• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1999

A survey was conducted in 591 college students using 8 different cafeterias serving 31 meals. The information was obtained about the name and amount of dishes they consumed from the menu offered by college foodservice. Mean nutrient contents per meal in offered menu were higher than 1/3 of RDA for their age, sex in offered menu. The mean energy content was 466kcal from rice, 113kcal from soup, 141kcal from side dish and 21kcal from kimchi. When side dishes were classified by cooking methods, side dishes using grilling, frying, roasting methods had high energy content and fat percent above 200kcal, 40% per dish. By main ingredients, side dishes with animal food were higher energy than with plant food. Students consumed 94% of the energy provided in offered menu. When compared to proportion of foods consumed by sex, there was 43% of female and 22% of male consumed less than half in soup and 31% of female and 12% of male in kimchi. The most prevalent menu patterns of subjects included rice, soup, 2 side dishes, kimchi and were the same in both sexes. Mean energy intakes per meal were 989kcal for males and 842kcal for females which were enough to meet 1/3 of RDA for their age and sex. Most nutrient intake except fat and vitamin B1 were higher in set menu than in cafeteria. Nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) were above 0.9 except calcium and vitamin A. The mean energy intake was 542kcal from rice, 70kcal from soup, 164kcal from side dish and 20kcal from kimchi. In conclusion, intake of most of the nutrients of students obtained from males in college foodservice were sufficient but calcium intake was insufficient and fat content was above 20% of energy. High fat consumption was due to side dishes from frying, grilling, roasting with animal food. To provide desirable meals in college foodservice, use of fat in cooking must be decreased.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.419-423
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• 2014

To search for native myrmecochorous plant species in Korea and their diaspore characteristics, collecting their fruits and diaspores, and the related ant species were studied from April 2012 to October 2013. Eight herb species growing in Korea are added to the myrmecochorous (seed attached elaiosome) plant list. Elaiosomes of eight herb species vary considerably in shape and size. Major ant species transporting the diaspore of myrmecochorous plants are Formica japonica, Lasius alienus, L. japonicus, Myrmica lobicornis, Temnothorax spinosior, Tetramorium tsushimae, but Camponotus japonicus and Nylanderia sakurae do not transport the diaspores. This study found out that mutualism between myrmecochorous summer-flowering plants and ants is carried out in Korea. Further research on the native myrmecochorous plants should be needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.254-262
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the environmental factors affecting childhood obesity using photovoice from the perspectives of students, parents, and teachers in the community. Methods: Six school students, seven parents, and seven school teachers completed an assignment requiring them to take 24 pictures and participate in group discussions. After training session, the participants were asked to take pictures associated with food and physical activity environments related to childhood obesity at home, school, and within their communities for two weeks and to submit the pictures with records. Each group had four sessions for discussion. Results: School cafeteria, convenience stores near schools, instant food and fast food joints, food delivery, and high-calorie snacks comprised the food environmental factors. Lack of physical activity classes at school, commuting by car, barriers to physical activity, and use of smart-phone were environmental factors that inhibited physical activity. Conclusion: To reduce childhood obesity, the creation of a supportive environment for encouraging the consumption of healthy foods and enhancing physical activity should be considered. Modifications of and improvement to the obesogenic environment might be a good strategy to prevent and reduce childhood obesity.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.362-372
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• 2016

Purpose: This study intended to grasp real context of Cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related factors of Korean blue-collar workers, especially CVD-related knowledge, perception, beliefs, benefits and barriers of behaviors according to the health belief model. Methods: We interviewed twenty two workers working in two small-sized companies and performed two series of focus group interviews. Data were analyzed by deductive content analysis approach based on Elo & $Kyng{\ddot{a}}s$. Results: Excepting participants who have CVD risk factors, most participants had lower level of CVD risk perception. The level of CVD knowledge was low but there was difference by gender. CVD-related beliefs were 'fatal disease', 'caused by lifestyle' and 'difficult to prevent by themselves'. The risk reduction behaviors were motivated by current or family history of hypertension. But there were barriers to interfere practice of preventive behaviors such as poor quality of food provided by cafeteria in the workplace, frequent overtime, victim mentality as one of vulnerable social group, housework and financial burden, lack of facilities for rest and physical activity in the workplace. Conclusion: To develop intervention for reducing CVD risks in Korean blue-collar workers, we need to focus on improving CVD knowledge and perception and modifying work-related environments such as low quality of food and lack of facilities for rest and physical activity in the workplace.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.35-45
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• 1976

To investigate the food choices and Dietary Preferences of College Women the number of dishes sold and the sales of the midmeal at the Student Cafeteria, Ewha Womans University were recorded for the fiscal year of 1974; and the observations were made on two consecutive days (June 3rd and 4th, 1974)on what a person has chosen which and how many dishes. The relationship between the number of the consecutive days and the number of foods chosen were treated as Chi square analysis. The results of the food choices and dietary preferences of College Women were as follows: 1. Breads and rice cakes, vegetable dishes, milk and milk products, rice dishes, soups, meat, fish, poultry and eggs, Kimchis and one dish meal were chosen highly; and beverages, stews, and soybeans and soybean products were chosen negligibly. 2. One dish meals, vegetable dishes, meat, fish, poultry and eggs, milk and milk products showed the highest sales volume during the year; rice dishes, breads and rice cakes were the second highest in sales amount; fried foods, snacks and Kimchis showed the range of $3{\sim}6%$ of the total sales; and the beverages, stews, soybean and soybean products were the lowest in sales amount. 3. Seasonal differences were noticed on some dishes. Breads add rice cakes, milk and milk products showed the high selections from March to November and the low, during December to February. Stews, Kimchis, beverages were kept low except sudden rise on February. One dish meal and rice dishes showed almost same level during the year but on February the slight increase were noticed; even level were kept on meat group except the increase to $13{\sim}16%$ on July and December. Fried foods were kept on similar level during the year except the increase on June. Snacks and fruits showed low selections on March, April, November and December and higher at summer. Vegetables, soups, soybean and soybean products showed no different fluctuations in selections during the year. 4. Rolls, salads, milk, hamburgers, fried vegetables, rice with mired vegetables(Bi-bim-bab), and Nang-myun were the single dishes chosen most frequently. 5. There is significant relationship at 0.05 level between the consecutive days and the number of foods chosen. It is concluded that about 50% of the population has taken one item of dishes. The popular combinations were one dish meal and soup or Kimchi; noodles and salads or fried vegetables. It is suggested to set up choice menus with the daily variations, cyclical variations and with the invariable ones; and to recommend one dish meal, breads, partial meals for school lunch; and to study to improve one dish meal, vegetable dishes and fried foods, which are new and inexpensive products. It is also suggested that the feeding of the college students should have to lead the people to the goal that the nutrition education is desired.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.47-60
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• 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare Fast foods and Soft drinks consumption of Korean adolescents in a large city, a medium city, and a rural area. Methods: This was a descriptive comparative survey using a convenience sample of 2,261 8th and 11th grade students. The data were analyzed by X2-test and ANOVA using SPSS 10.0 statistical program. Results: For fast food consumptions, the higher in a large city than in a medium city and a rural area(p=.000). For soft drinks in a school, cafeteria or vending machines was higher in a large city and a medium city then in a rural area(p=.000). For eating snacks including cookies and popcorns was higher among students in a rural area than those in a medium city and large city(p=.008). Conclusions: 1. Overall, the health information among rural students is lower than those among other areas, as well as taking a health education course among rural students is also lower. Thus, the health inequality by regional differences should be considered. To decrease health inequality among different regions, health professionals who can systematically teach a health education course for middle and high school students and undertake students' health are needed. 2. Soft drinks sold in schools are higher in a large city and medium city than in a rural area. Therefore, there is a need of strong regulations and policies about the restriction of soft drinks sold in vending machines or school cafeterias.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.98-112
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• 2011

This study aimed to suggest a 1300 scale of a middle school foodservice facility floor plan which was compliant to the principle of HACCP, as well as ensuring food and work safety, and the flow of personnel and food materials. which consisted of 46 nutrition teachers and 6 experts, responded with a questionnaire on the relationship of functional area and space. Using their opinions, key principles for the design of the facility were single direction movement of food materials, customers and workers; minimization of the cross-contamination through the separation of functional space; and securement of customer-focused efficiency; staff-centered convenience and efficiency; and work and food safety. After the completion of an adjacency diagram, bubble diagram and program statement, the functional areas of a 1300 scale middle school food-service facility were allocated as follows: $9.9\;m^2$ for the receiving area, $56.1\;m^2$ for the pre-preparation area, $10.5\;m^2$ for the food storage area, $6.0\;m^2$ for the supplies storage area, $97.8\;m^2$ for the cooking area, $33.6\;m^2$ for the service area, $52.5\;m^2$ for dish washing area, cafeteria $410.5\;m^2$, $4.5\;m^2$ for the front room, for a total of $725.8\;m^2$. Expert groups have pointed to limitations within this model as there are no windows in the office for the influx of fresh outside air and a need for the straight line installation of steam-jacket and frying kettles on the sides of windows. This study can be useful as the guidelines for estimating the investment cost of the facility and placing the placement of functional areas and equipment in the renovation of the facility. It can be also useful data for a methodology of foodservice facility design.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.495-508
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dietary patterns and behaviors of self-boarding college students in Wonju. This survey was carried out through questionnaries and the subjects were 118 man and 145 woman students of five colleges in Wonju. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The students who live in Kangwon Province, reaching 49.0% of the subjects, are the most prevalent. In the frequency of homecoming, 'twice a month' is the greatest. One-room system is the most prevalent in the self-boarding patterns. 2. 90.8% of the students have the electric rice cooking pot. Portable gas range, gas range, electric stove, in this order, are more general as cooking appliances. Specially, more than half of students, either male or female, have refrigerators. 3. 80.4% of students cook their own meal. 'once a day' in cooking frequency is the most prevalent. 4. The students, either male or female, prepare breakfast and dinner for themselves at home, and have lunch at the school cafeteria. They choose boiled rice mostly at any mealtime. 5.In the frequency of drinking, 'three times a week' in man students and 'two or three times a month' in woman students are the most prevalent. The drink shop and their own self-boarding room are most preferred as the place for drinking in the both case of male and female. 6. In the quantity of drinking of male students, 'more than three bottles of Soju', 'two bottles of Soju', and 'one bottle of Soju', in this order, are recorded more frequently and in the case of female students, comes 'one bottle of Soju' and 'one bottle of beer' in that order. 7. Male students drink to have a dim consciousness and female students to feel good. In this case there are differences. 8. After drinking in the previous night, more female students have a breakfast than male. While more female students have any kind of food, most of male students have a broth to relieve hangover or ramyun. 9. The causes for no breafast after drinking were 'rising late', 'stomachache', 'habits' in this cider. 10. After students self-examine their own health, they express their health state as 'usual', 'very healthy' 'not healthy' in this order. Most of male and female students point out the stomach as a painful part.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2016

To search for habitat characteristics of myrmecochory Melampyrum species, diaspores and related ant species, habitat characteristics, collecting fruits and diaspores of three Melampyrum species, cafeteria experiments, and the related ant species were studied from May 2012 to November 2014. The habitat of Melampyrum species was south-facing open forest edge with slightly acidic soil and relatively shallow soiil layers. Major plants coexisting with Melampyrum species were four woody species including Quercus mongolica and four herbaceous species including Carex siderosticta. These Plants might be host plants of the Melampyrum species. The shape of the diaspore was an oval seed attached to the white cap on one side. Significant differences is proved between three plant species in weight of diaspores, seeds and and elaiosome ratios. Mean values of diaspores weight showed 10.6mg, 8.0mg and 7.2mg in M. setaceum var. nakaianum, M. roseum var. ovalifolium and M. roseum, respectively. The heaviest elaiosome is M. roseum var. ovalifolium with 1.2mg, M. setaceum var. nakaianum has 1.0mg and the lightest elaiosome is M. roseum with 0.8mg. Major ant species frequently transporting the diaspores of Melampyrum species are Myrmicinae four species; Myrmica kotokui, M. excelsa, Myrmecina nipponica and Aphaenogaster japonica. Further studies on Melampyrum species, hemiparasite annual myrmecochorous plant, and related ant species should be needed.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.59-75
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the degree of utilization of outsourcing in large hospitals in Korea. We also investigated the outcome and the level of satisfaction for adopting outsourcing in these hospitals. Types of work areas that were currently operated by outsourcing and were planned to adopt outsourcing in the future were identified. A total of 83 hospitals were eligible for this study, which had more than 500 beds, and were identified from the 2003 National Hospital List published by the Korean Hospital Association. A self-administered Questionnaire survey was conducted between April 25th and May 20th in 2003 with a personnel being charged of arrangement of outsourcing in each hospital. Among the 58 hospitals responding the survey(response rate=69.9%), 49 hospitals(84.5%) utilized outsourcing in at least one work field in their organizations. The largest proportion of the hospitals(85.7%) using outsourcing responded that the biggest outcome after introducing outsourcing were cost reduction(49.0%), followed by improved efficiency in operating the organization or human resources(34.7%) and the improved quality of the work(6.1%). The degree of satisfaction for outsourcing among the hospital managers(3.43) was significantly higher than that among the employees(3.l4) on a S-point Likert-type scale(p<0.05). Among the 7 work areas, the hospitals used outsourcing most frequently in facility management(housekeeping, building maintenance, hospital security and parking management), followed by non-medical profit business(funeral, convenient store, and cafeteria), logistics(provision of patient meal, in-house delivery, and purchasing), and information and computing system(hospital information system, maintenance of personal computers and printers). The work areas that the hospitals planned to adopt or expand the outsourcing in the future most frequently were facility management, non-medical profit business, logistics, and information and computing systems. In conclusion, outsourcing was highly diffused in large Korean hospitals, particularly in the work field of facility management and non-medical profit business. The satisfaction for outsourcing was not high yet in Korean hospitals.