• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.385-395
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• 2010

This study aimed to identify weathering factors and to assess the conservation environment through microclimatic analysis of Hyeonpung Seokbinggo (ice-storing stone warehouse). The stone blocks inside Seokbinggo suffered crack, displacement, break-out, exfoliation, efflorescence, brown and black discoloration, and biological colonization. Biological colonization represented the maximum deterioration rate(24%) among those weathering forms. The indoor microclimate showed parallel patterns with outdoor one, but the indoor temperature and relative humidity ranged far narrower than outdoor and remained steady. The environmental characteristics resulted from blocking-out of outdoor heat by the closed entrance and surrounding microtopography. This prevented water condensation and freezing effects, so that it reduced physical deterioration of rock, and maximized ice-storing effect for long time. However, contrary to positive effect, extremely high relative humidity over 99% accelerated biological colonization inside the Seokbinggo.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.5
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• pp.409-412
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• 2009

Background: Several large outbreaks have demonstrated the threat of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in close-contact environments, such as occurs during training and quartering of military recruits training. In South Korea, which is a hospital or healthcare-associated MRSA prevalent area, military service is compulsory for all healthy young men. We surveyed and determined the extent of CA-MRSA colonization in the upper respiratory tracts of Korean military recruits. Methods: The Korean military recruits who were enrolled in a military training facility from November 2004 to March 2005 were eligible for this study. Sputum or nasopharyngeal swap was obtained from randomly selected subjects who displayed upper respiratory tract symptoms. Results: Of the 181 participants, 32 participants (17.7%) were colonized with S. aureus, and 12 participants (6.6%) were colonized with MRSA. Among the cases that were colonized with S. aureus, 37.5% (12/32) were colonized with MRSA. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed resistant patterns that were suggestive of the CA-MRSA strains for all of the MRSA isolates. Conclusion: This study of Korean military recruits found a great deal of showed MRSA colonization in them, and the antimicrobial resistant profile that was suggestive of a CA-MRSA strain. Further efforts to prevent the spread of MRSA infections and careful monitoring for CA-MRSA outbreaks are warranted, especially in a high risk group such as military recruits.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.74-81
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• 2002

The optimal conditions for mycelial growth of P. linteus ASI 26011 were 25-30$^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0, respectively. The mycelial growth of P. linteus was excellent on MCM medium. In case of carbon sources, the mycelial growth of P. linteus was best on the culture media that were contained with sucrose, mannose and glucose. Potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate were good for the mycelial growth of P. linteus as a nitrogen source. For comparison of the mycelial colonization of P. linteus on logs, several techniques of inoculation were tested; the sterilized short log inoculation, drilling inoculation and log-end sandwich inoculation. The mycelial colonization of P. linteus on logs was good in the treatment of sterilized short log inoculation, but poor in the traditional methods such as drilling inoculation and log-end sandwich. The initial mycelial growth and the full mycelial colonization of P. linteus were the best on 20 cm logs under the condition of 42% of moisture content in log. Also the initial mycelial growth of P. linteus was accelerated over 12 hours of sterilization. Burying method of logs after 5-6 months of incubation was the best for formation of basidiocarp of P. linteus. The formation of fruiting body of P. linteus was quite good in the cultivation house at the 31-35$^{\circ}C$ and over 96% of relative humidity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2016

The present study evaluated the effects of a mixture of Galla rhois and Cinnamomum cassia extracts (GCE) (1 : 1, w/w) on susceptibility to the colonization of Campylobacter (C.) jejuni in broilers. Eighty two-week-old broilers (n = 20 per group) were used to estimate the efficacy of GCE against C. jejuni infection via drinking water. Antibacterial activity testing revealed that the minimum bactericidal concentration of GCE against C. jejuni was 2.5 mg/mL. Broilers challenged with C. jejuni were administered 0.0 (Non-GCE), 2.5 (GCE-2.5), 5.0 (GCE-5.0) and 10.0 g/L (GCE-10) GCE for 7 days, and the cecal contents were collected from five broilers per group on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th day post-treatment. On day 3 post-administration, the number of C. jejuni in GCE-5.0 (p < 0.05) and GCE-10 (p < 0.01) was significantly decreased relative to Non-GCE, while on day 7 those in all GCE-treated groups were significantly decreased compared to the Non-GCE group (p < 0.001). Hematological and blood biochemical analysis revealed no significant differences in parameters between the Non-GCE and GCE-treated groups. Based on the results of the present study, GCE was identified as a safe and alternative candidate to suppress C. jejuni colonization in broilers.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.31
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• pp.155-175
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• 2013

Meantime there has been a tendency to keep silent about the role of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora which contributed to the spirit of independence and the realization of country foundation ideology in the official history of Latin America. In some countries, although the collective resistance of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora, which intended to establish a liberal and equal society resisting against slavery and colonization system, was the foundation of independence and the establishment of a new country, their contribution has been difficult to leave an official trace in Caucasian criollo-centered history system. Along with the development of Hcienda in 17th Century, black slaves' collective resistance was developed mainly with el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada, the center of the Independence movement of Brazil and South America. The black people who escaped resisting against slavery formed communities and developed organized activities through various politics and social activities. However, such communities were mostly dispersed or destroyed by the colonial power, and the collective resistance of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora lost life. On the other side, in case of Colombia, a community of escaped black slaves which was formed in the early 17th Century is solely remaining in Latin America, moreover, Afro-Ibero America Diaspora's struggle for liberty and equality became the foundation for Comuneros revolution and Independence movement in the late 18th Century. Comuneros revolution which occurred in 1781 awoke self-awareness of liberty and equality, and became an ideological base for independence movement based on revolutional republicanism and philosophy of enlightenment. It is considered that South America's independence movement lead by $Sim{\acute{o}}n$ Boívar was a history that could not have started without historical base of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora's resistance against colonization system. Therefore, this study intends to discuss the role and achievement of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora in the process of independence of Latin America mainly with Colombia, which is the center of Independence movement of South America. Through this process, this study intends to revaluate historical contribution of Afro-Ibero America which has been relatively neglected meanwhile in the process of independence and the establishment of country.

• Mycobiology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.180-190
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• 2019

In this study, eight-month-old ectomycorrhizae of Tuber borchii with Corylus avellana were synthesized to explore the influence of T. borchii colonization on the soil properties and the microbial communities associated with C. avellana during the early symbiotic stage. The results showed that the bacterial richness and diversity in the ectomycorrhizae were significantly higher than those in the control roots, whereas the fungal diversity was not changed in response to T. borchii colonization. Tuber was the dominant taxon (82.97%) in ectomycorrhizae. Some pathogenic fungi, including Ilyonectria and Podospora, and other competitive mycorrhizal fungi, such as Hymenochaete, had significantly lower abundance in the T. borchii inoculation treatment. It was found that the ectomycorrhizae of C. avellana contained some more abundant bacterial genera (e.g., Rhizobium, Pedomicrobium, Ilumatobacter, Streptomyces, and Geobacillus) and fungal genera (e.g., Trechispora and Humicola) than the control roots. The properties of rhizosphere soils were also changed by T. borchii colonization, like available nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable magnesium, which indicated a feedback effect of mycorrhizal synthesis on soil properties. Overall, this work highlighted the interactions between the symbionts and the microbes present in the host, which shed light on our understanding of the ecological functions of T. borchii and facilitate its commercial cultivation.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.553-580
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• 2011

This article addresses how the British Empire administered the discipline of space in nineteenth century Ireland. Space control is a part of modern disciplinary practices. I approach this issue in light of the two modern mapping of space: the geometric mapping of space and the Romantic mapping of space. The former, as seen in map-making, is characterized by imposing a standardized, stratified grid on space by eliminating local characteristics of nature. On the other hand, the latter, as shown in picturesque landscaping, aims to balance a close-up observation of nature and a far-sighted view of it, with the result of creating an ironic tension of local diversity and perspectival totality. These modern disciplinary projects of space repeat themselves in the British management of the colonized Irish territory. As the British conquer other lands, they put to good use both geometric and Romantic disciplinary methods of space. Supervising the Ordnance Survey of Ireland from 1824 to 1846, Thomas Frederick Colby, British Director of Ordnance Survey, made a mathematically strict and scientific mapping of Ireland as a scale of six inches to one mile. Parallelled to this geometric colonization of space, the Romantic colonization of space is efficiently used for the Empire's management of Ireland as well. British tourists and pro-unionist Anglo-Irish landed gentries transform it into the nature of picturesque beauty; Ireland's wild boglands turn aesthetically into desolate but beautiful scenery. Picturesque landscape in England is reborn as an aesthetics of desolation in Ireland.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.90.1-90
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• 2003

Colonization of Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6, a nonpathogenic rhizobacterium, on the roots induced systemic resistance in cucumber plants against tai-get leaf spot, a foliar disease caused by Corynespora cassiicola. A cDNA library was constructed using mRNA extracted from the cucumber leaves 12 h after inoculation with C. cassiicola, which roots had been previously treated with O6. To identify the genes involved in the O6-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR), we employed a subtractive hybridization method using mRNAs extracted from C cassiicola-inoculated cucumber leaves with and without previous O6 treatment on the plant roots. Differential screening of the cDNA library led to the isolation of 5 distinct genesencoding a GTP-binding protein, a putative senescence-associated protein, a galactinol synthase, a hypersensitive-induced reaction protein, and a putative aquaporin. Expressions of these genes are not induced by O6 colonization alone. Before challenge inoculation, no increase in the gene transcriptions could be detected in previously O6-treated and untreated plants but, upon subsequent inoculation with the pathogenic fungus, transcription levels in O6-treated plants rose significantly faster and stronger than in untreated plants. Therefore, the O6-mediated ISR may be associated with an enhanced capacity for the rapid and effective activation of cellular defense responses which becomes apparent only after challenge inoculation on the distal, untreated plant parts, as suggested by Conrath et al. (2002). This work was supported by a grant R11-2001-092-02006-0 from the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation through the Agricultural Plant Stress Research Center at Chonnam National University.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.232-242
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• 2002

To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus intraradices) colonization on drought-stress tolerance, leaf water potential, chlorophyll concentration, P content and carbohydrate composition were examined in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants exposed to drought-stressed or well-watered conditions. Drought stress significantly decreased leaf water potential, P content and leaf growth. These drought-induced damages were moderated by mycorrhizal colonization. Drought stress decreased the concentration of soluble sugars in shoots. AM plants had a higher foliar soluble sugar than non-AM plants under drought stress condition. Drought stress depressed the accumulation of starch and fructan in shoots, but stimulated in roots. Under drought-stressed condition, starch concentration in roots was higher in non-AM plants than in AM plants. Fructan was the largest pool of carbohydrates, showing the highest initial concentration and the highest net increase for 28 days of treatment. Drought stress slightly decreased fructan concentration in shoots, but remarkably increased in roots. Under drought-stressed condition, fructan concentrations in non-AM and AM shoots at day 28 were 18.7% and 13.3% lower than the corresponding values measured at well-watered plants. However, in the roots, fructan accumulation caused by drought was lessen 13.6% by mycorrhizal colonization. The results obtained suggest that mycorrhizal colonization improves drought tolerance of the host plants by maintaining higher leaf water status and P status, and by retaining more foliar soluble sugars.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.240-248
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• 1989

The increase in size and numbers of general hospitals in the process of conspicuous development of modem medicine has been accompanied by a serious increase in hospital acquired infections. Hospital aquired infections cause pain and discomfort, may threaten life, adds an economic burden, and delays recovery and return to society. Even though respiratory hospital infection rates resulting for tracheostomy and respiratory inhalation therapy, may be low, they are serious because of their bad prognosis and high mortality rates. This study was designed to assess certain aspects of respiratory infections of patients with a tracheostomy and thus provide baseline data for further research related to preventive or therapeutic nursing interventions. The specific objectives were to determine the incidence of colonization in the trachea, clinical signs, type of colonized bacteria and sensitivity to antibiotics. Data were collected from July 1 to December 10, 1989 at two university Hospital in Seoul. Subjects were 20 patients with a tracheostomy admitted to the Intensive Care Unit or Cerebral Vascular Accident Center. Clinical signs related to respiratory infection were observed using a checklist based on previous study outcomes. Bacterial culture, sensitivity test to antibiotics, WBC counts and chest X-ray were also performed. Cultures were done on the day of tracheostomy, and on the third, fifth and seventh day. Cultures were then done on seventh days after the first colonization. The results were as follows : 1. The incidence of bacteria colonization in a week was 90%(18 patients) 50% (10/20 patients) on the day of tracheostomy, 70%(7/10 patients) on the third day, and 0% on the fifth day, and 33%(1/3 patient) on the seventh day. 3 of 18 patients (16.7%) were colonies of mixed growth isolated. 2. The observed clinical signs related to respiratory infection were high fever 38.9%(7 patients), prulent secretion 16.7%(12 patients) and infiltration seen on chest X-ray 33.3%(6 patients). 3. The total number of types of bacteria isolated among the 18 subjects was 21 ; gram negative 71.4%, gram postive 28.6%. The dominant bacteria type was Staphylococcus aureus(5 cases) for gram(equation omitted) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(3 cases), Klebsiella (4 cases), Enterobacter(3 cases) for gram (equation omitted). The results of culture on 7th day after the first colonization, 6 cases showed same type of bacteria, 3cases showed different type of bacteria and 1 cases showed no growth. 4. The sensitivity tests to antibiotics showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus were strongly resistant to most kinds of antibiotics, but Klebsiella and the rest of gram negative bacteria were moderately sensitive to antibiotics.