• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.101-105
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• 1974

A study was carried out for the purpose of grasping the status of bacteriological contamination of the public wells in Iri city, during the period from 1 to 15 August, 1974. Coliform groups were detected by membrane filter method and physical conditions of the wells were checked. As results of this study, following conclusion were obtained. 1. The households which used the piped water occupied 70.8 per cent (11,907 households) out of total householdsir Iri city. 2. Temperature of the well water was 38 out of 50 samples (72.0%) with 12.1 to $16.0^{\circ}C$ and 9 wells with 10.1 to $12.0^{\circ}C$. 3. The pH values range of the well water was 6.0 to 7.9, 11 cases or 22,0 per cent less than 6.5 and 8 cases or 16.0 per cent more than 7.5. 4. The residual chlorine was found at 15 samples (30.0%) contained 0.1 to 0.5ppm, 9 samples (18.0%), 0.6 to 1.0 ppm after 24 houres of chlorination. 5. Coliform groups were found at 49 out of 50 samples (98.0%) before chlorination when 100ml well waters was tested by membrane filter technique and 15 wells(30.0%) were potable for drinking within 24 houres after chlorination. 6. Coliform groups positves were 23 out of 26 samples (88.5%) with no residual chlorine, 12 out of 16 samples (80.0%) with 0.1 to 0.5ppm and none out of 9 with 0.6 to 1.0ppm.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.183-193
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• 1984

In this study lactating female rabbits and strains of coliforms previously isolated from the cases of acute and chronic mastitis in dairy cattle were employed. The pathological changes were observed on the mastitis experimentally induced with the coliform strains and the mamary glands after infusions of E. coli suspension together with dexamethasone, dextran iron or transferrin were grossly and microscopically observed. From the results reported, the following points are concluded. In the bacterial suspension-infused groups by E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Ent. aerogenes, respectively, the affected quarters of udder showed grossly swelling, hyperemia, hemorrhage, focal necrosis and firmness. The microscopic findings of early stage of the mastitis were appearance of large numbers of heterophils in the glandular lumina and ducts accompanied by degeneration, necrosis and desquamation of epithelial cells and also infiltration of heterophils, hemorrhage and edema in the interstitial tissue and destruction of alveoli. Later, proliferation of fibroblasts, plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages appeared in the glandular tissue and with these cells necrotic foci of glandular tissue were surrounded by highly proliferated connective tissue. In addition, granulomatous inflammatory changes could be observed in the glandular tissue from the 7th day after infusion. The difference of the inflammatory response among the groups did not recognized. In the groups infused with dexamethasone and E. coli suspension the inflammatory response was slighter at the inflammatory change with alveolar destruction and hemorrhage was more rapid and severer than E. coli alone. Also in the groups infused with dextran iron and E. coli suspension the inflammatory change was more rapid and severer than E. coli alone and the histological changes were not recognized in the groups infused with dextran iron alone. Reaction of the iron staining was diffusely strong positive within the glandular alveolar lumina in the groups of dextran iron alone, hut was slightly positive toward epithelial cells in the groups of dextran iron and E. coli infusion. In the group infused with transferrin and E. coli suspension, the inflammatory response was tighter, but the peroxidase activity of the heterophils in the glandular lumina was more or less stronger than E. coli alone.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1979

To evaluate the sanitary conditions of four species of commercial shellfish (Crassostrea gigas, Tapes japonica, Mytilus coruscus and Anadara granosa), the psychrotrophic coliforms and the bacterial flora were monthly examined from January to December, 1978. Viable cell counts of the samples submitted were $1.3\times10^3\~2.5\times10^6/g$ and the numbers of coliform and E. coli were above $0\~5.5\times10^2/g\;and\;2\~9.2\times10^2/100g$ respectively. Among the 373 coliform bacteria isolated from the samples submitted, 298 strains were identified as coliform by IMViC test, $44^{\circ}C$ culture and gelatin liquefaction test. E. coli type I and K. aerogenes type I were the most predominant ones among the identified coliform as 138 strains and 71 strains respectively. The psychrotrophic coliform growing at $5^{\circ}C$ were 186 $strains(50\%)$ among 373 strains of isolated coliform. Vibrio and Pseudomonas were the most predominant groups. Among 453 strains of isolated bacteria, Vibrio was 240 $strains(53\%)$ and Pseudomonas was 91 $strains(20\%)$. Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacterium-Cytophage were scantly detected. In seasonal variation of general bacterial flora, a lot of Vibrio appeared from May to October, did Moraxella during the winter season and the other genuses showed no seasonal change.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.111-118
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutritional adequacy and microbiological quality of foods served in day-care centers, and to provide basic information and guidelines for the development of computerized standardized recipes and microbiological quality control program. Assessment was conducted for four day-care certers selected from each of the four groups categorized in the basic survey. Nutritional balance and amount of consumption of the food was calculated and microbiological analysis was conducted. The results of the study showed the followings: the nutritional assessment of food served in day-care centers indicated that energy and nutrients contents of foods were below the recommended level (RDA/3), except the case of a university day-care center; the percentage of leftovers for soups and vegetables was high, but that for a la carte was low; fecal coliform was not found in any of samples, however, the number of coliform in the salted Korean radish and salad was higher than guideline for microbial acceptability; the number of coliform checked from the surface of the cutting board was higher than acceptable level in most day-care centers.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.318-323
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• 2019

This study was designed to establish the stability of EGHB010, a combined hot water extract of Paeoniae Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix. Test of coliform groups, sensory evaluations, contents of moisture, and the amount of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizin were determined during storage at 4, 25 and 35℃ for 6 months. Coliform groups were not observed and moisture contents were maintained about 3.0% during the storage period. Sensory characteristics including color, taste, texture and appearance were tested over 3 points throughout the entire storage period. It maintained the commercial value during the storage period. Contents of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizin as indicator components were remained stably for the storage period. The shelf-life of EGHB010 based on a linear response to zero of sensory evaluation with the highest correlation coefficient was predicted. Finally, the shelf-life of EGHB010 was expected for about 3 years to consider in safety coefficient. The shelf-life data of EGHB010 can be used to develop a functional health ingredient.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 2024

In this research, the growth efficiency, nutritional utilization, fecal microbial levels, and fecal score of weaned pigs were evaluated using therapeutic zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc aspartic acid chelate (Zn-Asp). In a 42-day feeding trial, 60 weaned pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) were arbitrarily allotted (age: 21 days; 7.01 ± 0.65 kg preliminary body weight) to 3 different treatment groups with 5 repetitions (2 male and 2 female piglets) in each pen. The trial had 2 different phases, including 1-21 days as phase 1, and 22-42 days as phase 2. The nutritional treatments were: basal diet as control (CON), basal diet incorporated with 3,000 ppm ZnO as TRT1, and basal diet incorporated with 750 ppm Zn-Asp as TRT2. In comparison to the CON group, the pigs in the TRT1 and TRT2 groups had greater (p < 0.05) body weight on day 42; an average daily gain, and an average daily feed intake on days 22-42. Furthermore, during days 1-42, the average daily gain in the treatment groups trended higher (p < 0.05) than in the CON group. Additionally, the fecal score decreased (p < 0.05) at week 6, the lactic acid bacteria count tended to increase (p < 0.05), and coliform bacteria presented a trend in reduction (p < 0.05) in the TRT1 and TRT2 groups compared to the CON group. However, there was no difference in nutrient utilization (p > 0.05) among the dietary treatments. Briefly, the therapeutic ZnO and Zn-Asp nutritional approaches could decrease fecal score and coliform bacteria, increase lactic acid bacteria, and improve growth efficiency; moreover, Zn-Asp (750 ppm) can perform a comparable role to therapeutic ZnO (3,000 ppm). So we can use Zn-Asp (750 ppm) instead of therapeutic ZnO (3,000 ppm) for the better performance of weaning pigs and the reduction of environmental pollution, as therapeutic ZnO is responsible for environmental pollution.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.202-208
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• 1995

Puksin Bay located in the northwestern pan of Tongyeong, Korea has been contaminated by municipal wastewaters. In Puksin Bay, red tides have occured almost every year since the early 1980's. This experiment was carried out two times in a month in the winter in 1990, the summer' 1991, and the winter in 1994 so as to clarify the distribution marine bacteria and coliform groups in Puksin Bay. The water quality of Puksin Bay was not only move polluted than that of any other costal area around Tongyeong, but also its water quality was investigated to keep going bad. Viable cell counts in Puksin Bay were $4.9\times10^3/ml$ in 1990's winter, $3.6\times10^6/ml$ in 1991's summer, and $2.1\times10^4/ml$ in 1994's winter. The variation of seasonal total and fecal coliform MPN/100ml in Puksin Bay were $6.7\times10^2\;and\;2.6\times10^2$ in 1990's winter, $1.5\times10^4$ and $5.4\times10^3$ in 1991's summer, and $1.5\times10^3$ and $5.6\times10^2$ in 1994's winter, respectively. The changes of stational total coliform MPN/100m1 from station 1 to station 8 in Puksin Bay were 95,000, 1600, 1,000, 182, 151, 94, 43 and 13 in winter, and 110,000, 29,000, 2,400, 4,100, 1,700, 1,700, 810 and 150 in 1991's summer, and 3,381, 1928, 1582, 256, 161, 59 and 23 in 1994's winter. During the study period, the number of viable cell was ranged from $10^4\;to\;10^7/ml$ and 307 bacteria strains were isolated from Puksin Bay. The dominant species were Acinetobacter spp. 86 $(28.3\%)$, Pseudomonas spp. 51 $(16.6\%)$, Flavobacterium spp. 41 $(13.4\%)$, Escherichia coli 36 $(11.7\%)$, and Vibrio spp. 27$(8.8\%)$. The results obtained in this study indicate that this bay is getting to contaminate far more with municipal wastewaters and cultivation of the shellfish and finfish in this bay is not proper. When municiple wastewaters keep flowing into this bay, any other coastal area around Tongyeong may be contaminated.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 1985

The effect of irradiation at dose of 3~10 kGy on the extension of the shelf-life of sliced dried squid and dried file and on its quality were investigated during nine months of storage at room temperature. The number of microorganisms, TBA value and TMA-N content were used as objective indices concerned to the sensory evaluation. In the number of initial microbial loading, total bacterial count of sliced dried squid and dried file fish were $2.7{\times}10^{8}\;and\;2.0{\times}10^{5}$, yeast and mold were $5.7{\times}10^{5}\;and\;6.2{\times}10^{5}$ and coliform group were $2.1{\times}10^{5}$ and above 10 per gram of the samples, respectively. The number of total bacteria was sterilized by 99% with irradiation of 3~10 kGy and irradiation of above 7 kGy was shown to be effective for the radurization of yeast, mold and coliform group. TBA value of irradiated groups were higher than storage time. The TMA-N content of nonirradiated group was markedly increased by microbial spoilage during storage, however above 8 kGy irradiated group were indicated about 10 mg% after nine months storage. In the sensory evaluation, the nonirradiated group was off favor after three months storage and was changed in color of dried fishes but 7~10 kGy irradiated group were maintained good qualit compared with those of fresh samples after nine months storage at room temperature.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate hygienic behavior of food handlers and general population focusing on awareness of hand-washing and the microbial load of their hands. Methods: A questionnaire survey and microbiological analysis were carried out for sixty-four people each. Samples for microbiological analysis were collected through the glove-juice method from the hands, and were analyzed for the presence of aerobic plate counts, total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. according to the Food Code of Korea. Results: In the survey, significant differences between the food handlers and general population (p < 0.01) were found in hand-washing frequency, duration, use of hand-washing agents, washing parts of hands, hand-drying method, and method of turning off water. In eight different situations among the ten particular situations in their daily life, more food handlers responded to wash their hands than general population (p < 0.05). Bacterial load on hands with general population was consistently higher than with food handlers (p < 0.05), however, percentages of positive hands of S. aureus and Salmonella spp. were not. Conclusions: Poor hand hygiene practices were indicated by the positive results for E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella spp. on the hands of some respondents in both groups. This study reveals that there is the need for programs or campaigns to increase hand-washing practices of both groups.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was performed in order to investigate hand hygiene practices among food-service businesses employees based on the awareness of hand-washing and load of indicator bacteria on their hands. It focused on the comparison of full-time and part-time workers in food-service workplaces. Methods: A direct-interview questionnaire survey and microbiological analysis were carried out with sixty workers each. Samples for microbiological analysis were collected through a modified glove-juice method from the hands of the food-service workers and were analyzed for aerobic plate count, total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. Microbiological analysis was done according to the Food Code of Korea. Results: Significant differences (p<0.01) were found in the survey between the full-time and part-time workers in hand-washing frequency, use of hand-washing agents, and hand-drying methods. More full-time workers responded to washing their hands after preparing food, after visiting outside, after handling raw materials, and before putting on gloves/when changing gloves than did part-time workers (p<0.05). No remarkable difference was found in bacterial load on the hands except in the aerobic plate count between the two groups. The detection of E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella spp. on the hands of some food-service workers in both groups revealed poor hand hygiene practices. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that there is a need for training programs in order to improve hand hygiene practices and strict hand hygiene compliance by food-service workers.