• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.970-975
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• 2008

This study considers indoor thermal comfort in an ondol space by supply vent configurations to prevent cold draft in winter. A specially-designed vent cap has been investigated in comparison with a round pan-type vent and a simple opening without a cap. Numerical simulations have been conducted using CFD to analyze thermal comfort indices such as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Effective Draft Temperature (EDT) as well as air distribution index i.e. Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI). Results show the new vent cap provides improved thermal comfort conditions especially near ondol heated floor, as the cold outdoor air spreads upwards along the vertical wall before reaching occupant region near floor. This paper includes discussions on the flow and comfort distributions created by the thermal jets from the vents.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 1969

Experiments on thermoregulatory responses to cold immersion stimulus were carried out in September, 1968 (summer studies) and February, 1969 (winter studies). Eight each of ama and control subject were selected at random from a same community in Yong-Do Island, Pusan. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The rate of fall in muscle temperature of forearm during a 30 min-immersion in $6^{\circ}C$ water bath was significantly slower in the ama in winter and was about the same in the two groups in summer. However, the magnitude of change in the skin temperature and the heat fluxes observed during immersion period was not significantly different either between groups or between seasons. 2) Both finger blood flow and skin temperature during one hr-immersion in $6^{\circ}C$ water bath decreased significantly in the ama as compared to the control. The magnitude of cold-induced vasodilatation during immersion period was significantly greater in the control in winter. However, the time of onset and blood flow at onset showed no significant relation between groups. 3) The magnitude of reactive hyperemia after a 5 min-arterial occlusion in both air and $15^{\circ}C$ water bath was significantly lower in the ana than in the control. In control subjects, post-occluded blood flow in water was significantly greater than in air, while in the ama it decreased to 1/2 of control values. The time required for the return of blood flow to resting values in the air was faster in the ama than in the control but was the same in water in the two groups. 4) The results suggest that vasoconstrictor tone increased in the ama in winter, indicating the development of vascular adaptation as a part of cold acclimatization.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2022

LPG는 공기보다 무거워 지표면으로 가라앉는 특징이 있으며, 주변 공기가 체류하는 경우 증기운을 형성하기 쉬워 가스 누출로 인한 피해가 가중될 우려가 있다. 그러므로 증기운 형성에 따른 주변 지역의 영향 범위분석을 통해 피해를 예방할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 LPG 공급 관리소가 설치된 제주 하가리 일대를 대상으로 토지이용 현황과 지형적 특성으로 생성되는 야간 시간대의 찬공기 흐름과 그에 따른 LPG 누출 특성을 고려하여 주변 지역으로의 피해 영향 범위를 분석하였다. KLAM_21을 활용하여 찬공기 흐름을 분석한 결과, 지형 영향으로 인해 남동쪽에서 약 2 m/s의 찬공기가 유입되었다. LPG 누출 특성은 ALOHA를 이용하였으며 찬공기 흐름을 고려하여 분석하였다. 풍속 2 m/s 조건에서 누출공 크기가 10 cm일 때 LEL 60 %(12,600 ppm)에 해당하는 범위는 61 m로 나타났으며 LPG 누출 시 증기운에 의한 화재 등의 사고가 발생하는 경우 누출원으로부터 50 m 부근에 위치한 인근 주거지에 피해가 미칠 것으로 예상되므로 사고 예방을 위한 대안책이 요구된다. 해당 연구결과는 LPG 누출로 인한 사고 발생 시 예방책을 마련하는데 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있으며 FLACS와 같은 CFD 모델링을 통해 비교적 좁은 영역에서의 LPG 누출 형상 및 증기운으로 인한 피해 영향 범위를 확인할 필요가 있다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.645-650
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to provide the optimum mix design of cold weather concrete to be placed at the foundation structures in substation. The basic performance tests including slump and slump flow, air content, compressive strength and freezing & thawing resistance were conducted for cold weather concrete by varying with W/C ratios such as 40%, 50% and 60% and air contents such as 3%, 4%, 5% and 6%. The effect on durability of concrete corresponding to the increasing amount of air content and W/C ratio was evaluated and the optimum mix design was recommended. From this study, the concrete mix design containing 6% of air content and 45% of W/C ratio is recommended for the foundation concrete of substation.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제25권4_2호
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• pp.565-572
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• 2022

The white plume from the cooling tower can be generated by mixing between discharging hot and humid air and cold air outside. This causes various problems such as icing, traffic disturbances, and fire factors in the vicinity, moreover it can also damage the image of a company. Various methods can be used to prevent white plume, one of them is to install a heat exchanger at the outlet of the cooling tower so that the heat exchanger transfers as much heat as possible to lower the temperature. Therefore the air flow path in the cooling tower should be optimized. Installation of the filler can be used to make the air flow better, thus we investigate the effect of filler on the air flow using CFD method. The pressure and velocity profile in the cooling tower could be acquired by the calculations. The filler made the velocity of the air entering the heat exchanger uniform this was because high flow resistance of the filler suppresses the generation of eddy in the cooling tower. But the total air pressure drop increased about 2 times with filler because the pressure drop by the filler accounted for about 60% of the total pressure drop.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.114-122
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• 1997

Nowadays, gasoline direct injection engines are being commercialized by virtue of improvement in control technology of spray, flow, air fuel ratio. The stratified charge type has the advantage of improving lean limit. The homogeneous type has the advantage of reducing engine-out hydrocabon emissions in the first 30 seconds after a cold start, in addition, improving transient air fuel ratio control. The vaporization and mixing if injected fuel with air has to e completed in a short time and the fuel film in cylinder and on piston has to be minimized. So, the flow and injection should be well controlled. This paper surveyed the spray characteristics of gasoline direct injection by using laser equipment and the combustion characteristics of the single cylinder engine using homogeneousas-mixture type gasoline direct injection.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1546-1551
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• 2004

This paper presents a mathematical model to predict the frost properties and heal and mass transfer within the frost layer formed on a cold plate. The laminar flow equations for the air-side are analyzed. and the empirical correlations of local frost properties are employed in order to predict the frost layer growth. The correlations of local frost density and effective thermal conductivity of frost layer, obtained from various experimental conditions, are derived as functions of various frosting parameters (Reynolds number, frost surface temperature, absolute humidity and temperature of moist air, cooling plate temperature, and frost density). The numerical results are compared with experimental data and the results of various models to validate the present model, and agree well with experimental data within a maximum error of 10%. The heat and mass transfer coefficients obtained from the numerical analyses are presented, as the results, it is found that the model for frost growth using the correlation of heat transfer coefficient without solving air flow have a limitation in its application.

• 대한설비공학회지:설비저널
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.395-407
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• 1988

Transient flow in a cold-water supply system for cooling the inside of a coal mining pit was numerically simulated. Properly designed and presetted pressure reducing valves control the level of pressures of the piping system at normal or emergent conditions Quasi-steady relations to simulate the valve motion are obtained and the transient performance of the valve is investigated in the present paper. The present method reasonably simulate transient phenomena in the system including the pressure reducing valve. Excessive valve motion and column separation are simulated when the flow is abruptly reduced. A calculated example of the real system is also presented. The simulation can be used for the safety-check and the guidance for design and operation in emergent cases of the system.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.46-56
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• 2013

고온 공기 공급시스템이 있는 시험장치는 분출냉각 소재를 개발하고 이를 실험적으로 평가하는데 필요한 장치이다. 본 연구에서 아크-플라즈마 발생기, 찬 공기가 공급되는 Plenum 챔버, 시험부로 구성된 시험장치를 설계하였으며, 내부 유동해석을 수행하였다. CFD 결과로부터 설계된 Plenum 챔버가 열적으로 안전하고 챔버 내부에서 초고온의 공기와 찬 공기가 잘 혼합되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 시험부로 균질한 유동을 공급할 수 있는 구조로 시험장치가 설계되었음을 검증하였다.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.134-143
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• 2022

When a recess is applied to a swirl coaxial injector that uses liquid and gas propellants, a self-pulsation phenomenon in which the spray oscillates at regular intervals may occur. The phenomenon is caused by the interaction between the liquid and gas propellants inside the injector recess region. The propellants' kinetic energies are expected to affect significantly the spray oscillation. Therefore, cold-flow tests using helium as a gas-simulating propellant were conducted and compared with the results of the previous study using air. Dynamic pressure was measured in the injector manifold and frequency characteristics were investigated through the fast Fourier transform analysis. In the experimental environment, the helium density was about seven times lower than the air density. Accordingly, the intensity of pressure fluctuations was confirmed to be greater when air was used. At the same kinetic energy condition, the perturbation frequency was almost identical in the low flow rate conditions. However, as the flow rate increased, the self-pulsation frequency was higher when helium was used.