• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.288-292
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• 2007

Seafood, if eaten raw, carries the risk of food poisoning. Seafood poisoning is often caused by pathogenic microorganisms originating from fecal contamination, such as Salmonella sp. and norovirus. Fecal coliforms are an important indicator of fecal contamination. Therefore, data on fecal coliforms are very important for evaluating the safety of fisheries in coastal areas. In this study, 2,226 sea water samples were collected from the southeast coast of Korea, and total and fecal coliforms were compared and analyzed. Total coliforms were detected in 76.5% of the samples and 71.4% of the total coliforms were fecal coliforms. At sea water temperatures above $20.0^{\circ}C$, total coliforms were found in 78.8% of the samples and fecal coliforms constituted 72.0% of the total coliforms. In sea water below $19.9^{\circ}C$, the respective values were 74.6% and 70.9%. These results suggest that temperature does not have a significant effect on the detection of fecal coliforms. When the salinity exceeded 30.0%o, total coliforms were found in 72.1% of the samples and fecal coliforms constituted 66.0% of these. At salinities below 29.9%o, the respective values for total and fecal coliforms were 90.4% and 85.2%. These results strongly suggest that the detection of fecal coliforms is proportional to the amount of precipitation.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2003

Coliforms is currently being used as the standard of environmental water qualify to evaluate the level of source water quality especially condition of fecal contamination. However, not properly applied to water quality management. So in this study, in addition to Coliforms, fecal contamination indicator bacteria turk at Feral Coliforms(FC), E. coli, Fecal streptococci(FS), Clostridium and environmental parameters related with it's distribution were investigated on a monthly basis in 6 water intakes of Han River. The mean of BOD, DO, SS and pH, benchmarks of source water management were maintained the second grade of environmental water quality standard applied to Han River but Coliforms exceeded it. Distribution of Coliforms ranged from 1.0×10¹ to 2.7 10/sup 5/ CFU/ml, FC ranged from ND to 5.3×10¹ CFU/ml, E. coli ranged from ND to 9.2×10¹ CFU/ml, FS ranged from ND to 2.5×10¹CFU/ml, they were steepy rise on July and August in common when rainfalls was heavy and water temperature was high, but Clostridium perfringens ranged from 1.7×10¹to 1.7×10¹CFU/ml not fluctuate by month. Statistical analysis of sampling data showed that most significant correlations occurred among FC and Coliforms(r = 0.840), E. coli(r = 0.792), FS(r = 0.687) and environmental parameters(temperature, turbidity, SS, rotor were all r > 0.60) while no significant correlation was observed between ammonia generally recognized fecal contamination indicator and bacteria. Identification of the coliforms showed that Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter were comprised of 32%, 24%, 16% respectively, and E. coli were 7% of it. while E. coli was made up 85.9% of FC. The mean value of FC/Coliforms ratio, 5.2(0.1-42) were higher in Amsa, Guui than Jayang. Fecal coliforms, as those are able to reflect more particularly the extent of the fecal contamination, were considered useful in deciding the level of water treatment while monitoring the fecal contamination from the source of water supply. Therefore, it is expected that the water quality is going to be managed more efficiently by using fecal coliforms supplementarily to total coliforms which are current standard item of water-quality environment.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.50-57
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• 1994

Densities of total and injured coliforms in treated water( TW ) and three tap water salt pies( Taps Kl, K2 and K3) of Ku- eui water treatment plant and one tap water sample( Tap T) of Tuk- do water treatment plant were measured 23 times from 1991 to 1992. Coliform regrowth in the water distribution system occurred three times during the study period. When the regrowth episode occurred, injured coliforms were always but total coliforms were not always detected in treated water. Mean densities of total coliforms in TW, and Taps Kl, K2, K3 and T were 0.8, 2.3, 1.9, 1.4 and 2.1 cfu/100mℓ by membrane filtration method using m- TF agar and those of injured coliforms were 3.4, 2.8, 2.5, 2.7 and 2.9 c1u/100mℓ using mondo- LES agar. The injury rates of TW and Taps Kl, K2, K3 and T were 89.5,77.4,67.9, 82.8 and 75.9%, respectively. The high injury rate of coliform bacteria in Seoul water supply can cause regrowth problems in distribution systems due to the repair of injured cells under an appropriate condition. It is recommended the injured coliforms should be measured in drinking water since they can lead to a significant underestimation of total coliforms and result in an inaccurate evaluation of the potential health risks.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.136-141
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• 2009

Inactivation rates between enterococci and total coliforms were compared in order to find the suitability of enterococci as an indicator microorganism under various experiment conditions - freshwater and/or seawater, indoor and/or outdoor conditions. In case of indoor laboratory experiments, inactivation rates of enterococci ($k_D$: 0.050~0.082) were faster than those of total coliforms ($k_D$: 0.034~0.045) in freshwater matrix. In seawater matrix, however, survival rate of enterococci was longer than that of total coliforms at two out of three experiments in indoor condition. When incubated in outdoor conditions, enterococci were inactivated significantly more rapidly than total coliforms both in freshwater and seawater matrices. With these results, enterococci appear to be less suitable than total coliforms in terms of inactivation rates.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2010

Indicator bacteria of fecal pollution were enumerated and compared by various detection methods for influent and final effluent of a sewage treatment plant. Total coliforms were enumerated by four methods including most probable numbers, chromogenic enzyme substrate test, membrane filtration, and plate counts and were about $10^4$ for influent and $10^2{\sim}10^3\;CFU/ml$ for final effluent. Fecal coliforms ranged between $10^3$ and $10^4$ for influent and $10^2\;CFU/ml$ for effluent by chromogenic enzyme substrate test and membrane filtration. Fecal streptococci counts were 1-log less than fecal coliforms counts, $10^2{\sim}10^3$ for influent and $10^1\;CFU/ml$ for effluent. Total coliforms numbers by plate count both in influent and in effluent showed 1-log higher than by the other three methods. Statistical analysis revealed that numbers of total coliforms by plate count in final effluent had the highest average of correlation (r=0.778, p<0.01) compared with those by the other three methods. In addition, total coliforms numbers by plate count showed most significant correlation (r=0.835, p<0.01) with those by chromogenic test which is well-known as its highest recovery efficiency. These results suggest that the plate count would be the optimum detection method for total coliforms in wastewater treatment plants which are the only microbiological standard of final effluent from wastewater treatment plants in the Republic of Korea, considering economic aspects and difficulties in laboratories.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2016

Objectives: To ensure the microbiological safety of groundwater, it was confirmed whether waterborne pathogenic bacteria in groundwater samples tested positive for total coliforms in the Chungcheongnam-do Province region. Methods: Total colony counts, total coliforms and fecal coliforms were tested according to the process mandated by the drinking water quality testing standards of Korea. DNA was extracted from the samples, tested positive for total coliforms, and then subjected to real-time PCR to detect waterborne pathogenic bacteria. Results: A total of 115 samples were inadequate for drinking water. Thirty-one cases (27%) showed positive for fecal coliforms and nine cases (7.8%) showed total colony counts exceeding drinking water standards. Twenty-seven cases (23.5%) showed three items (total colony counts, total coliforms and fecal coliforms). Using the real-time PCR method, waterborne pathogens were detected in 57 cases (49.6%) in 115 samples. Seventy-eight cases of waterborne pathogenic bacteria were detected (including duplications): 27 cases of pathogenic E. coli (EPEC (19), ETEC (5), EHEC (1), EAEC (1) and EIEC (1)); 45 of Bacillus cereus; two of Yersinia spp.; two of Salmonella spp.; one of Staphylococcus aureus; one of Clostridium perfringens. Conclusion: The real-time PCR method can offer rapid and accurate detection of waterborne pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this assay could be an alternative to conventional culture methods and can further ensure the microbiological safety of groundwater.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 1971

A year-long survey of bacteriological water quality for Lake Eui-am in Kang- won Province, Korea, was conducted from June 1970 to May 1971. the purpose of this investigation was: 1) to determinate the seasonal prevalence of fecal pllution bacteria, such as coliforms, fecal coliforms and enterococci, in Lake Eui-am; 2) to correlate these findings with associated microbiological parameters; and 3) to interpret these results with respect to water quality and environmental health. The membrane filter techniques were used, for the determination of these bacteria.Densities of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and enterococci exhibited seasonal variations, the numers of these fecal pollution bacteria being high in summer and fall months in close possitive relation to the amount of rainfall, and being low winter and spring months. On the whole, the level of fecal pollution bacteria in Lake Eui-am is yet quite low There were not any evident correlation among the density of these pollution bacteria. The ratio of fecal coliforms to enterococci of the lake water varied from 0.01 to 4.25 with average of 1.47.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.376-381
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• 2004

The use of electron beam irradiation was investigated to disinfect total coliforms in the secondary sewage treatment effluent. Unchlorinated secondary effluent was irradiated at different dose of 0.2~1.0 kGy by 1 MeV, ELV-4 Model electron beam accelerator. It is interesting to note that a 100 % reduction in total coliforms and total colonies were achieved until a dose of approximately 0.8 kGy. Even at low dose of 0.2 kGy, the total coliforms and total colonies were successfully inactivated to the level of satisfying the new effluent discharge guideline. Besides disinfection of total coliforms, approximately a 50% removal in biochemical oxygen demand was pronounced at a dose of 0.2 kGy. More than 20 % removal in suspended solids and turbidity was also observed at a dose of 1.0 kGy. The application of electron beam irradiation appeared to be one of options to reuse sewage treatment effluent as agricultural or industrial water.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 2009

The main purpose of this study is to search the water factor which influences to occurrence of the total coliforms. Occurrences rate of the total coliforms and the E coli were 57.9% 10.5% in 2007 and 47.4%, 23.7% in 2008 respectively. According to the result which examines the correlation analysis and a regression analysis, most the water factor which is effect was $Na^+$(0.497, p<0.05) in appearance of the total coliforms and was $Cl^-$(0.622, p<0.01) in appearance of the E coli. The water factor that simultaneously influences to the total coliforms and the E. coli appearances was the $Cl^-$. The predictable regression formula for appearance rate of the total coliforms was expressed as 0.462 + 0.028 [$Na^+$] - 0.644 [$COD_{Mn}$] - 8.889 [$PO_4-P$](R = 0.930, $R^2$ = 0.866, adjusted $R^2$ = 0.839, p<0.05), and that of the E coli was described as -0.012 + 0.004 [$Cl^-$](R = 0.622, $R^2$ = 0.387, adjusted $R^2$ = 0.351, p<0.05).

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 1970

The purpose of the study was to gather basic bacteriological data regarding the quality of Korean surface waters. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal Streptococci survey in the water of Lake Eui-Am were undertaken by the membrance filter technique. A total of 37 samples were collected in August 14, 1970. Total coliforms were detected in all samples, fecal coliforms and fecal Streptococci were detected in 68% and 82% of samples, respectively. Bacterial densities of the lake water were varied by station and depth. The numbers of bacteria per 100ml of the lake water were; 8-225(65.3 average) for the total coliforms, 0-112(26.2 average) for the fecal coliforms, 0-77(25.8 average) for the fecal Streptococci, and 8-302 (91.1 average) for the total number of total coliforms and fecal Streptococci. These results suggest that the Eui-Am lake water is only lightly polluted and indicate that the lake water, properly maintained, is a source of raw water of good bacteriological quality. Three forms of fecal pollution bacteria tend to increase with depth. This is believed that the suspended matter with conglomerated bacteria plays an important role in regulating of bacterial densities in summer season.