• 제목/요약/키워드: Collection 6

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서해안 태안 어은리 갯벌의 연속관측 메탄(CH4) 플럭스 특성 평가 (Evaluation of CH4 Flux for Continuous Observation from Intertidal Flat Sediments in the Eoeun-ri, Taean-gun on the Mid-western Coast of Korea)

  • 이준호;노경찬;우한준;강정원;정갑식;장석
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제48권2호
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    • pp.147-160
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    • 2015
  • 2014년 8월 31일~9월 1일 충남 태안 어은리 갯벌 퇴적물의 동일한 실험 장소에서 닫힌 챔버를 이용하여 챔버내 가스들(메탄($CH_4$), 이산화탄소($CO_2$) 및 산소($O_2$))의 갯벌 표면 노출시 일조량이 있는 조석주기의 저조 시점을 기준으로 각 기체의 플럭스량을 파악하기 위해 총 6회 실험하였다. 챔버 내에서 채취된 대기 샘플 중 메탄의 농도는 6시간 이내에 지구온실가스 측정용 EG model GS-23 가스크로마토그래피로 분석하였으며 그 외 가스종은 Multi Gas Monitor를 이용하여 실시간 측정하였다. 각 가스 종들의 배출원(source (+)) 또는 흡수원(sink (-))의 플럭스 계산값은 단순 선형 회귀분석을 이용하여 시간에 따른 각 기체의 농도변화인 1차 함수 기울기 값을 수식에 대입하여 계산하였다. 또한 주변 환경 특성을 참고하기 위해 퇴적물 함수율, 온도, 총유기탄소, 챔버내 온도 및 퇴적물 퇴적상도 측정하였다. 첫째날, 총 3회 플럭스 측정이 진행되는 5시간 20분 동안 이산화탄소는 $-137.00{\sim}-81.73mg/m^2/hr$ 흡수원, 산소는 $-0.03{\sim}0.00mg/m^2/hr$ 흡수원 그리고 둘째날, 이산화탄소는 -20.43~-2.11 mg/m2/hr 흡수원, 산소는 $-0.18{\sim}-0.14mg/m^2/hr$ 흡수원으로 모두 동일하였다. 메탄의 경우 양일간 조석주기의 저조 시점이 되기 전에는 첫째날 $-0.02mg/m^2/hr$ 흡수원(SPSS 통계분석을 이용한 Pearson 상관계수는 뚜렷한 음의 선형관계인-0.555(n=5, p=0.332)) 및 둘째날 $-0.15mg/m^2/hr$ 흡수원(상관계수는 강한 음의 선형관계인 -0.915(n=5, p=0.030))으로 작용하였다. 그리고 저조시점 이후로 메탄은 첫째날 최소 $+0.00mg/m^2/hr$ 배출원(상관계수는 거의 무시될 수 있는 선형관계인 +0.713(n=5, p=0.176)) 및 둘째날 최대 $+0.03mg/m^2/hr$ 배출원(상관계수는 약한 양의 선형관계인 +0.194(n=5, p=0.754))이 된다는 플럭스 양상은 양일간 모두 같았다. 그러나 $CH_4$ 플럭스 값은 일자 및 시간별로 모두 다르게 분석되었다. 이러한 결과는 같은 시간, 동일지역 퇴적물 일지라도 $CH_4$ 플럭스 변화율은 갯벌 근처 해수의 표층 조석주기 특성 이해를 통한 가스 방출 상관관계 및 물리화학적 퇴적물 환경과 같은 주변 변수에 따라 영향을 받음 수 있음을 보여준다.

사무 자동화에 따른 사무직 근로자의 건강과 연관된 자각 증상에 대한 조사연구 (An Investigation on the self-consciousness Symptoms of the Clerical Workers attendant upon Office Automation)

  • 정미화
    • 한국직업건강간호학회지
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    • 제3권호
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    • pp.54-70
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    • 1993
  • According as the automation of clerical work(OA ; Office Automation) develops, the use of VDT(Visual or Video Display Terminal) is increasing suddenly. But, in proportion to the spread of office automation(OA tendency), the self-conciousness syptom attendant upon the work is appearing also (Kim, Jung Tae, Lee, Young Ook, 1990). The apparatuses of office enable the clerical workers to be convenient and perform mass businesses. But, they are increasing the opportunity to be exposed to VDT syndrom, techno stress, computer terminal disease, pain by muscle strain(RSI), bradycausia of noise nature, and electromagnetic waves, etc. which are referred to as the new type of occupational diseases to the workers. It is the real situation that the workers to use VDT is complaining of the physical inconvenience sense in the recent newspaper and literature, it is the point of time that the sydrome to come from VDT use and computer terminal disease, etc. must be classified into the occupational disease(Lee, Kwang Young 1990, Lee, Kyoo Hak 1990, Lee, Won Ho 1991, Lee, Si Young 1991, Lee, Joon 1991, Choi, Young Tae 1991, Heo, Seung Ho 1989). In addition, it is the real situation that the scientifitic study result about the scope that electromagnetic waves has influence on the human body has not been suggested yet, and criticism on the stable exposure permission standard about electromagnetic waves to be emitted from VDT and on the problem in the health about electromagnetic waves is continuing. (IEEE Spectrum, 1990). In addition according to the experience of nursery business of industry field, it is the real situation that the patients who consult complaining of physical and mental inconvenience sence, among the users of apparatus of office automation, are reaching 10% of the patients coming to doctor's room. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complain of multilaterally with the actual state examination about the use of the apparatuses of offices automaton. Thus, this study was tried as th basic data for the cosultation and education for the maintenance and furtherance of the health of workers as the nurse of industry field, by confirming the contents of self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of the apparatus for office outomation making the financial institution in which the spparatus for office automation in most frequently used as the subject, and by examining whether there is the difference according to the subject of study, the data were collected, by using the questionnaire method, making 200 workers who consented to the study participation as the subject, among the persons who have spent over 3 months since they used the apparatuses for office automation and didn't receive the treatment in hospital due to the clerical disease for recent 3 years. The period of data collection was from Oct. 9, 1991 to Oct. 12. As for the measurement instrument about the complaint if self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of apparatuses fo office automation, the question item on the complaint symptom of health problem attendant upon the treatment of VDT that Kim(1991) developed and on CMI health problem and the question items on the fatigue degree due to industry were used by previous examination to 25 persons. Collected data were analyzed with the statistical method such as percentage, arithmetic mean, Person correlation coeffient, Kai square verfication, t-test, ANOVA, etc. by using SPSS/PC+ program, and the result is as follows : 1. The self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complained of most frequetly appeared high in 'My eyes are tired'(99.4%), 'I feel fatigue and weariness'(99.4%), 'I feel that my head is heavy5(90.0%), 'eyesight fell'(88.8%), 'I have a stiff neck'(88.8%), 'I fell pain in the shoulder'(85.0%), 'I feel cold and painful in the eyes'(76.9%), 'I feel the dry sense of eyeball'(76.2%), 'My nerves are edgy, and I an fretful, (75.6%), 'I feel pain in the waist'(73.2%) and 'I fell pain in the back'(72.8%). It emerged that the subject use the apparatuses for office automation complained of self-consciousness symptoms related to visual symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms. 2. As for the general feature of examination subjects, the result to see the distribution by classifying into sex, age, school career, use career of apparatuses for office automation, skillfulness degree of the use of apparatus for office automation, use hours of the apparatuses for office automation per 1 day, type of business of the apparatus for office automation, rest hours during the use of apparatus for office automation, satifaction degree of business of office automation, and work circumstance, etc. emerged as follows : As for the sex of subjects, the distribution showed that men were 58.8% and women were 41.3%, Age was average 26.9. As the distribution of school career, the distribution showed that4below the graduation of high school' was 58.8%, 'graduation from junior college-university' was 35.0%, and 'over graduate school' was 6.3%. In the question to ask the existence or non-existence of experience of health consultation in connection with the work of office automation, the response that I had the consultation exprience and I feel the necessity emergerd as 90.1% And, the case that the subject who didn't wear the glasses or lens before using the OA apparatus wear glasses or lens after using OA apparatus emerged as 28.3% of whole. As for the existence or non-existence of use career of OA apparatus, the case under 3 years was highest as 52. 7%. As for the skillfulnness degree about the use of apparatus for office automation, most of them are skillful with the fact that 'common' was 44.4%, 'skill' was 42.5%, and 'unskillful' was 13.1% As for the use average hours of the apparatus for office automation per 1 day, the distribution showed that the case under 3-6 hours was 33.1%, the case under 6-9 hours was 28.1%, the case under 3 hours was 30.6%, and the case over 9 hours was 8.1% Main OA business and the use hours for 1 day showed in the order of keeping and retrieval, business of information transmission(162min), business of information transmission(79.3 min), business of document framing(55.5 min), and business of duplication and printing(25.4min). as for the rest during the use of apparatus for affice automation, that I take rest occasion demands the major portion, but that I take after completing the work emerged as 33.8%. Though the subiness gets to be convenient by the use of the apparatus for of office automation, respondents who showed the dissatisfaction about the present OA business emergd high as 78.1%. The work circumstances of each office was good with the fact that the temperature of office was 21.8, noise was average 42.7db, and the illumination was average 364.4 lx, in the light of ANSi/HFS 100 Standard. 3. Sight syptom, musculoskeletal symptom, skin and other symptoms showed the significant difference according to the extent of skillfulness of the apparatus for office automation. All the symptoms exept skin symptom showed the difference according to the use hours of the apparatus for office automation. All the question items exept the sytoms of digestive organs and the rest hours during the apparatus for office automation showed the signicant difference. The question item which showed the signicant difference from the satisfaction degree of present OA business showed the significant difference from all the question item classified into 6 groups. But, age and school career didn't significant difference from the complaint of any self-consciousness symptoms.

    . In conclusion, the self-consciousness symptoms of the subjects to use OA apparatus appeared differently, according to sex distiction, skillfull degree of OA apparatus, use hours of OA apparatus, the rest hours during th use of OA apparatus, and the satiafaction degree of persent business. Therefore, it is necessary that the nurse in the inuctry field must recognize to receive the education about the human technological physical condition which is most proper for te use of OA apparatus and about the proper rest method until they get accustomed to the use of OA apparatus. In addition, the simple exercise relax the tention of muscle due to the repetitive simple movement, and the education for the protection of eyesight are necessary.

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  • 산사태발생지(山沙汰發生地)와 피해위험지(被害危險地)의 환경학적(環境學的) 해석(解析)과 예방대책(豫防對策) -평창지구(平昌地區)를 중심(中心)으로- (Environmental Interpretation on soil mass movement spot and disaster dangerous site for precautionary measures -in Peong Chang Area-)

    • 마상규
      • 한국산림과학회지
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      • 제45권1호
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      • pp.11-25
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      • 1979
    • 1979년(年) 8월(月) 4일(日)과 5일(日)에 걸쳐 강원도 평창지구에 많은 사태(沙汰)가 발생된 바 있었다. 이 지역(地域)을 답사할 기회를 통해 산사태에 대한 조사연구(調査硏究)가 부족(不足)하고 예방대책(豫防對策)이 미약하다는 사실을 알게 되었다. 이에 현지답사시(現地踏査時) 얻었던 자료(資料)와 기 연구자들의 보고서 등을 참조로 하여 우리나라 산사태(山沙汰)의 발생조직과예방대책을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 지난 6년간(年間)의 자료(資料)로 1일(日)200mm이상(以上), 1시간당(時間當) 60mm이상(以上)의 호우지대(豪雨地帶)를 보면 횡성, 원주, 영동, 무주, 남원과 순천을 연결하는 서부지역과 경상남도의 남부해안지방(南部海岸地方)에 분포(分布)되 있다. 이 원인(原因)은 산맥(山脈)과 저기압(低氣壓)의 방향(方向)에 영향을 받은 것으로 사료(思料)된다. 2, 호우(豪雨)의 정점(頂點)의 분포(分布)는 야간에 나타나며 이 시점에서 산사태(山沙汰)를 일으키고 막대한 피해(被害)를 주는 것 같다. 3. 평창지역(平昌地域)의 산사태(山沙汰)는 화강암(花崗巖)의 조사질양토(粗砂質壤土)와 석회암(石灰巖) 정암(貞岩)의 점토질토양(粘土質土壤)에서 발생(發生)하며 토석류(土石流)는 기암면(基岩面)이나 석회암토양(石灰巖土壤)에서 나타나는 반시(盤尸)을 따라 일어나고 있었다. 4. 이들 암석(岩石)에서 유래한 토양(土壤)의 투수력(透水力)은 빠른 것 같으며 화강암토양(花崗巖土壤)은 토성(土性)의 영향으로 석회암토양(石灰岩土壤)은 토양구조(土壤構造), 폐식(廢植)의 높은 함량(含量)과 근계(根系)의 영향 때문이다. 5. 산사태발생(山沙汰發生)의 근원지의 지형(地形)은 대부분 곡두(谷頭)의 요형지(凹型地)와 산복 상부의 요형(凹型)지에서 나타나고 있다. 이는 유거수(流去水)의 집수력(集水力)때문인것 같고 이 지점의 토양단면(土壤斷面)을 보면 석회암지대(石灰岩地帶)는 혼연성토양(混淵性土壤), 화강암지대(花崗岩地帶)는 발(髮)한 심토호(深土戶)으로 되있다. 6. 산사태지(山沙汰地)의 경사도(傾斜度)는 대부분 $25^{\circ}$이상(以上)에서 나타났고 경사위치(傾斜位置)는 산복상부의 6~9부 능선에서 나타났다. 7. 산사태지(山沙汰地)의 식피(植被)는 대부분 화전(火田)경작지, 화전초지(火田草地), 화전조림지(火田造林地), 황폐지(荒廢地)의 불량임분(不良林分)과 미림목지(未林木地)이었다. 일부 성림지(成林地)(중경목지)에도 나타났으나 대개 표상(表上)에 암석시(岩石尸)이 있는 지역이다. 8. 산사태위험도(山沙汰危險度)는 몇가지 환경인자(環境因子)로 즉 식피(植被), 경사도(傾斜度), 경사형태(傾斜形態) 및 위치(位置), 기암(基岩)과 분포형태(分布形態), 토양단면(土壤斷面)의 특성(特性) 등(等)으로 추정이 가능할 것 같다. 9. 가옥피해(家屋被害)는 대부분 다음과 같은 지형(地形)에서 나타나고 있다. 충적추(沖積錐)와 선상지요형사면(扇狀地凹型斜面)의 산록, 곡간(谷間)이나 야계변(野溪邊)의 소단구(小段丘)와 붕적토지(崩積土地) 등(等)이다. 가옥피해위험지(家屋被害危險地)는 항공사진으로 가옥(家屋)주위의 지형상태(地形狀態)를 참고를 하면 판정(判定)이 가능할 것 같다. 10. 산사태(山沙汰)의 예방대책(豫防對策)으로 위험지(危險地)의 진단기술(診斷技術)의 개발(開發), 현지조사(現地調査)를 통해 가능한 조속(早速)히 예방사방(豫防砂防)이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 가옥(家屋)과 부락(部落)의 피해예방대책(被害豫防對策)이 수립(樹立) 실행(實行)하여야 되며 재해방비림(災害防備林)의 조성책(造成策)이 고려되어야 할 것이다. 11. 산사태(山沙汰)에 의한 가옥(家屋)과 부락(部落)의 피해위험도(被害危險度)를 판정(判定)하여 지도사업(指導事業)을 통해 알려 주어야 한다. 12. 사태위험지(沙汰危險地)의 계벌작업(階伐作業), 화전경작(火田耕作), 연료채취(燃料採取)를 철저히 금지(禁止)시키고 피해위험지(被害危險地)의 가옥(家屋)신축을 규제시켜야 될 것이다. 따라서 산림경영계획(山林經營計劃)의 편성시 산사태(山沙汰)여부 토양침식(土壤浸蝕)과 홍수문제(洪水問題)들이 고려되어야 하며 재해예방대책(災害豫防對策)이 포함되어야 할 것이다.

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    "침구갑을경(鍼灸甲乙經)"의 침구문헌적(鍼灸文獻的) 특징(特徵)에 관한 연구(硏究) (A Study of Acupuncture Documentary Characteristics of "Chimgugapelgyeong(鍼灸甲乙經)")

    • 김정호;김기욱;박현국
      • 대한한의학원전학회지
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      • 제22권1호
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      • pp.35-59
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      • 2009
    • The acupuncture documentary characteristics of the "Chimgugapeulgyeong" can be summarized into 7 parts such as the following. 1. After Imeok(林億)'s revised edition of the "Gapeulgyeong(甲乙經)" was printed during the Song dynasty, there were no reprints during the Southern Song, Geum(金) and Won(元) eras, and the first printed edition that remains today is the 'Uihakyukgyeong edition[醫學六經本]' published by Omyeonhak(吳勉學) during the Mallyeok(萬曆) era of the Myeong(明) dynasty. This publication was put into the "Uitongjeongmaek(醫統正脈)" collection in the 29th year of the Manlleok(萬曆) era(1601). Most of the remaining copies have been restored during the Cheong dynasty at bookstores, and we can see that much was restored because of damage and missing characters. Also, the 'Namgyeokcho edition[藍格抄本]' and 'Yukgyeong edition[六經本]' of the Myeong dynasty do not come from the same original document, which allows the correction of the former in many places. However, this edition was not copied well, so the order of contents is different, and there are many mistakes. The 'Sagojeonseo edition[四庫全書本]' and the 'Gajeong edition[嘉靖本]', which Yeounsu(余云岫) quoted from, coincide with each other, making them worth much reference. So, the "Gapeulgyeong" and 'Yukgyeong edition' should be seen as the original, with the 'Myeongcho edition[明抄本]' as the main revision, and the 'Sago edition[四庫本]' as a reference edition. The so-called 'Chojeongtong edition(鈔正統本)' has many problems and marks of forgery, so therefore cannot be used in revising the "Gapeulgyeong" through comparison. 2. The table of contents[序例] in the front of the current edition was in the original edition and was not added by Imeok. The structure of sentences quoted by medical books before the Song dynasty coincide with this 'table of contents'. The "Gapeulgyeong" of the Song dynasty also coincide with the 'table of contents' but the edition remaining differs much from this 'table of contents' so it was edited or erased by people from future generations, especially after the Song dynasty. 3. The remaining edition of "Gapeulgyeong" consists of at least 4 parts. The original edited by Hwangbomil(皇甫謐), annotations added by medicinal practitioners before the Song dynasty, Imeok's revisionary annotations during the Song dynasty, and annotations after the Song dynasty. 4. Expressions such as 'Somun says[素問曰]' 'Gugwon says[九卷曰]' and explanatory annotations like 'Hae says[解曰]' are old writings from the original text and were not added by someone later. 5. Almost all of the 'Double lined small letter annotations[雙行小字注文]' of the 'Yukgyoeng edition' was by people during the Song dynasty. 6. There are many omitted and wrong letters in the remaining edition and there are also many places where future generations edited and supplemented the text. The table of contents differ greatly from the original text. 7. The medical books that quote "Gapeulgyeong" a lot are "Cheongeumyobang(千金要方)", "Oedaebiyobang(外臺秘要方)", "Seongjaechongrok(聖濟總錄)", "Chimgujasaenggyeong(鍼灸資生經)", "Yuyusinseo(幼幼新書)", and "Uihakgangmok(醫學綱目)" and such. However, the method used in using the text differs between the medical books, so the quotation from the same book comes from a quotation used by a doctor from a different era in one("Cheongeumyobang"), or the quotation was taken from each medical book("Chimgujasaenggyeong") or the quotation was all taken from another book("Yuyusinseo"). The reason we need to know about this problem properly is because we must use medical books that quote the original text of the "Gapeulgyeong" when we are looking for text that we can use to revise through comparison.

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    ${\ll}$방약합편(方藥合編)${\gg}$에 대한 연구 (A Study on Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n)

    • 김형태;윤창열
      • 대한한의학원전학회지
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      • 제5권
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      • pp.151-199
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      • 1992
    • A study on Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n, one of the most widely-known Korean medicine books, has been conducted and the findings are as follows:the political and social background at the end of Yi-dynasty amidst the inflow of western civilization and the aggression of foreign forces can be seen as a historical period of trial, when civilization and independence had to be preserved at the same time, during the period, the social trend was to pursue a rapid practical solution rather than a profound theory. Responding to this trend, simple and easy medical science became to prevailand the representative medicine book of this kind was Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n. 1. Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n was written comprising the characteristics of simple and easy medical science with a view to popularizing-collection of logics, easy readability, medical science in time, etc. 2. Bang Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n, rich and grand in content, came out of Dong-$\breve{U}$i-Bo-Gam at the right moment as a pragmatic guide book of Korea medical practice symbolizing Korean spirit. 3. Do-yun Whang whose pen name was Hye-Am was born in Changwon, Kyungnam-do as the 18th descendant of Changwon Whang family. He engaged in medical practice in Seoul and wrote and edited Boo-Bang-Py$\breve{u}$n-Ram. $\breve{U}$i-Jong-Son-Ik, $\breve{U}$i-J$\breve{u}$ng-Son-Ik-Bu-Yeo, $\breve{U}$i-Bang-Whan-Tu, ect. and made his son, Pil-Su follow him and let him edit Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n, which put $\breve{U}$i-Bang-Whal-Tu and Son-Ik-Bon-Cho together. 4. The construct of Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n can be subdivied into three parts: herbs of 34 classes and 514 kinds were arranged on the upper part and $\breve{U}$i-Bang-Whal-Tu was arranged on the middle end lower part. Such arrangement can be very effective in clinics. 5. Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n as a curative book of Korean medical science has been a necessary another ego for many Korean medical practioners. It also played a great role of enhancing Korean oriental medical science to be widely used by Koreans. On the other hand, it produced a side effect of emergence of employed medical practioner who lacked in scholastic aptitude. 6. Tens or newly edited Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n have been issued. Among them, Jung-Jeong, Bang-Yak-Hap-py$\breve{u}$n, J$\breve{u}$ng-Mak-Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n. By$\breve{u}$n-J$\breve{u}$ng-Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n, and By$\breve{u}$n-J$\breve{u}$ng-Bang-Yak-Jung-Jeon have been widely known. Lately, Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n which includes more symptoms and remedies or is translated into Korean came out in several kinds. 7. The number of korea classical medicinal books quoted in Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n is 68, among which Dong-$\breve{U}$i-Bo-Gam Occupies the top in the list enlisting 69 medicinal treatment. This Shows that Dong-$\breve{U}$i-Bo-Gam gave birth to Bang-Yak-Hap-Py$\breve{u}$n.

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    사료 내 Quercetin의 첨가가 육계의 생산성, 혈액 생화학 특성, 혈액 내 면역글로불린과 혈액 내 항산화 인자에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Dietary Quercetin on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemical Parameter, Immunoglobulin and Blood Antioxidant Activity in Broiler Chicks)

    • 김동욱;홍의철;김지혁;방한태;최지영;지상윤;이왕식;김상호
      • 한국가금학회지
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      • 제42권1호
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      • pp.33-40
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      • 2015
    • 본 연구는 육계사료 내 quercetin의 첨가가 육계의 생산성, 혈액 생화학적 성상, 면역 및 혈액 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 공시계는 1일령 육계 수평아리(Ross ${\times}$ Ross 308) 320수를 선별하여 육계초기(0~3주령)와 육계후기(3~5주령)의 35일 동안 시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 8처리구(C(-), 대조군; C(+), 항생제 처리군; T1, 비타민 E 20 ppm 처리군; T2, 비타민 E 200 ppm 처리군; T3, quercetin 20 ppm; T4, quercetin 200 ppm; T5, methoxylated quercetin 20 ppm; T6, methoxylated quercetin 200 ppm)를 처리구당 4반복, 반복당 10수씩으로 나누어 완전임의 배치하였다. 사료 섭취량과 사료 요구율은 quercetin 첨가에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 증체량은 quercetin 200 ppm 처리구가 높았으나, 유의적인 차이는 볼 수 없었다. 혈액 생화학 조성은 creatinine과 BUN이 무항생제 첨가구에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 혈액 내 immunglobulin인 IgA, IgG 및 IgM 농도는 quercetin이나 methoxylated quercetin 첨가구가 무항생제 첨가구에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 혈액 내 항산화 인자를 조사한 결과, quercetin 및 methoxylated quercetin 첨가구에 따라 SOD 활성이 높았으며, 특히, quercetin 200 ppm 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). MDA는 무항생제 첨가구에 개선되는 경향을 보였으나, 처리구 사이에서 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 이런 결과들은 사료 내 quercetin의 첨가가 육계 생산성 및 혈액 대사에 효과를 보이며, 최적 수준은 20 ppm 이상이라는 것을 보여주고 있다.

    호스피스.완화의료 전문인력 자격인증방안과 교육과정개발을 위한 설문조사 (A Survey on the Certification and Curriculum Development for Hospice and Palliative Care Professionals)

    • 강진아;김도연;신동욱;김시영;이순남
      • Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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      • 제13권1호
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      • pp.32-40
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      • 2010
    • 목적: 호스피스 완화의료 전문인력의 질 관리를 위해 요구되는 자격인증체계 마련을 위해 전문인력들을 대상으로 자격인증체제의 필요성 및 구체적 방안에 대한 설문조사결과를 분석 제시하여 제도 마련의 기초자료로 삼고자 하였다. 방법: 국립암센터와 한국 호스피스 완화의료학회에서는 2009년 6월 17일부터 23일까지, 보건복지가족부지정 34개 암환자 완화의료기관에 등록된 전문인력인 의사, 간호사, 사회복지사, 성직자와 한국 호스피스 완화의료학회 회원들을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 그 중 총 220명이 설문에 참여하였다. 결과: 의사는 90% (46/51)가 자격인증이 필요하다고 하였고, 간호사는 84% (113/134), 사회복지사의 경우 89% (31/35)가 자격인증이 필요하다고 하였다. 자격인증 방안에 관해서는 의사의 경우 일정한 교육만 받으면 인정의 자격을 부여해 주는 방법을 가장 선호하였고(46%), 사회복지사의 경우도 일정교육을 받은 의료사회복지사에게 자격을 부여하는 것을 가장 선호하였다. 자격인증 주체에 있어서는 의사의 경우 한국 호스피스 완화의료학회 또는 보건복지가족부가 주체가 되어야 한다는 의견이 각각 45%로 가장 많았고, 간호사와 사회복지사의 경우 보건복지가족부가 주체가 되어야 한다는 응답이 각각 50%, 66%로 가장 높았다. 교육프로그램개발 및 인정주체에 관한 의견으로는 의사의 경우 한국 호스피스 완화의료학회가 51%로 가장 높았고, 간호사의 경우 보건복지가족부(또는 국립암센터)와 한국 호스피스 완화의료학회가 함께 주체가 되어야 한다는 의견이 23%로 가장 높았다. 사회복지사의 경우 보건복지가족부(또는 국립암센터)와 대한의료사회복지사협회가 주체가 되어야 한다는 의견이 37%로 가장 많았다. 마지막으로 교육운영방식은 세 직종 모두 주말을 이용한 강의와 일부 실습이 결합된 형태를 가장 선호하였다. 결론: 국내 호스피스 완화의료 전문인력은 자격인증체제에 대한 높은 요구도를 가지고 있으며, 각 직종별요구를 반영하는 적절한 자격인증체제 및 교육프로그램개발이 시급하다.

    돼지정자의 동결융해 후 활력 및 생존성에 대한 보존액, 동해보호제, 예비동결 및 동결처리시간의 영향 (Effect of Cryodiluents, Cryoprotectants, Pre-freezing Method and Total Time Required for Freezing on Post-thaw Viability of Boar Spermatozoa)

    • 이장희;김인철
      • 한국가축번식학회지
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      • 제23권2호
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      • pp.165-174
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      • 1999
    • 본 연구는 동결융해 후 정자의 생존성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 찾기 위하여 수행하였다. 동결융해 후 생존성에 대한 요인으로써 동결보존액, 동해보호제, 예비동결법 및 동결소요시간을 비교하였다. 동결과정중 정액의 질을 평가하기 위하여 활력, NAR 및 생존율을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 돼지정액을 BF5, LYE, Soejima 및 modified Soejima 보존액으로 동결하였을 때 동결융해 후 정자활력은 M-Soejima 보존액이 44.5$\pm$6.4%로 다소 높았다. M-Soejima 보존액의 2차 회석액에 caffeine(2mM), heparin(l00 ${\mu}\ell$/$m\ell$) 및 caffeine+heparin 를 첨가하였을 때 동결융해 후 활력은 caffeine 첨가구가 61.7% 로 가장 높았으며, 단독 혹은 혼합첨가가 첨가하지 않은 대조구보다 유의적으로 높은 활력을 나타내었다 (p<0.05). M-Soejima 보존액에 동해보호제로서 glycerol(Gly), ethylene glycol(EG), propylene glycol(GP), Gly+EG 및 Gly+PG을 첨가하였을 때 동결융해 후 활력 및 NAR 율은 Gly+PG의 혼합첨가시 (31.3%/39.5%) 가 다른 첨가구보다 다소 높았으며 생존율은 Gly+EG 첨가구가 21.2% 로 다른 첨가구보다 다소 높았다. BE5와 M-Soejima 보존액으로 straw 및 pellet 동결법으로 동결하는 동안 dry ice-pellet, dry ice-straw 및 L$N_2$vapor-straw 법으로 예비동결하였을 때 각각 22.8, 47.5, 52.5% 및 42.5, 47.5, 57.5% 의 활력을 나타내었다. 또한 M-Soejima 보존액의 straw 법으로 l차 희석부터 동결완료까지 소요되는 시간을 2, 5 및 7시간으로 하였을 때 동결융해 후 활력 및 생존율은 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었으나, NAR 율은 처리시간이 길어질수록 다소 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 동결융해 후 활력, NAR 및 생존율을 높이기 위해서는 caffeine 이 첨가된 M-Soejima 보존액에 동해보호제로 glycerol과 propylene glycol 또는 ehtylene glycol 을 사용하여 2시간 동안 빠르게 동결처리된 정액이 다소 유리할 것으로 사료되었다.

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    사춘기 여성들의 월경경험 (Menstrual Experience of Adolescent Girls)

    • 정현숙
      • 대한간호학회지
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      • 제26권2호
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      • pp.257-270
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      • 1996
    • Studies on menstruation have focused only on menstruation itself and menstrual disorders. The menstruating girls or women have been neglected. So, the purpose of this study was to understand menstrual experience of adolescent girls in their perspective and build a theory on it, The specific purpose of this study were to find initial reaction of the girls, their strategies to adapt to menstruation. consequences of their efforts, influencing factor, and patterns of experience. The subjects of this study were eleven adolescent girls who experienced menarche three months to twenty-six months before the interview time. They were selected purposively. Their ages were in range of twelve and sixteen. One of them was a elementary school girl, three high school girls, and seven middle school girls. Two girls were handicapped because of cerebral palsy. All of them had some knowledge about menstrual physiology and hygiene during menstruation. Data were collected from September, 1994 to July, 1995. Data collection & analysis were done according to the grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin(1990). Data collecting method was the long interviews and observation. Each interview took from 1 hour to 2 hours. Interview were tape-recorded and transcribed later by author. Data were analyzed immediately after interviews. Based on the results of previous interview, next interview were planned until gathered data reached the saturation point. Results were as follows. One hundred and six concepts were found. Those concepts were grouped into twenty eight categories and then fourteen higher categories. Twenty eight categories were as follows. “want to hide”, “bewildered”, “sense of burden”, “sense of heterogeneity”. “gladness”. “sense of superiority”, “negative empathy”, “positive empathy”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “lack of knowledge”, “lack of support”, “advance knowledge”, “informational support”, “emotional support”, “endurance”, “prayer”, “disclosing”, “avoidance”, “diversion”, “sense of powerlessness”, “discovery of sex identity”, “sense of maturation”, “sense of stability”, “acceptance of menstruation ”. fourteen higher categories were as follows. “negative feeling”, “posive feeling”, “exchange of feeling”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “accumulated experience”, “dysmenorrhea”, “level of knowledge”, “need for support”, “perceived support”, “sharing of feeling”, “self-control”, “passive acceptance”, “active acceptance”. The core category was “emotional shaking”, which consisted of “positive feeling” and “negative feeling”. “Emotional shaking”comes up to every adolescent girls experiencing menarche, independently of any contextual conditions, and its dimension has two directions : positive one and negative one. Its influencing factors were time of menarche, advance knowledge, support from the significant persons, expression and self-regulation. Even if they showed different process of adaptation to menstruation, general process of adaptation were as follows : 1. stage of emotional shaking 2. stage of acceptance 3. stage of internalization of the menstrual experience. Seven patterns existed on the process of adaptation to menstruation after menarche. Those are as follows. 1. If girls thought their menarche came too early and they had not much knowledge on menstruation, they had a kind of negative feeling. If they did not get enough support and dysmenorrhea superimposed, they came to accept menstruation passively. 2. If girls had menarche too early. they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge. But support helped them accept menstruation easily. 3. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. But by experiencing subsequent menstruations and disclosing feeling, they began to accept menstruation. 4. If girls had menarche too lately and they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. they had positive feeling. If dysmenorrhea superimposed later, their feeling turned in to negative one. But they came to accept menstruation positively by disclosing feeling and getting support. 5. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. In addition to this. if dysmenorrhes superimposed while they did not get enough support, they felt powerless and came to accept menstruation passively. 6. If girls had menarche too early and did not get enough advance knowledge, they had negative feeling. But disclosing feeling and support made them get sense of homogeneity and began to accept menstruation. 7. If girls had handicap, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge and menarche was late. But Menarche made them get feel sexual identity. Their limited hygenic control and negative empathy from their mothers made them accept menstruation passively. To let adolescent girls take their menstrual experience as a part of their lives forming a positive sense of feminine identity, it needs qualified teaching and, support and deep concern of the significant others. Nurses including school nurses should try to develop an educational program, which include menstrual physiology. hygiene during menstrual period, meaning of menstruation and impact of menstruation on the development of female sexual identity.

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    단기간 Fluticasone Propionate 투여 용량에 따른 가저 코르티솔 농도의 변화 (Effect of Short Term Treatment with Different Dosage of Inhaled Flucatisone Propionate on Basal Cortisol Concentration)

    • 김현중;김형식;이홍;문성기;임석태;박지현;이흥범;이용철;이양근
      • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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      • 제44권5호
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      • pp.1063-1071
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      • 1997
    • 연구배경 : 스테로이드제제는 기관지 천식 및 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환 환자치료에 매우 효과적으로 항염작용, 기관지내 과민반응 억제 및 기타 면역학적인 기전으로 작용한다. 그러나 부신피질 기능억제, 쿠싱 증후군, 골다공증 등의 전신적 부작용으로 인해 그 사용 범위가 제한되어 왔다. 1970년대 초반부터 고도의 국소적 작용을 갖는 흡입성 스테로이드제제가 천식 치료에 활발히 이용되고 있으나 이 약물 투여에 따른 기저 코티솔 농도에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 아직도 논란이 많다. 이에 저자들은 최근에 개발된 강력한 흡입성 스테로이드제제인 fluticasone propionate의 시상하부-뇌하수체-부 신축에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 기관지천식과 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환 환자를 대상으로 하여, 단기간 투여용량에 따른 fluticasone propionate의 기저 코티솔 농도에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 방 법 : 1993년 7월부터 1997 년 3월까지 전북대학교 병원 내과에 입원치료한 기관지 천식과 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환환자를 대상으로 하였다. 환자는 흡입성 fluticasone propionate 투여전 최소한 10일 동안 어떠한 종류의 스테로이드도 투여하지 않았고, 치료기간 12일 동안 하루에 $500{\mu}g$$1000{\mu}g$을 Metered Dose Inhahler(MDI) 방법으로 투여하였다. Fluticasone propionate의 투여전과 투여후 3일, 6일, 9일 및 12일째 오전 8시에 혈철 코티솔을 측정하였고, 이와 동시에 24시간 소변을 채취하여 요중 유리 코티솔 농도를측 정하였다. 결 과 : $500{\mu}g$/day 투여군에서는 투여하기 전의 혈철 및 24시간 요중 유리 코티솔 농도는 투여기간 및 투여 후와 비교시 변화를 보이지 않았다. $1000{\mu}g$/day 투여군에서는 혈철 코티솔 농도는 투여 9일 그리고 12일째 (p<0.05). 24시간 요중 유리 코티솔 농도는 투여 3일 그리고 12일째 유의있는 감소(p<0.05)를 보였으며, 전반적으로 투여전과 비교시 투여기간에 따른 혈청 및 24시간 요중 유리 코티솔 농도의 감소를 보였다. 결 론 : 이상의 결과로, 단기간 하루 $500{\mu}g$의 fluticasone propionate 투여는 내인성 코르티솔 생산에 영향을 주지 않지만, 하루 $1000{\mu}g$의 fluticasone propionate투여는 내인성 코리티솔 생산에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

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