• School Mathematics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.223-240
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree to which the middle school mathematics curriculum matched the item difficulty levels of representative mathematics items. The items used in this study were developed for the National Assessment of Educational Achievement. Ranks for difficulty values of the 60 multiple-choice item were calculated via both Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory and correlated with the rank order of the mathematics content and cognitive domains sequence. There are six content domains; number and operation, algebra, measurement, figure, pattern and function, and probability and statistics. The cognitive domains include computation, understanding, reasoning and problem-solving. Results suggest a congruence between cognitive domain's sequence and item difficulty levels of items based on that sequence. This finding indicates that the linear or hierarchical assumptions concerning the sequence appears to be reasonable. The characteristics of items that were exceptions to this trend were addressed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Objectives : Allergic children have known to have multiple behavior problems. Among them, attentional ability disorder is one of the most common problems. This study is to examine relationship between learning ability and allergic rhinitis by analyzing EEG status of children. Methods : We analyzed cognitive functions of two different children groups; 21 children with allergic rhinitis and 19 normal children with CANS 3000(Central & Autonomic Nervous System, LAXTHA Inc., Korea), cognitive functions assessment program by EEG. Results : 1. According to mean active EEG rhythm of Theta, Alpha, SMR, M-beta, there were no significant difference between allergic rhinitis and the normal group. 2. According to mean active EEG rhythm of right H-beta, Gamma wave allergic rhinitis group's value was significantly higher than that of the normal group. 3. According to mean cognitive strength, response, concentration, left / right brain activity and learning ability score, there were no significant difference between allergic rhinitis and the normal group. 4. According to mean workload score, allergic rhinitis group's value was significantly higher than that of the normal group. Conclusions : It is likely that allergic rhinitis group, which showed relatively high frequency EEG rhythm, is more fragile to stress and less active on mental processing. Along side with physical examination, psychological assessment should also be conjugated on treating children with allergic rhinitis.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-46
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• 2012

When performing a monotonous task, one often experiences an urge to quit. This urge may vary depending on how long one has performed the task (a temporal factor) and on which particular component of the task one is carrying out (an event-based factor). Using the Stroop task and a working memory task, we examined changes in the urge to quit as a function of basic temporal (repetition) and event-based (cognitive conflict) factors. Consistent with the law of least work and recent theorizing, for the memory task, urges to quit were greater following difficult trials; for the Stroop task, urges to quit were greater following incongruent than congruent trials, but only during early/novice phases of performance, when responding is inefficient. This is a demonstration of an avoidance response toward cognitive conflict. Regarding temporal sources of quitting, urges to quit were greater for late task stages than early stages. These basic findings may illuminate the nature of the more 'hot' motivational struggles involving the delay of gratification.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.41-49
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to recognize the role and necessity of public data visualization through prior research, investigation, and data verification processes. In addition, this study intends to check what factors should be considered in order to visualize data on the mobile web. Through this process, by identifying the cognitive load affecting information visualization by type, as a result, I would like to propose an effective information visualization method to effectively deliver public data related to government policies. Research design, data and methodology: In this study, we analyzed the case of information visualization according to infographics, which has been widely used in the public field among various visualization methods. For this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted for young people in their 20s and 30s with the highest mobile usage rate. Results: Based on the results, IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) was performed to conduct cognitive load test tools for information visualization of public data and confirmed the implications for each type of infographics. Conclusions: As a result of research, in order to efficiently deliver public data on the mobile web, first, it is necessary to construct a visual screen that can be easily identified through clear data. Appropriate graphic elements can be used according to the type to make it easier for users to acquire and understand information. Second, it is necessary to provide useful content in visualizing information. Third, in order to efficiently transmit information and increase understanding of data, it is necessary to visualize information that can induce interest in data and form metaphors. Fourth, it is necessary to visualize information to reduce cognitive load in terms of physical and mental aspects in order to accommodate users' comfortable information. Fifth, in order to effectively deliver public data, it is necessary to compose contents and information that are easy for users to understand. This study examines effective information visualization methods to increase the communication effect of public data in response to changes in the data-based intelligent information society and suggests implications for each type considering cognitive loads to help future public institutions to communicate and accept information.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2013

The elderly population continues to increase in Korea and there has been a growing interest in understanding normal aging. In response to this public interest, the present paper reviewed human aging research focusing on recently published neuroimaging studies. For the first half of the paper, I reviewed the effects of aging on the brain and cognition. In normal aging, structural changes in the brain include atrophy and volume reduction in the prefrontal and temporal cortices. Functional changes are exhibited in the form of overactivation of the brain. Moreover, age-related cognitive decline is particularly observed in inhibition and memory, which are also associated with the age-related structural changes in the brain. For the second half of the paper, I introduced physical exercise studies showing that exercise played a protective role in the age-related neurocognitive decline. More specifically, engaging in physical exercise (particularly, aerobic exercise) for a relatively long period of time (e. g., > 6 mon.) protected older adults from volume loss in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, and induced better inhibition and memory. These exercise-induced benefits appear to be associated with changes in neuronal levels, indicating that the aging brain is still plastic and this plasticity can be enhanced by physical exercise.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.335-351
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a usability test for CPAD (Cognitive Perceptual Assessment for Driving) and improve it based on the test results. Background: The cognitive perceptual assessment for driving is a computer-based assessment tool to assess the driving capacity of people with brain-damages. It may be a good tool for evaluating the brain-damaged drivers' safe driving capabilities and screening cognitive and perceptual deficits related to driving. We performed a usability test to improve the CPAD based on the result. Method: Both the software consisting of 8 sub-tests (depth perception, sustained attention, divided attention, stroop test, field dependency, digit span, trail making A, trail making B) and the hardware including the input and output devices ( joystick, mouse, keyboard, touch screen) were evaluated through user interviews. Also we identified the problems and issues in using them by observing the participants performing the CPAD tasks. Results: Based on the results, the task instructions were visually and auditorily improved and more practice examples were added to help the users understand the instructions better and increase the input accuracy, a response time window was added and the joystick and touch screen were simplified, which made it easier for the user to perform the CAPD tasks. Conclusion: User discomforts were minimized by improving the task environment, unless it had affected the evaluation criteria. Application: We plan to distribute the improved version of the CPAD to the regional rehabilitation hospitals, and the driving support centers for people with disabilities throughout the country, so it could be used as an evaluation tool for disabled drivers' cognitive and perceptual functions.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.586-594
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• 2002

In this study, the relationships among cognitive conflict, situational interest, and conceptual change in studying boiling point were investigated. The differences in the relationships by gender were also investigate. Students of 7th grade(N=370) participated in this study. First, a preconception test was administered to choose students who possessed the misconception studied. After presenting anomalous data, test of response to anomalous data and state interest test were administered. After the instruction with a CAI program, a conception test was administered immediately. The conception test was administered again as a retention test four weeks later. The scores of both cognitive conflicts and state interest test were found to be significantly correlated with the scores of the conception test and the retention test. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that state interest was significantly more important than cognitive conflict in prediction the degrees of conceptual change and retention of conception. For male students, state interest was the only significant predictor of conceptual change and retention of conception. In contrast, cognitive conflict was the only significant predictor for female students.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.111-122
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop a computer-based cognitive bias modification program (CBM-I) and to test the efficacy of CBM-I for college students with social anxiety. Forty socially anxious individuals were randomly assigned to the CBM-I(n=21) or a waiting list condition(n=19). Both groups were assessed at the beginning and the end of the program with interpretation bias and social anxiety symptoms(e.g. B=FNE=Brief-Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, LSAS=Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale). The CBM-I modified interpretation by providing positive feedback when participants made benign interpretations and negative feedback in response to threat interpretations. Participants in CBM-I completed three computer sessions over three weeks. The CBM-I successfully decreased social anxiety symptoms compared to the control condition(t=2.35, p<.05; t=4.70, p<.001). This result suggests that interpretation modification may have clinical utility when applied as a multi-session intervention.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.321-327
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• 2013

Impaired naming difficulty is common in normal elderly as well as in patients with neurological impairment. The 60-item Korean version-Boston Naming Test(K-BNT) is one of the most commonly used test for measuring confrontational naming ability. However, age-related cognitive decline may make the elderly difficult concentrating during the 60-item test, therefore, item reduction of the K-BNT would improve test validity and reliability. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop a short form of the K-BNT based on Item Response Theory(IRT). Considering item-fit index, sex factor, and item difficulty through Rasch analysis, the 15-item K-BNT(i.e., K-BNT-15) was developed. Via administration of the K-BNT-15, we observed age-related decline in naming ability and significantly different performance between the normal elderly and patients with mild cognitive impairment. This study demonstrates the utility of IRT for developing a short-form language evaluation tool. The K-BNT-15 can be effective as a language screening tool to differentiate between normal aging and pathological diseases.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.317-328
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• 2018

Cognitive impairment responses are important research topics in the study of degenerative brain diseases as well as in understanding of human mental activities. To compare response to scopolamine (SPL)-induced cognitive impairment, we measured altered parameters for learning and memory ability, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction and neuronal cell damages, in Korl:ICR stock and two commercial breeder stocks (A:ICR and B:ICR) after relevant SPL exposure. In the water maze test, Korl:ICR showed no significant difference in SPL-induced learning and memory impairment compared to the two different ICRs, although escape latency was increased after SPL exposure. Although behavioral assessment using the manual avoidance test revealed reduced latency in all ICR mice after SPL treatment as compared to Vehicle, no differences were observed between the three ICR stocks. To determine cholinergic dysfunction induction by SPL exposure, activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assessed in the three ICR stocks revealed no difference of acetylcholinesterase activity. Furthermore, low levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and high levels of inflammatory cytokines in SPL-treated group were maintained in all three ICR stocks, although some variations were observed between the SPL-treated groups. Neuronal cell damages induced by SPL showed similar response in all three ICR stocks, as assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, Nissl staining analysis and expression analyses of apoptosis-related proteins. Thus, the results of this study provide strong evidence that Korl:ICR is similar to the other two ICR. Stocks in response to learning and memory capacity.