• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.123-127
• /
• 1978

The major objective of this research is to identify those hospital characteristics that best explain cost variation among hospitals and to formulate linear models that can predict hospital costs. Specific emphasis is placed on hospital output, that is, the identification of diagnosis related patient groups (DRGs) which are medically meaningful and demonstrate similar patterns of hospital resource consumption. A casemix index is developed based on the DRGs identified. Considering the common problems encountered in previous hospital cost research, the following study requirements are estab-lished for fulfilling the objectives of this research: 1. Selection of hospitals that exercise similar medical and fiscal practices. 2. Identification of an appropriate data collection mechanism in which demographic and medical characteristics of individual patients as well as accurate and comparable cost information can be derived. 3. Development of a patient classification system in which all the patients treated in hospitals are able to be split into mutually exclusive categories with consistent and stable patterns of resource consumption. 4. Development of a cost finding mechanism through which patient groups' costs can be made comparable across hospitals. A data set of Medicare patients prepared by the Social Security Administration was selected for the study analysis. The data set contained 27,229 record abstracts of Medicare patients discharged from all but one short-term general hospital in Connecticut during the period from January 1, 1971, to December 31, 1972. Each record abstract contained demographic and diagnostic information, as well as charges for specific medical services received. The 'AUT-OGRP System' was used to generate 198 DRGs in which the entire range of Medicare patients were split into mutually exclusive categories, each of which shows a consistent and stable pattern of resource consumption. The 'Departmental Method' was used to generate cost information for the groups of Medicare patients that would be comparable across hospitals. To fulfill the study objectives, an extensive analysis was conducted in the following areas: 1. Analysis of DRGs: in which the level of resource use of each DRG was determined, the length of stay or death rate of each DRG in relation to resource use was characterized, and underlying patterns of the relationships among DRG costs were explained. 2. Exploration of resource use profiles of hospitals; in which the magnitude of differences in the resource uses or death rates incurred in the treatment of Medicare patients among the study hospitals was explored. 3. Casemix analysis; in which four types of casemix-related indices were generated, and the significance of these indices in the explanation of hospital costs was examined. 4. Formulation of linear models to predict hospital costs of Medicare patients; in which nine independent variables (i. e., casemix index, hospital size, complexity of service, teaching activity, location, casemix-adjusted death. rate index, occupancy rate, and casemix-adjusted length of stay index) were used for determining factors in hospital costs. Results from the study analysis indicated that: 1. The system of 198 DRGs for Medicare patient classification was demonstrated not only as a strong tool for determining the pattern of hospital resource utilization of Medicare patients, but also for categorizing patients by their severity of illness. 2. The wei틴fed mean total case cost (TOTC) of the study hospitals for Medicare patients during the study years was $11,27.02 with a standard deviation of $117.20. The hospital with the highest average TOTC ($1538.15) was 2.08 times more expensive than the hospital with the lowest average TOTC ($743.45). The weighted mean per diem total cost (DTOC) of the study hospitals for Medicare patients during the sutdy years was $107.98 with a standard deviation of $15.18. The hospital with the highest average DTOC ($147.23) was 1.87 times more expensive than the hospital with the lowest average DTOC ($78.49). 3. The linear models for each of the six types of hospital costs were formulated using the casemix index and the eight other hospital variables as the determinants. These models explained variance to the extent of 68.7 percent of total case cost (TOTC), 63.5 percent of room and board cost (RMC), 66.2 percent of total ancillary service cost (TANC), 66.3 percent of per diem total cost (DTOC), 56.9 percent of per diem room and board cost (DRMC), and 65.5 percent of per diem ancillary service cost (DTANC). The casemix index alone explained approximately one half of interhospital cost variation: 59.1 percent for TOTC and 44.3 percent for DTOC. Thsee results demonstrate that the casemix index is the most importand determinant of interhospital cost variation Future research and policy implications in regard to the results of this study is envisioned in the following three areas: 1. Utilization of casemix related indices in the Medicare data systems. 2. Refinement of data for hospital cost evaluation. 3. Development of a system for reimbursement and cost control in hospitals.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.31-49
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate discomforts and sexual life and to identify the relation between the discomforts and sexual life with low back pain. The data were collected from March 2 through July 31, 2001. Four hundred forty-two questionnaires were returned (response rate=88.0%). Analysis of the data was done with SPSS PC+ and use descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA. regression. The statistics shows that over than 80% of the adults experienced lumbago at least one time in their life, and Back pain is known as one of the most common complaints made by the patients of all ages in the general hospital or local medical clinics throughout. However, in certain case it leads to a chronic condition which can cause a great deal of problems in management and in financial burden to individuals and society. The result of this study was summarized as follows: 1) It appeared that regarding the distribution of gender, male was the higher(63.6%) then that of female, the portion of forties was 28.5%. Sitting for long time was 23.1% in men and 21.7% in women. Unknown reason including sexual behaviour was 12.9% in men and 15.5% in women. Patients treated medicine and physical therapy were 36.4%. In level of educational background, the rate of high school was 31.0%, technical college was 28.5%. The highest proportion by occupation was 18.3% of office workers, occupation posture was 41.9% of sitting. 2) Men(26.0%) and most of women(34.8%) were not satisfied in the explanation satisfaction rate of sex life concerned disease. 23.8% in men and 23.6% in women considered flexibility of waist good. Man(33.3%) and most of woman(35.0%) considered that Health education is necessary. 32.7% in men and 27.3% in women did't mind educator is whoever. Preventing of lower back pain(LBP) and proper Health education of sex life are demanded in daily life. 3) 58.0% of man and 64.0% of woman mostly had a posture which is man over woman. 28.5% in men and 27.8% in women considered that proper information finding of LBP and sex life was very few and few. 37.7% in men and 42.7% in women have acquired information about sex life flung their friends. 4) The number of sex life was decreased from 2.96 0.98 to 2.61 1.63 and also the time of sex life was decreased from 3.65 1.89 to 226 1.64. The satisfaction rate of sex life changed from 3.60 0.86 to 2.77 1.10. In the number of sex life, The non correct group was 2.62 1.91 and the correct group was higher in 2.68 1.65. In the time of sex life, The non correct group was 2.02 1.47 and the correct group was higher in 229 1.65. The satisfaction rate of sex life was 2.76 0.86 in non correct group and 2.88 1.10 in correct group. So there was a difference. 5) In the satisfaction rate of sex life, Men who have a lower back pain were higher than women and no attack group was higher than attack group. As they had many sex life, the satisfaction rate was higher significantly in statistics. As the time of sex life was short, the satisfaction rate was lower significantly in statistics. As the age was low, the demand rate of Health education was high and as means of patient who had a lower back pain was high, the demand rate of Health education was high. As the patient who had a lower back pain had a long married life, the demand rate of Health education was high and as education level was high, the demand rate of Health education was high. It is necessary to provide patients with conservative treatment, educational teaching, and training to prevent further injuries in the future. In general, it is important to educate the public how to prevent back injuries and how to treat themselves in an onset period to prevent further injuries sliding into a chronic state. Sexuality is an integral part of normal and healthy relationships, but patients are unable to enjoy sex because they are riot able to get into a comfortable position due to back pain. Many conditions of the spine can make certain positions uncomfortable. Health educator should make the education program of the discomforts and the sexual pattern for low back pain in workplace and/or hospital. Further study Is needed on how to integrate the educational program on sexuality into the total rehabilitation program.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.60-82
• /
• 1977

The purpose of this study is first, to analyse the present nursing education and the curriculum in Korea in view of the changes and the new tendency of nursing education and second, to compare our curriculum with that of America, where nursing activities are actively earring on and, third, to try to find out what we should reconsider and improve in our nursing education. The object of this study is the educational program and the curriculum from 1973 to 1976 by selecting each five from colleges and department of nursing in Korea and America. The results of the study were as fellows : . 1. The aim of nursing education puts impassion the role of leader, knowledge and technology of nursing, welfare of society and service of community in both the America and Korea. In Korea nursing is mainly restricted to the treatment of diseases, while in the America the items of the aim of nursing are mainly extended to the capacity for Self- realization of nurse, in Korea they are restricted to the treatment of diseases. 2. In Korea the rate of credit of the curriculum of nursing education is the highest in professional education, next in general education, next in supporting science and educational subject, while in America the rate of the credit is the highest in general education, next professional education and then supporting Science and educational subject isn′t included in the curriculum. 3. In both Korea and America the role of the animal credit allotment in general education, is the highest in the first year and the rate in supporting science is the highest in the second year. In Korea professional subjects are concentrated in the third year while in America there is a tendency that they are increasing in number in the grade order. 4. There is a tendency that the rate of the credit allotment of the main professional subjects in curriculum is higher in Korea than in America : that is, in Korea the rate of the allotment of the credit is the highest in medical - surgical nursing, next maternal - child nursing, next community - health nursing and the psychiatric nursing and there in a great difference in the rate of the allotment of each credit. While in America the rate of the allotment of the credit is the highest in community - health nursing, next in medical- surgical nursing, next in maternal - child nursing, and then in psychiatric nursing and there is little difference in the rate of tile allotment of each credit. 5. From general education, supporting science and professional education, they have considered the continuity and sequence in the structure of nursing curriculum of Korea and America. While in Korea we have partly made integration in tile content of the subjects. Most of the school in America, they have made integration in the content of subjects especially in all subjects, but in Korea we haven't made it in all subjects. 6. In the system and form of nursing education Problem solving method, Dialectical method and operational method are introduced in some America schools and in others there is a tendency that the whole nursing education has the system based on Preventive frame - work or Health -illness frame work ; while only one college has an attempt for Health - Illness continue in Korea. 7. In Korea nursing education, as the importance of health- nursing and team nursing, the aim which is also comparatively emphasized is about health management and service of collective community. The subject pertaining to the aim is the studies of community health nursing, which are more in number in America. 8. When we consider the association between the social, general aims ?f the nursing education and the formation of the curriculum in Korean nursing school the courses of study concerning "the role of leadership and cooperative personal relation": "nursing care for the group": dynamic nursing care": and "the system of the public health nursing associated with the understanding of the regional community" are insufficient as compared with those of America. Especially, the lack of the behavioral science including the nursing care connected with the care for the group, the basic science on the clinical and developmental psychology, anthropology in known to be a prominent issue.

• 한국조경학회지
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.11-22
• /
• 2017

광장은 도시의 정체성을 드러내는 공간이다. 광화문 광장과 서울 광장은 시민의 의견을 자유롭게 표출하는 대표적인 광장이다. 서울 도심 내 주요 광장들은 근대 도시계획이 시행된 일제강점기에 그 형태가 완성되었다. 그중에서 조선은행 앞 광장은 현재까지 '광장'이라고 부르지만, 광화문 광장이나 서울 광장과는 다른 특성이 있다. 일제강점기에 행정, 경제, 문화의 중심이었음에도, 이 광장에 대한 연구는 미진하다. 본 연구는 조선은행 앞 광장의 생성 과정과 변화를 통해 광장의 특성을 파악하고자 한다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 조선은행 앞 광장은 토지 매입과 설계 공모를 통해 완성된 기획의 결과물이다. 1910년대에 총독부가 도로의 폭을 넓히는 과정에서 조선은행 앞의 일곱 필지를 매입하여 광장의 공간적 기틀을 마련했다. 1930년대 후반에는 교통의 원활한 흐름을 위해 순환식 회전교차로 시스템이 도입되고, 설계 공모를 통해 분수대를 설치하면서 현재의 광장형태가 완성되었다. 광장으로 기획되었으나, 점차 로터리로 변화했다. 둘째, 조선은행 앞 광장은 일제의 권력과 근대성을 과시하는 랜드마크이자 상징 광장이다. 자동차 중심의 교차로와 대형 분수대는 초점 경관을 형성했다. 서양식 대형건물로 둘러싸인 공간을 중심으로 상업 광고와 네온사인이 설치되었다. 조선은행 앞 광장은 당시 근대 도시문화를 체험하는 첨단의 공간이었다. 지배자의 권력을 과시하는 스펙터클한 경관은 경성의 대표 이미지로 소비되었지만, 피지배자에게는 낯설고 소외된 경관으로 인식되었다. 본 연구는 조선은행 앞 광장 자체에 집중하여 생성 과정을 추적하였고, 그 특성을 고찰했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 서울의 도시변화와 함께 정치 경제적 여건을 반영한 공간 연구에 대해서는 향후 연구과제로 남긴다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.121-135
• /
• 2004

This study aims to analyze the oral health status of the elderly. Study subjects were 9,340 elderly aged over 65 who took the health examination (the first) for the local insured when the National Health Insurance Corporation carried out its survey from January to December, 2002. The subjects took an oral examination and filled in the questionnaire. Major results from the analysis are as follows: 1. Analysis of Oral Health Behavior For oral health behavior, 38.2％ of total subjects had visited a dental hospital (or clinic) in the last one year in the order of the elderly of big cities (48.3％), the elderly of medium cities (43.9％), and the elderly of rural areas (29.0％)(P<0.001). Elderly men had a higher rate than elderly women, and the younger age had a higher rate(P<0.01). For experience of oral prophylaxis, 12.3％ of the total elderly had experienced it in the order of the elderly of big cities (18.8％), the elderly of medium cities (16.0％), and the elderly of rural areas (6.4％) (P<0.001). For elderly men, the younger age had a higher rate of oral prophylaxis. The number of toothbrushing in order was twice(47.5％), once (26.7％), three times (25.0％), and none (0.7％). The younger age brushed their teeth more often (P<0.001). 2. Analysis of Oral Health Status The rate of caries was 10.6％ of the elderly surveyed. By area, the elderly of rural areas had a higher rate of caries than the elderly of cities (p<0.001) and elderly men were higher than elderly women (p<0.001). By age, many elderly aged over 80 had more than two caries. For missing teeth, the elderly of rural areas had a higher rate than the elderly of cities (p<0.001) and the older age had a higher rate(p<0.001). The rate of periodontal disease was 43.2％ of the total elderly. By area, the elderly of big cities (46.2％) had a higher rate of periodontal disease than the elderly of medium cities (39.4％) and rural areas (43.6％)(p<0.001), and elderly men (46.4％) were higher than elderly women (40.2％)(p<0.001). By age, the lower age had a higher rate of peridontal disease (p<0.001). Dental abrasion was observed in 16.9％ of the total elderly. The elderly of cities (21.0％) had a higher rate than the elderly of rural areas (12.0％)(p<0.001) and elderly men (21.3％) were higher than elderly women (12.8％)(p<0.001). Also the lower age had more dental abrasion symptoms (p<0.001). For needing a denture, the rate among the elderly was 48.5％ and was higher for the elderly of rural areas(20.9％), than the elderly of big cities(7.0％) and medium cities (10.5％)(p<0.001). For the rate of denture wearing, the elderly of rural areas(41.8％) were higher than the elderly of big cities (27.7％) and medium cities (28.2％ )(p<0.001). For the relation of drinking and smoking to oral health, the elderly who had a higher frequency of drinking, had a higher rate of caries (p<0.001)periodontal disease(p<0.001) and missing teeth(p<0.001) Smokers had a higher rate of caries (p<0.001), periodontal disease (p<0.05), and missing teeth (p<0.001) than nonsmokers.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.157-175
• /
• 2007

본 연구는 농촌지역 주민들의 구취실태를 파악하고 구취에 관련된 요인을 알아봄으로써 구취예방 및 효율적인 구취제거 방안을 마련하는데 기초 자료를 제공하고자 일부 농촌지역의 주민 293명을 대상으로 2006년 1월 4일부터 1월 21일까지 면접설문조사(구강위생관리 행태, 구취관련 질병력, 구취실태), 구취측정, 구강검사, 치아우식활성검사(스나이더검사, 타액분비율검사, 타액완충능검사)를 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 잇솔질 횟수는 1일 2회가 46.1 %로 가장 많았고, 여자가 남자보다 잇솔질 횟수가 많았다. 매일 혀솔질을 하는 군은 25.6%이었고, 보조 구강위생용품을 사용하는 군은 9.2 %이었다. 2. 평상시 구취를 자각하고 있는 사람은 62.5 %이었고, 구취를 가장 심하게 자각하는 시기는 기상 후가 72.7 %, 구취를 자각하는 부위는 잇몸에서 23.0 %, 구취의 유형으로는 구린 냄새가 37.2 %로 높게 나타났다. 3. 구취측정 결과 OG는 50 ppm미만이 54.3 %, $50{\sim}100ppm$ 범위에 41.6 %로 나타났고, $NH_3$는 $20{\sim}60ppm$ 범위에 52.6 %로 가장 높았다. 4. 구취관련 질병력별 OG는 치아우식증으로 인한 식편압입, 당뇨병과 구취에 대한 가족력군에서 $50{\sim}100ppm$ 범위에 유의하게 높았으며, $NH_3$는 호흡기계 질환군에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 5 평상시 구취 자각정도별 OG는 '냄새가 나지 않는다'는 군과 '가끔 냄새가 난다'는 군에서 50 ppm 미만에 각각 55.9 %, 57.5 %로 나타났고, '본인이 느낄 정도로 항상 냄새가 난다'는 군과 '항상 심하게 냄새가 난다'는 군에서 $50{\sim}100ppm$ 범위에 각각 52.0 %, 63.6 %로 높게 나타났으며, $NH_3$는 모두 $20{\sim}60ppm$ 범위에 높게 나타났다. 6. 구강검사별 OG는 치수노출치와 식편압입이 많을수록, 설태지수가 높아질수록 $50{\sim}100ppm$ 범위에 OG값이 증가되었고, $NH_3$는 보철치가 많을수록, 설태지수가 높아질수록 유의하게 증가되었으며, 하악 국소의치군에서 60 ppm 이상으로 유의하게 증가되었다. 7. 스나이더검사는 고도활성이 43.0 %로 가장 높았고, 산 생성균의 활성이 높을수록 OG값이 증가되었다. 자극성 타액분비율 검사는 8.0 ml 이하에서 62.5 %로 가장 높았고, 타액분비율이 많을수록 OG값이 감소된 분포를 보였으며, 타액완충능검사는 0.1N 유산용액의 방울 수가 $6{\sim}10$ 방울에서 58.7 %로 가장 높았고, 타액완충능이 증가될수록 OG값이 냄새를 느끼지 못하는 50 ppm 미만에서 증가되었다. 8. 구강환경과 구취와의 상관관계에서 OG는 타액분비율, 보철치와 음의 상관관계를, 치수노출치, 충전치, 현존치, 설태량, 식편압입과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, $NH_3$는 우식치와 음의 상관관계를, 보철치, 잇솔질 횟수와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 9. 다중회귀분석 결과에서 OG에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 여자, 치수노출치, 보철치, 식편압입, 타액분비율, 설태지수, 스나이 더검사의 고도활성이 선정되었고 이들의 설명력은 45.1 %이었으며, NH3에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 여자, 치수노출치, 설태지수, 보철치가 선정되었으며 이들의 설명력은 6.6 %이었다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때, 조사대상 농촌지역 주민들의 구취실태는 구강환경 및 구취관련 요인, 치아우식활성검사의 스나이더 검사, 타액분비율검사와 밀접한 관련이 있음을 시사한다. 따라서 이들 주민들의 구취예방을 위해서는 식후에 올바른 잇솔질 방법 및 혀솔질과 더불어 보조 구강위생용품을 사용하여 식편압입과 설태제거를 해야 할 필요성이 강조된다. 구취의 원인과 그 성분은 매우 복잡하고 다양하므로 개인별 구취발생 요인을 정확하게 분석하기 위해서는 추후 계속적이고, 체계적인 연구가 필요하며, 보건(지)소의 치과위생사를 활용하여 지역사회 주민들에게 계속적인 구강보건교육 프로그램이 제공되어야 한다고 생각된다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.177-207
• /
• 2012

문화예술상품은 일반 소비재와 달리 소비자의 가치인식에 따라 중요한 소비의 대상이 되기도 하고 그렇지 못할 수도 있는 특별한 상품이다. 물질적 소비재나 서비스 상품은 상품속성이 주는 물질적 및 비물질적 혜택을 상정하여 상품을 개발하고 그에 따른 마케팅전략을 수립하는 것이 효과적일 수 있다. 그러나 문화예술상품 소비는 소비자의 경험과 교육 등에 의해 형성된 문화예술에 대한 가치인식에 따라 소비추구혜택이 달라질 수 있고, 가치인식과 추구혜택은 문화예술상품의 속성을 선택하는 기준에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 '문화예술상품에 대한 가치인식과 추구혜택에 관한 질적 연구'의 후속연구로서 질적 연구에서 나타난 개념구조를 바탕으로 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식 및 추구혜택과 상품속성의 하위차원을 규명하고, 수단-목적 사슬이론을 역으로 적용하여 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식이 추구혜택과 상품속성에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 그리하여 문화예술상품 생산 및 문화예술 정책기관과 문화예술을 활용하는 기업의 문화마케팅의 효율성을 제고하기 위한 실무적 시사점을 제시하고자 실시되었다. 10대 이상 50대 남녀 662명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하고 요인분석과 경로분석을 실시하였다. 예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식과 추구혜택의 하위차원은 질적 연구 결과와 유사하게 나타났으며, 가치인식은 대부분 추구혜택을 매개로 하여 상품속성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 질적 연구결과와 마찬가지로 수단-목적사슬을 역방향으로 적용하는 것이 타당함을 입증하였다. 즉, 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식이 실제적 편익으로 구체화되고, 소비자는 이러한 추구혜택에 따라 상품속성의 중요도를 고려하여 구매의사를 결정하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식을 긍정적으로 형성·강화시키는 것이 가장 중요한 소비 촉진 요인임을 입증하였으며, 문화예술상품 생산기관에서 소비자 중심의 상품개발과 기업의 효율적인 문화예술마케팅 전략을 개발하기 위한 소비자 정보와 실무적 시사점을 제시하였다. 또한 본 연구 결과는 국민의 삶의 질을 향상시키고자 하는 국가기관의 정책 수립을 위한 유용한 정보로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 지능정보연구
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.93-111
• /
• 2013

최근 독감 예측이나 부동산가격 예측 등 다양한 분야에서 웹검색 트래픽이나 소셜 네트워크 등의 방대한 고객 데이터를 통해 사회 현상, 소비 트렌드 등을 분석하고자 하는 시도가 증가하고 있다. 최근 구글이나 네이버 등의 인터넷 포털서비스 업체들은 온라인 사용자들의 웹검색 트래픽 정보를 구글 트렌드, 네이버 트렌드 등의 서비스로 공개하고 있는데, 이들이 제공하는 웹검색 트래픽 정보를 기반으로 온라인 사용자들의 정보 검색 행태에 대한 연구들이 학계 업계 등에서 주목받고 있다. 웹검색 정보를 기반으로 사회 현상이나, 소비 동향, 정치 투표 결과 등을 예측해 볼 수 있음을 실증하고 있는 분야는 많은 연구가 수행되고 있지만, 웹검색 트래픽 정보를 이용하여, 소비자의 제품에 대한 중요한 속성 도출 및 소비자의 기대 변화 관측 등의 온라인 사용자 행태에 초점을 맞추어 연구되고 있는 분야는 상대적으로 많은 연구가 수행되고 있지는 않다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 구글이나 네이버가 제공하는 소비자의 웹검색 트래픽을 활용해서 소비자가 생각하는 제품 포지션을 가시화할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 브랜드 간의 관계를 확인하기 위해, 동시 검색 트래픽 정보를 활용하여 네트워크 모델링의 방법을 사용한 시스템을 제안하고 있으며, 이를 통해 소비자들이 제품 간의 유사성을 어떻게 인지하고 형성하며, 새로운 혁신 제품 카테고리 내에서 제품 브랜드들이 소비자의 마음 속에서 어떻게 자리 잡고 있는지의 브랜드 포지셔닝을 확인할 수 있는 방법론을 제안하였다. 또한 이를 태블릿 PC의 사례를 통해서, 미시적인 관점에서 소비자의 마음속에 위치한 태블릿 PC 개별 브랜드들의 위치 및 관계를 보여주었다. 기업은 소비자의 제품에 대한 인식 및 중요 속성 도출을 위해 많은 비용과 시간을 소요하여 소비자 조사를 행하게 되는데, 본 연구의 방법론을 활용하여 소비자의 제품에 대한 인식, 제품간 유사도, 제품에 대한 중요 속성의 변화 등을 일반에게 공개된 검색 트래픽 정보를 활용하여 비교적 쉽고 추가적인 비용 없이 도출할 수 있을 것이다.

• 지능정보연구
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.163-176
• /
• 2014

소셜미디어 확산으로 많은 사용자들이 SNS를 통해 자신의 생각과 의견을 표출하며 다른 사용자들과 상호작용하고 있다. 특히 트위터와 같은 마이크로블로그는 짧은 문장을 통해 영화, TV, 사회 현상 등과 같은 공통의 주제에 대해 많은 사람이 즉각적으로 의견을 표출하고 교환하는 플랫폼의 역할을 수행하고 있다. TV방송 프로그램에 대해서도 의견과 감정을 마이크로블로그를 통해 표출하고 있는데, 본 연구에서는 마이크로블로그의 내용과 시청률과의 관계를 살펴보기 위해, 지난 공중파 방송 프로그램에 대한 트윗을 수집하고 부적절한 트윗들을 제거한 후 형태소 분석을 수행하였다. 추출된 형태소뿐 아니라 이모티콘, 신조어 등 사용자가 입력한 모든 단어들을 후보 자질로 삼아 시청률과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 실험을 위해 2013년 1월부터 10개월간의 예능프로그램 트윗의 데이터를 수집하여 전국 시청률 데이터와 비교 분석을 수행하였다. 트윗의 발생량은 일주일 중 방송된 요일에 가장 많았으며, 특히 방송시간 부근에서 급격히 증가하는 모습을 보였다. 이것은 전국에 동시간에 방송되는 공중파 프로그램의 특성상 공통된 관심 주제를 제공하기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 여겨진다. 횟수 기반 자질로 방송 일의 총 트윗 수와 리트윗 수, 방송시간 중의 트윗 수와 리트윗 수와 시청률과의 상관 관계를 분석하였으나 모두 낮은 상관 계수를 나타냈다. 이것은 단순한 트윗 발생 빈도는 방송 프로그램의 만족도 또는 시청률을 제대로 반영하고 있지 못함을 의미한다. 내용 기반 자질로 추출한 단어들 중에는 높은 상관관계를 보여주는 단어들이 발견되었으며, 표준어가 아닌 이모티콘과 신조어 중에도 높은 상관관계를 보여주는 자질이 나타났다. 또한 방송시작 전과 후에 따라 상관계수가 높은 단어가 상이함을 발견하였다. 매주 같은 시간에 방송되는 TV 프로그램의 특성상, 방송을 기다리고 기대하는 내용의 트윗과 방송 후 소감을 표현하는 트윗의 내용에 차이가 존재하였다. 이러한 분석결과는 단어에 따라 시청률과 연관성이 높은 시간대가 달라짐을 의미하며, 시청률을 측정하고자 할 때 각 단어들의 시간대를 고려해서 사용해야 함을 의미한다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법은 기존의 표본 추출을 통해 이루어지는 TV 시청률 측정을 보완할 수 있는 방법에 활용할 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.1-28
• /
• 1974

The writers have conducted the investigation to assess the nutritional status of young rural Korean children aged from 0 to 4 years old in August 1971. The survey areas were Kaejong-myon. Daeya-myon, Okku-gun, Jeonra-bukdo, Korea. These survey areas were typical agricultural plain areas. The total numbers of children examined were 2,706 comprising 1,394 male and 1,312 female. The weight, height, and chest circumference of children were measured and means and standard deviations. were calculated for each measurement. In addition, the nutritional status of each child was classified by the four levels of malnutrition and the Gomez classification, The examination of red blood cell count, haematocrit value, and intestinal parasite infection were carried out at the same time. In general, recent work tend to suggest that environmental influences, especially nutrition, are of great importance than genetic background or other biological factors for physical growth and development. Certainly the physical dimensions of the body are much influenced by nutrition, particularly in the rapidly growing period of early childhood. Selected body measurements can therefore give valuable information concerning protein-calory malnutrition. Growth can also be affected by bacterial, viral, and parasitic infection. For the field workers in a developing country, therefore, nutritional anthropometry appears to be of greatest value in the assessment of growth failure and undernutrition, principally from lack of protein and calories. In order to compare and evaluate the data obtained, the optimal data of growth from the off-spring of the true well-fed, medically and socially protected are needed. So-called 'Standards' that have been compiled for preschool children in Korea, however, are based on measurement of children from middle or lower socio-economic groups, who are, in fact, usually undernourished from six months of age onwards and continuously exposed to a succession of infective and parasitic diseases. So that, the Harvard Standards which is one of the international reference standards was used as the reference standards in this study. Findings of the survey were as follows: A. Anthropometric data: 1) Comparing the mean values for body weight obtained with the Korean standard weight of the same age, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier than the Korean standard values in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children values, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier in male and in the infant period of female but lighter in female of the period of 1 to 4 years old than Japanese children. 2) Comparing the mean values for height obtained with the Korean standard height of the same age, the rural Korean children were taller than the Korean standard values except the second half of infatn period in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children, the rural Korean children were slightly smaller than Japanese children except the first half of infant peroid in both sexes. 3) Mear values of chest circumference of rural Korean children obtained were less than the Korean standard values of the same ages in both sexes. B. Prevalence of Protein-Calory Malnutrition: Children examined were devided into two groups, i. e., infant(up to the first birthday) and toddler (1 to 4 fears old). 1) Percentages of four levels of malnutrition: a) When the nutrtional status of each child was classified (1) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 52.8%(infant 83.3%, toddler 44.4%) and 39.7% (infant 74.5%. toddler 30.5%), the first level of malnutrition were 31.9%(infant 13.7%, toddler 36.9%) and 31.7%(infant 15.3%, toddler 36,0%), the second level of malnutrition were 12.3%(infant 1.7%, toddler 15.3%) and 23.3% (infant 7.7%, fodder 27.5%), the third level of malnutrition were 2.7%(infant 0.7%, toddler 3.2%) and 4.6%(infant 1.8%, toddler 5.3%) the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.3% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.7% (0.7% for infant and toddler) respectively. (2) by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.3% (infant 97.3%, toddler 75.6%) and 75.1% (infant 96.4%, toddler 69.5), the first level of malnutrition were 17.9% (infant 2.0%, toddler 22.3%) and 23.6% (infants 3.6%, toddler 28.8%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.2% (infant 0.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 1.1% (infant 0%, toddler 1.4%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.4%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.2%(infant 0%, toddler 0.3%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 0% respectively. (3) by body weight in relation to height, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 87.9% (infant 77.6%, toddler 87.9%) and 78.2% (infant 77.4%, toddler 78.2%), the first level of malnutrition were 12.2% (infant 18.4%, toddler 10.6%) and 18.2% (infant 17.9%, toddler 18.3%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.9%(infant 3.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 3.0%(infant 3.3%, toddler 2.9%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%. toddler 0.1%) and 0.5% (infant 0%, toddler 0.6%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0.7%, toddler 0%) and 0.3% (infant 1.5%, toddler 0%) respectively. b) When the nutritional status of each child according to the mother's age at perturition, i. e., young aged mother (up to 30 years old), middle aged mother (31 to 40 years old) and old aged mother (41 years or above) was classified (1) by body weight, among infants and toddlers, at each year of age, with increasing the mother's age, there was an increase in percentage of subjects underweight. This tendency of increasing percentage of underweight was more significant in the infant period than the toddler period. (2) by height value, no significant differences between each mother's age group were found. c) When the nutritional status of each child according to the birth rank, i. e., lower birth rank (first to third) and higher birth rank (fourth or above) was classified (1) by weight value, children of higher birth rank were slightly more often underweight than those of lower birth rank, but not significant. (2) by height value, no differences were found between children of lower and higher birth rank. 2) Gomez Classification: When the nutritional status of each child was classified a) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children. attained standard growth were 53.1% (infant 82.6%, toddler 44.9%) and 39.2% (infant 73.4%, toddler 30.1%), the first degree of malnutrition were 39.4% (infant 14.7%, toddler 46.2%) and 47.1% (infant 21.9%, toddler 53.8%), the second degree of malnutrition were 7.3%(infant 2.3%, toddler 8.6%) and 12.9% (infant 4.0%, toddler 15.2%). and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.2%. (infant 0.3%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.8% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.9%) respectively. b) by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.8% (infant 97.0%, toddler 76.3%) and 73.8%(infant 95.6%, toddler 68.0%), the first degree of malnutrition were 18.5% (infant 2.7%, toddler 22.9%) and 24.6% (infant 4.4%, toddler 30.0%), the second degree of malnutrition were 0.6%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.7%) and 0.5% (infant 0.1%, toddler 0.7%), and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 1.1% (infant 0%, toddler 1.3%) respectively. C. Results of clinical laboratory examination: 1) Red blood cells: The ranges of mean red blood cell counts for male and female were $3,538,000/mm^3\;to\;4,403,000/mm^3\;and\;3,576,000/mm^3\;to\;4,483,000/mm^3$ respectively. The lowest red cell counts were seen at the age of 0-3 months for male and 1-2 months for female. 2) Haematocrit value : The ranges of haematocrit value of male and female were 35.1% to 38.8% and 34.7% to 38.8% respectively. The lowest haematocrit values were seen at the age of 2-3 months for male and 1-2, months for female. 3) The prevalence rates of intestinal parasites for male and female children with Ascaris lumbricoides were 34.1% (infant 18.8%, toddler 38.1%) and 36.0%(infant 18.4%, toddler 40.7%), with Trichocephalus trichiuris were 6.8% (infant 2.9%, toddler 7.9%) and 9.0% (infant 3.0%, toddler 10.6%), with Hookworm were 0.3% (infant 0.5%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.3% (infant 0.5%, toddler 0.3%), with Clonorchis sinensis were 0.4%(infant 0%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) respectively.