-pathogens. The AC158F/R primer set amplified a single band of the expected size from genomic DNA obtained from the A. avenae subsp. citrulli strains but not from the genomic DNA of other Acidovorax species, including that of other bacterial genera. Using this assay, it was possible to detect at least one genomeequivalents of the cloned amplified target DNA using 5 × 10⁰ fg/µl of purified genomic DNA per reaction or using a calibrated cell suspension, with 6.5 colony-forming units per reaction being employed. In addition, this assay is a highly sensitive and reliable method for identifying and quantifying the target pathogen in infected samples that does not require DNA extraction. Therefore, we suggest that this approach is suitable for the rapid and efficient diagnosis of A. avenae subsp. citrulli contaminations of seed lots and plants.