• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
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• v.35D no.11
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• pp.46-54
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• 1998

A planar Bi-Sb multijunction thermal converter, which is consisted of a linear or bifilar thin film NiCr-heater and a thin film Bi-Sb thermopile, has been fabricated, and its ac-dc transfer characteristics were examined in a frequency range from 10 Hz to 10 KHz. In order to increase the thermal sensitivity and to decrease the ac-dc transfer error of a thermal converter, the heater and the hot junctions of a thermopile were prepared on a Si$_3$N$_4$/SiO$_2$/Si$_3$N$_4$-diaphragm which acts as a thermal isolation layer, and the cold junctions on the Si$_3$N$_4$/SiO$_2$/Si$_3$N$_4$-thin film supported with the silicon rim which functions as a heat sink. The respective thermal sensitivities in air and in a vacuum of the converter with a built-in bifilar heater were about 14.0 ㎷/㎽ and 54.0 ㎷/㎽, and the ac-dc voltage and the current transfer difference ranges in air were about $\pm$0.60 ppm and $\pm$0.11 ppm, respectively, indicating that the ac-dc transfer accuracy of the converter are much higher than that of a commercial 3-dimensional multijunction thermal converter. However, the output thermoelectric voltage fluctuation of the converter was rather high.

• Atmosphere
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.75-90
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• 2005

This study examines the impacts of land cover changes on the East Asia summer monsoon with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Regional Climate Model (NCAR RegCM2), coupled with Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). To assess the goals, two types of land cover maps were used in the simulation of summer climate. One type was NCAR land cover map (CTL) and the other was current land cover map derived from satellite data (land cover: LCV). Warm and cold surface temperature biases of $1-3^{\circ}C$ occurred over central China and Mongolia in CTL. The model produced excessive precipitation over northern land area but less over southern ocean of the model domain. Changes of biophysical parameters, such as albedo, minimum stomatal resistance and roughness length, due to the land cover changes resulted in the alteration of land-atmosphere interactions. Latent heat flux and wind speed in LCV increased noticeably over central China where deciduous broad leaf trees have been replaced by mixed farm and irrigated crop. As a result, the systematic warm biases over central China were greatly reduced in LCV. Strong cooling of central China decreased pressure gradient between East Asian continent and Pacific Ocean. The decreased pressure gradient suppressed the northward transport of moisture from south China and South China Sea. These changes reduced not only the excessive precipitation over north China and Mongolia but also less precipitation over south China. However, the land cover changes increased the precipitation over the Korean Peninsula and the Japan Islands, especially in July and August.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.100-118
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze some of the TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) clinical research literatures about pediatric night crying in order to learn clinical application of Korean medicine treatment for pediatric night crying. Methods We searched clinical trial literatures about TCM treatment of pediatric night crying from the CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) (January 2000 to June 2018). We analyzed the literature in regards to the treatment methods and the results. Results Among the 459 searched studies, 13 randomized controlled trials and 41 case studies were selected and analyzed. In most of the studies, the effectiveness of TCM in treating patients was significantly high, so we confirmed the effectiveness of TCM on pediatric night crying. The most commonly used pattern differentiations (辨證) were Spirit damage due to fright and fear (驚恐傷神), Spleen deficiency and cold (脾虛寒) and Heart fire heat (心火熱). Methods of treatment include herbal medicines (internal medicine and external application), massage therapy (Tuina methods), acupuncture and other treatments (bloodletting). The most commonly used herb medicines were Cicadidae Periostracum (蟬?), Poria Cocos (茯?), Glycyrrhizae Radix (甘草), Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus (釣鉤藤), Junci Medulla (燈心草), Fossilia Ossis Mastodi (龍骨), Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba (白朮), Cinnabaris (朱砂), and Coptidis Rhizoma (黃連). The most commonly used massage methods were Clearing Liver Channel (淸肝經), Clearing Heart Channel (淸心經), Kneading $Xi{\check{a}}oti{\bar{a}}nx{\bar{i}}n$ (?小天心), Supplementing Spleen Channel (補脾經), Clearing $Ti{\bar{a}}nh{\acute{e}}shu{\check{i}}$ (淸天河水), and Rubbing Abdomen (摩腹). Conclusions Based on the results of clinical studies from China, the use of Korean medicine for the treatment of pediatric night crying has been shown to be effective in relieving symptoms. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to widen the scope of Korean medicine by additionally reviewing clinical and experimental studies on pediatric night crying.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2018

Renewable energy has been of interests in the area of modern alternative fuels. Biogas is produced in waste landfill sites through anaerobic digestion processes, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, organic acid fermentation (acetogenesis), and methane fermentation (methanogenesis). High contents of fine dust and moisture limited its utilization for direct combustion, town gas and vehicle fuel. Thus, this study proposed a new design for a cooling device using a centrifugal cyclone for simultaneous removal of fine dust and moisture as a pretreatment in the purification processes. A heat exchanger and an ID fan, which are installed inside and outside of the cyclone, in order to cool the humid gas below the freezing point and form a foggy mist. Such an atmosphere enhanced to capture fine dust as recirculating the cold mist flow. The water removal rate was 80.8% at a relative humidity of 95%, and the particle removal efficiency was 98.3% for $2.5{\mu}m$. Simultaneous removal efficiency was 70.8% and 99.6% for particle and moisture respectively.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to examine the thermal diffusion through bases and restorations. The three principle types of base and two restorative materials were included in this study. They were representive brands of a zinc phosphate cement, a zinc oxide-eugenol cement, a calcium hydroxide paste, an amalgam and a composite resin (table 1). The specimens were prepared by placing the bases or restorative materials in laminated plastic molds. 5-mm diameter holes were prepared in the center of square of plastics which were 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0mm thick respectively (fig. 1). All materials were manipulated in accordance with manufacturer's recommended proportions. All experimental procedures were carried out dividing them into eight different groups (table 2). Thermal diffusion was measured by means of digital thermometer (DP-100, RKC. instrument Inc. JAPAN) with the surface thermocouple placed on bottom surface of the specimen applying a constant source of heat and cold to the top surface of the each specimen. The thermal stimulus temperature applied on the each specimen surface was in the range of $60^{\circ}C$, $0^{\circ}C$ and $-50^{\circ}C$ respectively. The thermal change were recorded automatically on the multi-Pen recorder (R-16, Rikadenki, Co. JAPAN) connected with thermocouple tips which were centered on the bottom of the specimen. The following results were as follows, 1. Temperature diffusion was highest through amalgam and slowest through the composite resin. 2. As the thickness of restorations increased, the temperature change was decreased. 3. Thermal diffusion was slowest in the presence of zinc oxide-eugenol bases, followed by calcium hydroxide and zinc phosphate cement. 4. The efficiency of the cement bases in providing thermal insulation was dependent on their thickness beneath the restorations. 5. Thermal change was great in the range of $60^{\circ}C$ and $-50^{\circ}C$, but little in the range of $0^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_3
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• pp.773-786
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• 2017

This study was to analyze data of climate change impacts on social infrastructure using text-mining methodology, and to visualize the spatial information by integrating those with regional data layers. First of all, the study identified that the following social infrastructure; power, oil and resource management, transport and urban, environment, and water supply infrastructures, were affected by five kinds of climate factors (heat wave, cold wave, heavy rain, heavy snow, strong wind). Climate change impacts on social infrastructure were then analyzed and visualized by regions. The analysis resulted that transport and urban infrastructures among all kinds of infrastructure were highly impacted by climate change, and the most severe factors of the climate impacts on social infrastructure were heavy rain and heavy snow. In addition, it found out that social infrastructure located in Seoul and Gangwon-do region were relatively largely affected by climate change. This study has significance that atypical data in media was used to analyze climate change impacts on social infrastructure and the results were translated into spatial information data to analyze and visualize the climate change impacts by regions.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2017

Objectives : Mori Radicis Cortex (MRC), the root epidermis of Morus alba L., has been traditionally used to treat lung-related diseases in Korean Medicine. The common of MRC is Mulberry bark Morus bark, and it's pharmaceutical properties and taste are known as sweet and cold, and it promotes urination and reduce edema by reducing heat from the lungs and soothe asthma. In the present study, anti-apoptotic mechanism of MRC in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in mice. Methods : Two-hundred grams of MRC was extracted with methanol at room temperature for 5 days, and this was repeated one time. After filtration, the methanol was removed using vacuum evaporator, then stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until use. C57BL/6 male mice were housed in an environment with controlled humidity, temperature, and light cycle. In order to determine beneficial effects of MRC on ischemia induced brain damage, infarct volume, neurological deficit scores, activities of several apoptosis-related proteins such as caspase-8, -9, Bcl-xL in MCAO-induced brains of mice were analyzed. Mice in MRC-treated groups were orally administered 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg of body weight for three consecutive days before commencing the MCAO procedure. Results : Pre-treatment of MRC significantly reduced infarct volume in MCAO subjected mice applied with 300 mg/kg of MRC methanol extract, and MRC effectively inhibited Bcl-xL reduction and caspase-9 activation caused by MCAO-induced brain damage. Conclusions : MRC showed neuro-protective effects by regulating apoptosis-related protein signals, and it can be a potential candidate for the therapy of ischemia-induced brain damage.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.54-70
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• 2017

The accumulator is a passive safety injection device for emergency core cooling systems. As an important safety feature for providing a high-speed injection flow to the core by compressed nitrogen gas pressure during a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), the accumulator injects its precharged nitrogen into the system after its coolant has been emptied. Attention has been drawn to the possible negative effects caused by such a nitrogen injection in passive safety nuclear power plants. Although some experimental work on the nitrogen injection has been done, there have been no comparative tests in which the effects on the system responses and the core safety have been clearly assessed. In this study, a new thermal hydraulic integral test facility-the advanced core-cooling mechanism experiment (ACME)-was designed and constructed to support the CAP1400 safety review. The ACME test facility was used to study the nitrogen injection effects on the system responses to the small break loss-of-coolant accident LOCA (SBLOCA) transient. Two comparison test groups-a 2-inch cold leg break and a double-ended direct-vessel-injection (DEDVI) line break-were conducted. Each group consists of a nitrogen injection test and a nitrogen isolation comparison test with the same break conditions. To assess the nitrogen injection effects, the experimental data that are representative of the system responses and the core safety were compared and analyzed. The results of the comparison show that the effects of nitrogen injection on system responses and core safety are significantly different between the 2-inch and DEDVI breaks. The mechanisms of the different effects on the transient were also investigated. The amount of nitrogen injected, along with its heat absorption, was likewise evaluated in order to assess its effect on the system depressurization process. The results of the comparison and analyses in this study are important for recognizing and understanding the potential negative effects on the passive core cooling performance caused by nitrogen injection during the SBLOCA transient.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.376-387
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• 2018

Among a variety of environmental stresses heat, cold, chilling, high salt, drought, and so on exposed to plants, drought stress has been reported as a crucial factor to adversely affect the growth and productivity of plants. Therefore, to understand the mechanism for the drought stress signal transduction pathway in plants is more helpful to develop useful crops that display the enhanced tolerance against drought stress, and to expand crop growing areas. The signal transduction pathway for the drought stress in plants is largely categorized into two types; ABA-dependent pathway and ABA-independent pathway. It has been reported that two transcription factors, AREB/ABF and DREB2, play predominant roles in ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways, respectively. In addition to transcriptional regulation mediated by AREB/ABF and DREB2 transcription factors, post-translational modification (such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination) and epigenetic control are importantly involved in the signal transduction for drought stress. In this paper, we review current understanding of signal transduction pathway on drought stress in plants, especially focusing on the biological roles of a variety of signaling components related to drought stress response. Further understanding the mechanism of drought resistance in plants through this review will be useful to establish theoretical basis for developing drought tolerant crops in the future.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.675-681
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• 1994

[ $F_0$ ]-values of the canned tuna in cottonseed oil (CTCO) were investigated under different sterilizing conditions to optimize the energy consumption and microbiological safety. The $F_0$-values were measured using a microcomputer based technique. The exact cold point was not the volumetric center of the cans, and it was located in the center of meat mass in can which had ca. $6\%$ of head space. Location of the test cans in retort showed no remarkable influence on the $F_0$-values when the cans were jumble loaded. The process time before sterilization should be shortened as much as possible to prevent the contamination of microorganisms. Thermophilic spore forming bacteria found from raw and precooked tuna were Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus pasteurii, and the most heat resistant was Bacillus subtilis. The rational $F_0$-value for the CTCO obtained from the preservation test was regarded as 6min.