• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.335-346
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• 1997

This study aims at examining closely the scour around a pier due to irregular water stage changes during flood. At the Sangye bridge is located lowermost downstream of the Bocheong stream in the Kum River, the IHP experimental watershed. For this purpose, we have analyzed the change of scour depths due to stage hydrographs of experimental basin by a simulation. To examine the scour phenomenon around a pier due to irregular stage change in flood, we have analyzed the change of scour depth corresponding to stage hydrograph of field watershed after verification of model channel. From this study, the following conclusions are made: First, in case of predicting the maximum scour depth around a pier with stage hydrograph in the state of steady flow, we should choose the highest stage. Second, after increasing the stage, the equilibrium scour depth became smaller than the maximum scour depth. Therefore, in case of estimating the maximum scour depth in rivers, it is recommended that we should consider additional scour depth with is reduced by infilling the sediments.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.475-487
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• 2008

The purposes of this study are to find the values of playful design by exploring what forms of playful expressions and characteristics appear in the haute couture collections that feature "high culture" other than street fashion or popular fashion and to help expand the scope to include newer and more creative design ideas. Concerning theoretical background, the study reviewed the literature to understand the concept of playfulness and see what types of playfulness there are and how it is expressed. Based on the results, the study examined the features of playfulness by analyzing the works of haute couture collections which since 2000. The results can be summarized as follows: First, designers in the haute couture collections constructed their own identities by expressing their instinctive desire for playfulness through graffiti such as cartoons or scribbles and delivering direct and specific messages or ambiguous and symbolic meanings through such things. Second, the haute couture collections revealed the human body in a transformed or distorted shape through deformation of clothes or accessories presented brand-new dressing styles by breaking away from the past ways of dressing; and expressed playfulness intentionally with distorted materials. Third, is the "depaysement" technique. This collage technique selects all possible objects going beyond inartistic routine matters or boundaries of which we are aware and changes their positions and purposes of use to express the playfulness of "harmony in disharmony." Fourth, the haute couture collections created a feeling of playfulness by featuring parodies of retro elements, a slice of popular culture, or a variety of painting styles. Finally, like using dolls or toys as accessories or making direct use of parts of clothes, combinations between attributes given by the images of those accessories themselves and creativities found in haute couture dresses are just as fun of authoritarian bias in favor of prestigiousness.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

In cleft palate patient, characteristic of speech disorder is the resonance disorder result from velopharyngeal incompetence. Clinically VPI caused by congenital factor as congenital palatal incompetence, submucosal cleft palate, and caused by acquired factor as CNS damage, tumor, palatal palsy. The clinicians more concerned about the speech disorders after cleft palate surgery rather than language pathologist. The resonance disorder devided for hypernasality, hyponasality and nasal emission, but as a rule, hypernasality is typical phenomenon of the resonance disorder. Traditionally clinicians and language pathologists evaluated four-stage or five-stage of hypernasality by subjective assessment. Although language pathologist is well-trained, results of the language level should be different. In late 1980s, Kay Elemetrics Corp. developed nasometer that objective nasalance identified with well-trained language pathologist and originate from nasometer Tonar I and II were developed by Fletcher. Therefore objective nasalance test was possible, the nasometer used in hospital, collage and speech clinic both and home and abroad. Standardization of the cleft palate speech assessment must be settled without delay because of different character result in different language and different assessment results by dialect in same language. In our study, we provide the data base for the standardization of cleft palate speech assessment which through report of objective assessment method, speech therapy effects and problems result in interdisciplinary teamwork by nasometer use in treatment of cleft palate patient.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2012

Tsutsugamushi disease or scrub typhus cause by Orientia tsutsugamushi is an endemic disease in Korea. Chigger mites and field rodents play roles in transmission of the disease by the vector and host of the agent. The purpose of this study is to investigate the density of the chigger mites and field rodents due to environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, soil thickness and the various vegetations to the 9 field rodent collection sites. The total 62 field rodents was captured by the Sherman collapsible traps from April to October 2009 at the Jangseong of Jeonnam Province, Korea. The trapping rate of the field rodents by the different collecting sites was dominant at subside storage water (24%), bush near by dam (22%), bank around field (20%), followed by 18% of grassy field and surround cattle shed. The distribution of chigger mites by the different collecting sites was the highest at Bush near by dam (28.7%). And the sites of subside storage water, bank around field and surround cattle shed were 20.4%, 18.8%, 16.4%, respectively. On the other hand the collecting sites of stream bank and ridges between rice paddies were not collected. The temperature to the collecting sites was showed $24.1^{\circ}C$ in June and $24.2^{\circ}C$ in October which was higher than April ($10.6^{\circ}C$), whereas lower than May ($25.3^{\circ}C$) and September ($26.8^{\circ}C$). The highest number of mites was collected at $24.2^{\circ}C$ and 46.6% relative humidity in October. The chigger mites and field rodents were highly collected between 18 and 24% at the sites where are loosely in the superficial layers of the soil from 8.0 cm to 10.2 cm. Total 25 species of vegetation were distributed at the collecting sites. In the present study, strong evidence was found that bank around field and grassy field were provided for the prevalence sites of tsutsugamushi disease.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was performed to understanding of family support, pain and self-esteem, activities of daily living(ADL) in patient with ankylosing spondylitis(AS) and to identify the relationship among variables. Method: This study was conducted on 55 adults diagnosed with AS in C hospital in Daejeon during January 15th to June 20th, 2004. Instruments in this study were pain scale (VAS), family support scale, self-esteem scale, ADL scale. The data were analyzed mean, standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient using SPSS WIN(ver 10.0) program. Results: 1) 83.6% of the subjects was men, 30.9% of the subjects' age was below 29. And the 90.9% of the subjects was no experience of education about AS, 41.8% of the subjects was doing exercise. 2) The pain score was 48.36, family support score was 3.98, self-esteem score was 3.52 and ADL score was 81.41. 3) Family support was positively correlated with self-esteem and ADL and negatively correlated with pain. self-esteem was negatively correlated with pain and ADL. Conclusion: The results in this study can help nurse who care patients with AS understanding the relationships among family support, self-esteem, ADL, pain. And this findings showed that the patients with AS have few experience for disease-related education to manage and to understand AS. Therefore disease-related educational nursing program based on family support, pain, ADL of AS is needed to understand and manage AS. Because family support, pain, ADL of AS were significant correlated.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.19-35
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was carried out to find the effects of Changchuldoin-tanggamibang (hereinafter referred to CDIT) on the inhibition of arthritis induced by collagen on DBA/1J mouse. Methods: The experimental mice were divided into four groups: normal group (Nr), control group (CIA-CT), methotrexate group (CIA-MTX), and Changchuldoin-tanggamibang group (CIA-CDIT). Cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, arthritis index, value of immunocytes in draining lymph node and paw joint, and rheumatoid factor (IgG, IgM) in serum were measured in vivo. Results: 1. Cytotoxicity against hFCs was not shown in any concentration. 2. Hepatotoxicity was low in the CDIT-treated group compared with the MTX group. 3. The arthritis index decreased significantly. 4. In total cell counts of DLN and paw joint, the cells in DLN increased significantly while there was a significant decrease in paw joint. 5. In lymph nodes, CD19+, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD3+/CD8+, CD3+/CD69+, CD4+/CD25+, CD3+/CD49b+, and CD4+/CD44+ cells increased significantly, while B220+/CD23+, and CD11c+/MHCII+ cells decreased significantly. 6. In joints, CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD25+, and CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells decreased significantly. 7. The level of IgG decreased and the level of IgM significantly decreased compared with the control. 8. Anti-collagen II in serum decreased compared with the control. 9. Around the joint of the CDIT group, infiltration of inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, invasion of cytokine, of cartilage, deposition of collagen and synovial injury decreased compared with the control in histopathologic observation (HE, MT staining). Conclusions: Comparison of the results for this study showed that CDIT had immunomodulatory effects. We expect that CDIT could be used as a effective drug for not only rheumatoid arthritis but also another auto-immune diseases. Therefore, we have to survey continuously, looking for effective substances and mechanisms in the future.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.283-288
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• 2013

The pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF${\alpha}$) and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ are crucial mediators involved in chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory signal pathways regulate inflammatory cytokine expression-mediated by p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38MAPK). Therefore, considerable attention has been given to p38MAPK as a target molecule for the development of a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics. BIRB 796, one of p38MAPK inhibitor, is a candidate of therapeutic drug for chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the effect of BIRB 796 on inflammatory cytokine productions by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in different immune cell types. BIRB 796 reduced LPS-mediated IL-8 production in THP-1 cells but not in Raw 264.7 cells. Further analysis of signal molecules by western blot revealed that BIRB 796 sufficiently suppressed LPS-mediated phosphorylation of p38MAPK in both cell types whereas it failed to block inhibitor of kappa B (I-${\kappa}B$) degradation in Raw 264.7 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory function of BIRB 796 depends on cell types.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.11
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• pp.365-384
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• 1998

Under the rapid change of the world shipping industry, the liner shipping company in Korea should initiate the adaptation power, counterplot for survival, and continuous development. The world shipping industry is in the middle of the wave for the liberalization and openness of it. According to this change in world shipping industry, it is the fact that government policy for shipping industry should start turning its direction from the protectionism to the liberalism. Under this kinds of situations, this study firstly treated the liner shipping company and its governmental policy of Korea and Japan. Based on those studies, analysis of the liner shipping company operation and management reality was executed. Through the execution of studies, the problems which should be solved for development occurred. Furthermore, this thesis takes two way of researches of literature and actual proof for reinforcement plan of international competitiveness. This standard time period of study is set in 1993 except the irregular liner shipping company.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.93-103
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• 2006

Objectives : To Investigate Severity Measurement and the Correlation between Acupoints on the Face and the Upper limb in Bell's Palsy Patients by Using of DITI. Methods : By using of DITI, thermal differences between abnormal and normal site in acupoints on the face and the upper limbs of 21 Bell's palsy patients who visited department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion in National Medical Center from 1st February 2004 to 31th December 2005 were measured around 7days after the onset in standardized Environment. The patients were classified by severity scale. Results : The means of thermal difference of the facial acupoints were significantly distributed at each grade. The thermal difference of GB14 was significantly correlated with thermal difference of TE4, the thermal difference of S4 was significantly correlated with thermal difference of L6 and SI4, the thermal difference of STI18 was significantly correlated with thermal difference of LI11 and the thermal difference of LI20 was significantly correlated with thermal difference of LI11 and LI4. The thermal differences of acupoints in Large intestine meridian were more closely correlated with thermal difference of the facial acupoints than thermal difference of acupoints in the other meridians. Conclusion : Severity of Bell's palsy can be presumed through DITI image. And the theory of meridian was confirmed by DITI in Bell's palsy patients.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.371-381
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop the day care program for the demented elders and to determine the effects of multiple activity therapies on the physical, emotional, cognitive, social function and physiological indicators of dementia elders in day care center. Method: A total of 13 elders with mild dementia in the data care center were participated. Manual and guideline of data care program was developed. Data care program was composed of movement/exercise, foot massage, music therapy, horticultural therapy, and art therapy. Data care program was performed by trained intervener for 32 weeks. Instruments were physical functioning such as hand grip strength., vital capacity, chiar stand test, sit and reach test, one leg standing, Berg' Balance scale, 6m Walk Velocity, stair climb, ADL, GDS-K, MMSE-K, Integrative Social Functioning Scale, cortisol, Ig A and Ig G. These were measured at the baseline, 16-week, and 32-week post-intervention by the trained nurses. Data were analyzed as Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: For Hand grip, balance, and vital capacity, there was a significant difference between baseline and 16-week post-intervention(p<.05). For one leg standing, 6m velocity, there was a significant difference between 16-week post-intervention and 32-week post-intervention(p<.05). For Stair climb, there was a significant difference between baseline and 32-week post-intervention(p<.05). For depression and social functioning, there was no significant difference among baseline, 16-week, and 32-week post-intervention. For cognitive functioning, there was a significant difference between baseline and 32-week post intervention(p<.05). There was a significant difference of cortisol, and Ig G between baseline and 32-week post-intervention(p<.05). Conclusion: It would appear that physical fitness, functional performance, ADL, depression, social and cognitive functioning, and physiological indicator of community dwelling elders with dementia can be improved through day care program using multiple stimuli.