• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.142-148
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• 2004

It is already known that hardness number of cold-forged product is in close conjunction with its effective strain. This paper presents the method to predict the relation between effective strains and hardness by using FE-simulation of hardness test from the conception that hardness indicates resistance to plastic deformation. The results of FE-simulation for the materials are compared with those of experiments and also compared with those of experiments in reference to show the feasibility of the proposed method. In addition, the present method was applied to the cold-forged product to verify the relation between hardness and effective strain. As a result, the predicted hardness number by the present method is in good agreement with experimental values. Prediction of hardness fur a cold-forged product comes to be possible by estimating the relation between effective strain and hardness using the proposed method in this study.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.354-358
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• 1998

Inconel 719 선재의 경도에 미치는 냉간신선가공량과 시효시간의 영향을 경도측정과 전자현미경을 사용하여 조사하였다. 고용화처리된 재료의 경도는 245Hzv이었으나 50% 냉간신선가공으로 450Hv까지 증가했다. 경도값은 시효시간이 증가함에 따라 초기에 증가하다 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 시효 초기 경도증가는 $\gamma^{"}$과 $\gamma^{'}$ 상의 석출에 의한 것이며, 최고경도 이후의 경도감소는$\gamma^{'}$상이 $\delta$상으로 변태되었기 때문이다. 냉간가공도가 증가함에 따라 최고경도에 이르는 시간은 감소되어 0, 30, 50%가공재들에 대해 각각 30, 10, 5분으로 나타났다. 이는 냉간가공으로 인해 $\gamma^{'}$ / $\gamma^{'}$ 상의 석출이 촉진되었기 때문이다. 50%가공재의 경우 1116K에서 5분 시효로$\Upsilon^{'}$ 및 $\Upsilon^{'}$상들이 석출되었다. 또한 50%가공재에서는 초기경도 이하로 경도값이 감소되었는데, 이와 같은 경도값의 큰 감소는 재결정이 일어났기 때문이다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2012

The effects of the diffusible hydrogen content and hardness on the cold cracking in high strength weld metal were investigated. The diffusible hydrogen contents were influenced by welding parameters such as the voltage and contact tip-to-work distance (CTWD). The diffusible hydrogen content increased with an increase in voltage. However, it was decreased with an increase in CTWD. CTWD also influenced the weld metal hardness,especially when the wire used had a higher strength than the base metal. This showed that weld metal hardness had a more powerful effect on weld metal cold cracking than the diffusible hydrogen content in this experiment.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2007

The hardness of cold-forged products is in close relationship with its effective strain. This study presented the estimating method of hardness for cold-forged SKH9 products without hardness tests in view of resistance to plastic deformation using finite element code, DEFORM$^{TM}$. The flow stress equation obtained from the compression test was only used as a basic data to estimate the relationship between effective strain and hardness. In addition, this new estimating method was applied to the cold-forged product which was widely used in industrial field to show the feasibility. As a result, the predicted hardness numbers through FE simulation showed good agreement with the measured hardness numbers. It is possible to estimate the hardness not by hardness tests, but by only computer simulations for the deformed products. Also, effective strain values were possibly estimated by measuring hardness numbers, and vice versa.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2003년도 The 8th Asian Symposium on Precision Forging ASPF
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• pp.36-39
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• 2003

Due to the strength and biocompatibility requirement, the stainless steel SUS 316L is widely used for trauma internal fixation device. SUS 316L can be hardened and strengthened only by cold work. In this work, the material compression test is performed both in laboratory and computer simulation by a FEM analysis software DEFORM to correlate the hardness to strain. This data is then used for preform design and predict the hardness of the finish bone plate forging. Finally, we compared the hardness between the actual forging and computer analysis results. Although the predicted hardness from computer simulation. is 55HV higher than the final forging sample, we can get good compatibility on the hardening tendency of cold forging.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2006

Cold gas dynamic spray or cold spray is a novel manufacturing method for coatings. Cold spray is a high rate and direct material deposition process that utilizes the kinetic energy of particles sprayed at high velocity (300-1,200m/s). In this research, a technique to repair the damaged mold by cold spray deposition and mechanical machining was proposed. An aluminum 6061 mold with three-dimensional surface was fabricated, intentionally damaged and material-added by cold spray, and its original geometry was re-obtained successfully by Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining. To investigate deformation of material caused by cold spray, deposition was conducted on thin aluminum plates ($100mm{\times}100mm{\times}3mm$). The average deformation of the plates was $205{\sim}290{\mu}m$ by Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM). In addition, the cross section of deposited layer was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To compare variation of hardness, Vickers hardness was measured by micro-hardness tester.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.180-190
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• 2023

This study deals with residual stress prediction and hardness evaluation within cross ball grooved inner race fabricated by cold upsetting process consisted of upsetting and ejection steps. A raw workpiece material of AISI 5120H (SCr420H) is first spheroidized and annealed, then phosphophyllite coated to form solid lubricant layer on its outer surface. To investigate influences of the heat treatment, uni-axial compression tests and Vickers micro-hardness measurements are conducted. Three-dimensional elasto-plastic FE simulations on the upsetting step and the ejection one are performed to visualize the residual stress and the ductile (plastic deformation) damage. External feature of the fabricated inner race is fully captured by using an optical 3D scanner, and the micro-hardness is measured on internal cross-sections. Consequently, the dimensional compatibility between the simulated inner race and the fabricated one is ensured with a difference of under 0.243mm that satisfied permissible error range of ±0.50mm on the grooved surface, and the predicted residual stress is verified to have similar distribution tendency with the measured Vickers micro-hardness.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1998년도 금형가공 심포지엄
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• pp.43-53
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• 1998

Heat - affected zones degenerated in cold forging die have been investigated to improve the tool life. There are many cases of heat-affected zone which are degenerated in manufacturing die and using the cold forging process. In order to define amounts of grinding inmanufacturing the toolfor cold forging, we have investigated the hardness and microstructure of surface layer after EDM. Considering the results of T.R.S. and compression test, it is likely that mechanical properties of tool have been decreased sharply if the heat-affected zones degenerated by EDM were not machined properly. also analyzed the tool surfac which is fractured during the cold forging. According to the microstructures and hardness distribution, surface of many tools have been degenerated in cold forging and fractured due to the heat-affected zone.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.348-355
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• 2012

Cold spray deposition using Titanium powder was carried out to investigate the effects of powder morphology and powder preheating on the coating properties such as porosity and hardness. The in-flight particle velocity of Ti powder in cold spray process was directly measured using the PIV (particle image velocimetry) equipment. Two types of powders (spherical and irregular ones) were used to manufacture cold sprayed coating layer. The results showed that the irregular morphology particle appeared higher in-flight particle velocity than that of the spherical one under the same process condition. The coating layer using irregular morphology powder represented lower porosity level and higher hardness. Two different preheating conditions (no preheating and preheating at $500^{\circ}C$) were used in the process of cold spraying. The porosity decreased and the hardness increased by conducting preheating at $500^{\circ}C$. It was found that the coating properties using different preheating conditions were dependent not on the particle velocity but on the deformation temperature of particle. The deposition mechanism of particles in cold spray process was also discussed based on the experimental results of in flight-particle velocity.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2003

In the experimental study, wire EDM was conducted for cold die steel by changing the Wire electrode, peak discharge current and number of finish cut. From the micro structure analysis of SEM photographs, the size of irregular welded and added component on the EDMed surface is decreasing and size of EDMed plane surface is increasing as the decreasing peak current and increasing number of finish cut. From the analysis of coating effect, Zn component is highly contained in Br and Zn Wire EDMed surface and copper component is highly contained in Br and Al wire EDMed surface. Hardness values are Increasing as the increasing peak current and decreasing the number of finish cut The value of hardness is decreasing as Cu, Al, Zn and Br wire electrode because of the residual austenite effect of solid solution copper on solidification, and finally EDMed surface has the highest hardness values for every wire electrode. Yield strength values becomes larger and bending strength values become smaller due to the increasing the hardness. These results are increased as increasing brittleness with hardness.