• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1997년도 추계학술발표회논문집(1)
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• pp.663-668
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• 1997

한국형 차세대 원자로(KNGR)는 안전주입계통에 Advanced Design features를 채택하고 있는데, 그 중의 하나가 안전주입의 주입구를 Downcomer Annulus의 상부에 위치시킨 Direct Vessel Injection(DVI)으로서 영광 및 울진 3&4호기의 Cold Leg Injection(CLI)과는 다른 설계 개념이다. 본 논문에서는 DVI가 채택된 KNGR에 대하여 기존의 C-E형 발전소 해석에 적용한 C-E Evaluation Model(EM)을 사용하여 대형파단 냉각재상실사고를 해석해 보고자 하였다. 먼저 DVI의 Modeling은 KNOGR의 참조 발전소라 할 수 있는 System80+에서 Modeling한 것과 같이 CLI 해석에 사용한 Nodalization Scheme 중 Cold Leg Node에 연결된 SIT 만을 Downcomer Annulus Node에 연결하는 방법을 사용하여 DVI 해석을 수행하였다. 아울러 기존의 안전주입 형태인 CLI에 대한 해석을 KNGR에 대해 병행하여 수행함으로써 DVI와 CLI의 ECCS performance를 비교하고 CLI 대비 DVI의 특성을 알아보았다. 또한 DVI의 해석에 있어서 SIT와 Cold Leg이 함께 연결되는 Downcomer Annulus Node를 상하 2개로 분리하여 SIT와 Cold Leg 각각에 연결시킴으로써 DVI 주입구의 위치에 대한 보다 정확한 Modeling을 시도하였다. 그 결과 DVI 주입구의 높이를 고려한 경우가 DVI의 일반적 물리 현상에 근접하게 계산되는 것으로 판단되나 현재로서는 특별한 검증 수단이 없으므로 향후 Licensing 해석 수행에 앞서 방법론을 포함한 이에 대한 보다 심도 있는 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.108-127
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• 2000

Hot leg break LBLOCA(Large Break LOCA) had a potential to be a containment maximum pressure accident in YGN3&4, which was induced from excessive conservatism in the CE analysis methodology of mass and energy release. This study conducted mass and energy release experiment for the hot leg break LBLOCA during post blowdown with an integral test facility, SNUF(Seoul National University Facility). This facility simulated YGN 3&4 with volume ratio of 1/1140 based on Ishii's three level scaling. Experiment showed that SI(Safety Injection) water refilled cold leg first and core later. SI water was vaporized in the core, which resulted in the repressurization of reactor. This increase of pressure drove the water in cold leg to flow up half height of U tubes. However, since the water was drained back soon, the release through the SG side broken section by evaporation was negligibly small. This study also provided experimental assessment of RELAP5 results by KAERI for the release through the SG side broken section.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.229-239
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• 1997

To investigate the realistic behavior of mass and energy release and resultant containment response during large break Loss of Coolant accident (LOCA), analyses are performed for Yonggwang (YGN) 3&4 nuclear power plants by using a merged version of RELAP5/CONTEMPT4 computer code. Comparative analyses by using conservative design computer codes are also peformed. The break types analyzed are the double-ended guillotine breaks at the cold leg and hot leg. The design analysis resulted in containment peak pressure during post-blowdown phase for the cold leg break. However, the RELAP5/CONTEMPT4 analyses show that the containment pressure has a peak during blowdown phase, thereafter it decreases monotonously without the second port-blowdown peak. For the hot leg break, revised design analysis shows much lower pressure than that reported in YGN 3&4 final safety analysis report. The RELAP5/CONTEMPT4 analysis shoos similar trend and confirmed that the bypass flow through the broken loop steam generator during post-blowdown is negligibly small compared to that of cold leg break. The low pressure and temperature predicted tv realistic analysis presented in this paper suggest that the design analysis methodology contains substantial margin and it can be improved to provide benefit in investment protection, such as, relaxing plant technical specifications and reducing containment design pressure.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 2005년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.693-694
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• 2005

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 1987

육계육의 가승근육과 다리근육을 4$^{\circ}C$ 및 -2$0^{\circ}C$에 저장하면서 근원섬유단백질과 actomyosin을 추출하고 그 추출성, 생물활성 및 용해도를 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Myofibril의 추출성은 가슴 및 다리근육 모두 냉장기간이 길어지면서 점차 높아지고. 동결저장기간이 경과되면서 다소 낮아졌다. Actomyosin의 추출성은 가슴 및 다리근육 모두 냉장 중에 큰 변화를 보이지 않았으며, 동결저장의 경우 저장기간이 경과하면서 점차 감소하였다. 2. Myofibril의 $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase 활성은 가슴 및 다리근육 모두 냉장 7일까지 큰 변화는 없었으며, 동결저장의 경우 2주째 가장 농은 활성을 보였고 그 이후는 감소하였다. Actomyosin의 $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase 활성은 가슴 및 다리근육 모두 냉장 중에 큰 변화를 보이지 않았으며, 동결저장의 경우 저장기간이 경과하면서 점차 감소하였다. 3 근원섬유단백질은 염농도에 따라 신선육의 경우 가슴 및 다리근육 모두 0.20M KCl, 냉장육은 가슴 및 다리근육이 각각 0.25M KCl. 0.30M KCl, 그리고 동결저장육은 가슴 및 다리근육 모두 0.30M KCl 에서 용해되었다. Actomyosin은 염농도에 따라 신선육의 경우 가슴 및 다리근육 모두 0.20M KCl에서 용go되기 시작하였고, 가슴근육은 냉장 1일에 0.25M KCl. 냉장 3. 5, 7일에 0.30M KCl, 다리근육은 냉장기간에 관계없이 모두 0.25M KCl에서 용해되기 시작하였다. 또한, 동결저장 중 가승근육은 0.30M KCl, 다리근육은 0.25M KCl에서 용해되기 시작하여 모두 0.40M KCl에서 완료되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2012

The present study was conducted to determine the best level of substitution of soybean meal by sunflower cake in diets for kids through the evaluation of quantitative carcass traits. Thirty-two Boer kids X 1/2 NDB (no defined breed), males, non-castrated, with 4 months of age and initial body weight of $15{\pm}3.2$ kg, were randomly assigned to individual pens. The treatments contained four substitution levels of soybean meal by sunflower cake (0, 33, 66 and 100% DM). At the end of the experimental period, the animals were slaughtered. There was no influence of the treatments on any of the mean values of the evaluated measures (p>0.05): 21.78 kg (body weight at slaughter), 8.65 kg (hot carcass weight), 8.59 kg (cold carcass weight), 40.27% (hot carcass yield), 39.20% (cold carcass yield), 7.73 $cm^2$ (rib eye area), 46.74 cm (carcass outer length), 45.68 cm (carcass internal length), 36.92 cm (leg length), 26.04 cm (leg perimeter), 48.66 cm (hind perimeter), 58.62 cm (thoracic perimeter), 0.20 (carcass compactness index), 68.48% (total muscle of the leg), 2.79% (total leg fat), 55.19% (subcutaneous leg fat), 28.82% (total bone), 81.66 g (femur weight), 14.88 cm (femur length), 0.38 (leg muscularity index), 2.53 (muscle:bone ratio) and 33.42 (muscle:fat ratio). The substitution of soybean meal by sunflower cake may be recommended up to a level of 100% without alterations to quantitative carcass traits.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.157-169
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• 1993

The most effective modality for cold application and the length of the application have not been determined despite many studies about the use of cold. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to examine the most effective modality among three methods of cold application, the most effective length of time for the application and the continuing effect after each type of cold application. Thirty adult patients admitted to medical and neurosurgical unit and with high fever (above 38.2 ℃) were assigned randomly to each of three cold ap-plication methods : (a) ice bag: (b) cold compress; and (c) tepid water sponge bath. Each method was applied to the whole anterior surface except the face and neck with the patient in the supine pos-ition. Rectal temperatures and skin temperatures (mid chest, upper arm, thigh and leg) were measured be-fore each application and every 10 minutes during ,each application for a period of 60 minutes. They were also measured every 10 minutes for 30 minutes after each cold application was finished. The experiments were carried out from Dec. 22. 1992 through Feb. 26, 1993. The data were analysed using means, ANCOVA Sheffe test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are as follows : 1. There were no significant differences among the three cold application methods in the reduction of body temperature, 2. Among the ice bag, cold compress and tepid water sponge bath groups, the ice bag proved to be the most effective method for lowering skin temperature while the cold compress was least effective. 3. Both rectal and skin temperature continued to decrease during the 60 minutes of cold application, but the hunting phenomena was not observed at any of the cold application sites. 4. There were no significant correlations between mean rectal and skin temperatures. 5. Skin temperatures according to the cold application sites decreased to a range of 3.46℃ to 5.20℃ (mid chest), a range of 4.48℃ 4.96℃ (upper arm), a range of 3.86℃ to 5.05℃ (thigh), and a range of 5.42℃ -7.12℃ (leg ). 6. In continuing effect after the cold applications were finished, rectal temperatures according to ice bag, cold compress and tepid sponge bath decreased to 0.29℃, 0.23℃ and 0.09℃ respectively, while the mean skin temperatures increased to 2.39℃ , 2.04℃ and 2.22℃ respectively. In this experiment the ice bag was the most effective modality for lowering skin temperature. when-ever cold is applied for systemic effect, the continuing effect of cold should be considered. The determination of the most effective length of time for cold application needs further study.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1987

산란노계육(産卵老鷄肉)(Arbor Acres, 72주령(週齡))의 가슴근육과 다리근육을 냉장 및 동결저장하면서 pH, 단백질의 추출성, 근원섬유단백질의 ATPase 활성, 소편화, 냉동감량 및 드립량의 변화를 비교하였다. 가슴근육과 다리근육의 pH는 각각 냉장 1일 및 동결저장 1주에 가장 낮았다. 근원섬유단백질의 추출성은 냉장기간이 경과하면서 점차 증가하였으며, 동결저장에서는 1주에 가장 높은 수준을 보였다. 근원섬유단백질의 $Mg^{2+}-ATPase$활성은 냉장 1일 및 동결저장 1주에 각각 높게 나타났다. 근원섬유의 소편화 정도는 냉장 1일 및 동결저장 1주에 크게 변화하였으며 냉동감량과 드립량은 동결저장 기간이 경과하면서 점차 많아졌다. 냉장 및 동결저장 중 가슴근육은 다리근육에 비하여 pH가 낮았고, 근원섬유단백질의 추출성, $Mg^{2+}-ATPase$활성, 드립량 및 소편화 정도가 높았으나 저장기간 중 변화되는 양상은 비슷하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.47-52
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• 1982

broiler의 가슴근육(筋肉)과 다리근육(筋肉)을 고온(高溫)$(30^{\circ}C)$과 저온(低溫)$(2^{\circ}C)$에 저장(貯藏)하였을때 저장기간(貯藏期間) 경과(經過)에 따른 무기물함량(無機物含量)과 사후(死後) 생화학적(生化學的) 고찰(考察)하였으며 가슴근육(筋肉)과 다리근육(筋肉)은 $2^{\circ}C$와 $30^{\circ}C$에 저장(貯藏)하면서 0.4.8. 20 32시간마다 실험분석(實驗分析)한 결과(結果)는 아래와 같다. (1) 다리근육(筋肉)과 가슴근육(筋肉)은 물리적조성(無機物組成)에 차이(差異)가 있다. (2) 전질소함량(全窒素含量)은 가슴근육(筋肉)과 다리근육(筋肉)이 저장온도(貯藏溫度)와 저장기간(貯藏期間)에 따라 변화(變化)의 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되었다.(P<0.05) (3) 가슴근육(筋肉)의 인산(燐酸)(P<0.05), 마그네슘(P<0.05) 나트륨(P<0.025) 함량은 다리근육보다 높게 나타났으나 저장온도(貯藏溫度)나 기간(期間)에 따른 변화(變化)는 없었다. (4) 칼슘과 철함량(含量)은 근육(筋肉)의 부위(部位)에 따라서는 차이(差異)가 없으나 저장기간(貯藏期間)과 온도(溫度)에 있어서는 감소(減少)되었다.(P<0.01) (5) 나트륨은 여러 요인간(要因間)에는 유의차(有意差)가 없었으며 pH는 다리근육(筋肉)과 가슴근육간(筋肉間)에 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되었다(P<0.05). 극한(極限) pH는 8시간에 보였으나 고온저장(高溫貯藏)한 가슴근육(筋肉)은 20시간(時間)에 보였다. 저온저장(低溫貯藏)한 가슴근육(筋肉)의 pH감소(減少)는 고온저장(高溫貯藏)한 가슴근육(筋肉)보다 빨랐다. (6) 가슴근육(筋肉)의 침입도(侵入度)는 다리근육(筋肉)보다 높았다(P<0.005) (7) 저온저장(貯藏)한 가슴근육(筋肉)과 고온저장(高溫貯藏)한 다리근육(筋肉)은 사후강직(死後强直)이 없었으며 저온저장(低溫貯藏)한 다리근육(筋肉)과 고온저장(高溫貯藏)한 가슴근육(筋肉)은 4시간에 사후강직(死後强直)이 발생(發生)하였다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.667-671
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine the number of skin cold receptor in Korean adult as a part of the study to investigate thermal physiological characteristics of Korean. For this 10 healthy subjects were placed in a climatic chamber and received cold stimulation of 1$0^{\circ}C$ on skin surface of each measuring site with a thermo-stimulator. As a result of cold spot measurement we found 23 points/cm2 at face 13. points/cm2 at chest 16 points/cm2 at abdomen 11 points/cm2 at back 14 points/cm2 at upper arm 16 points/cm2 at forearm 18 points/cm2 at back of the hand 15 points/cm2 at thigh 8 points/cm2 at leg 12 points/cm2 at dorsum of foot 8 points/cm2 at sole of foot in male subjects and in female subjects we fund 18 points/cm2 at face 13 points/cm2 at forearm 11 points/cm2 at at back of the hand 8 points/cm2 at palm 9 points/cm2 at thigh 6 points/cm2 at leg 8 points/cm2 at dorsum of foot 2 points/cm2 at sole of foot. The distributions of cold spots varied in different regions of the body surface and was exceptionally dense in the facial skin. There were some differences among other researchers' results but the cause of those differences are not yet known those are due to individual or methodological difference.