• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.13 no.8
• /
• pp.401-408
• /
• 2015

This study was done to examine the relation of cognitive function, depression and anxiety in elderly people above 65 years of age, and to identify factors influencing anxiety. The data were collected from June 1 to August 30 2014. Data were collected by questionnaire from 363 elderly people. The instruments for this study were MMSE-DS, depression, anxiety. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. According to results, the significant factors influencing anxiety were sleeping time(${\beta}=-.249$, p<.001), depression(${\beta}=.218$, p<.001), cognitive function(${\beta}=-.209$, p<.001), occupation(${\beta}=-.133$, p=.006). The study reveals that it is necessary to develop a convergent program that maintain adequate sleep, prevents of cognitive impairment and decreases depression.

• The Journal of Information Systems
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.1-25
• /
• 2019

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate cognitive mechanism of goal relations (Single-goal vs. Multiple-goals) and to-do list (Packing vs. Unpacking) and also verify the role of self-efficacy in the perspective of motivation belief. The perspective of cognitive mechanism is related to the effects of how the relations of multitasking environments affects to facilitating relation or conflicting relations. In pursuit of a single goal, judgement of task importance can be facilitated by unpacking effect due to relations of strongly associated project components including to-do list. On the other hands, in pursuit of multiple goals, judgement of task importance can be conflicted due to mutually exclusive relations of multiple goals. Additionally, the cognitive mechanism can be regulated from the role of self-efficacy, which contributes to motivation belief on how much a person is confident in achieving given tasks. In the end this research is to identify self-efficacy as boundary condition in inhibiting the effects of facilitation and conflict. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted Two-way ANOVA (Packing/ Unpacking * Single-goal/ Multiple-goals) to explore the effects of cognitive mechanism on task importance. After that we performed Three-way ANOVA, 2 (To-do list: Packing/ Unpacking) * 2 (Goal relation: Single-goal/ Multiple-goals) * 2 (Self-efficacy: Low self-efficacy/ High self-efficacy) to verify the role of self-efficacy between goal relations and to-do list. Findings In the cognitive mechanism, the task importance is not significantly different between in packed and in unpacked condition in pursuit of a single goal. But multitasking with multiple goals causes goal conflict, which means packed condition indicates significantly higher task importance than unpacked condition. Additionally, for a group with low self-efficacy unpacking leads to conflicting relation, which implies that packed condition is more efficient strategy than packed condition. On the other hands, in pursuit of mulitple goals, either packing or unpacking has no distinctive effects on task importance. However, participants with high self-efficacy are no longer affected by facilitating relation and conflicting relation as well in pursuit of either a single goal or multiple goals as well.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.108-115
• /
• 2016

Aggression and aggressive behaviors, often explained as harmful social interaction with the intention of hurting or inflicting damage upon another, have been considered as an adaptive mechanism from the evolutionary psychological point of view. However, various studies on aggression and aggressive behaviors have been done with psychopathological approach as the extreme aggressive behaviors may harm themselves and others at the same time. Recently, researchers have attempted to explain aggression in terms of neurobiological substrates rather than based on traditional psychopathological and/or behavioral concept. In this regard, there have been findings of differences in neurotransmitters and their receptors, and genetic polymorphisms. In this review article, we provide a brief overview of the literature about seven most frequently reported neurotransmitters including neurohormones (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, nitric oxide, oxytocin and vasopressin) and an associated enzyme (monoamine oxidase A), which are known to be related with aggression and aggressive behaviors.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.7 no.12
• /
• pp.2957-2986
• /
• 2013

The traditional approach of fixed spectrum allocation to licensed networks has resulted in spectrum underutilisation. Cognitive radio technology is envisioned as a promising solution that can be used to resolve the ineffectiveness of the fixed spectrum allocation policy by accessing the underutilised spectrum of existing technologies opportunistically. The implementation of cognitive radio networks (CRNs) faces distinct challenges due to the fact that two systems (i.e., cognitive radio (CR) and primary users (PUs)) with conflicting interests interact with each other. Specially, in self-organised systems such as ad-hoc CRNs (AHCRNs), the coordination of spectrum access introduces challenges to researchers due to rapid utilisation changes in the available spectrum, as well as the multi-hop nature of ad-hoc networks, which creates additional challenges in the analysis of resource allocation (e.g., power control, channel and rate allocation). Instead, game theory has been adopted as a powerful mathematical tool in analysing and modelling the interaction processes of AHCRNs. In this survey, we first review the most fundamental concepts and architectures of CRNs and AHCRNs. We then introduce the concepts of game theory, utility function, Nash equilibrium and pricing techniques. Finally, we survey the recent literature on the game theoretic analysis of AHCRNs, highlighting its applicability to the physical layer PHY, the MAC layer and the network layer.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.31-50
• /
• 1997

'I'his study investigated students' attitude toward mathematics. and how behavior/cognitive training affects level of math anxietv and level of math achievement. Subjects were all the freshmen attending Taejon Science High School, and they were given Mathematics Attitudes Scale and Attributional Style Questionnaire prior to and post training sessions. Twenty out of 84 freshmen voluntarily participated in nine sessions of training program. Participants were asked to do self-evaluation. Math achievement was measured prior to and post training. and was compared between two groups. Training program utilized behavior/cognitive approach. such as understanding one's feeling through muscle relaxation, breathing and meditation; modifying negative attributional style; imitating effective cognitive strategies for math problem solving, and so on. 'I'he result shows that students' math confidence in general was relatively low out of expectation, a nd they perceived teachers not supporting their math abilities :IS much as expected. On the other hand, students in general had strong math achievelment needs, and considered math utility very high. Sex difference was seen in the attitude toward female math abilities, to result that female students had more positive perception than male students. Female students of 'I'aejon Science High School seem free from conventional idea about female abilities including theirs. Participants' ~attitude change was compared with non-participants. and participants showed statistically significant change in their math confidence, and also in their math achievement. Participants had much higher math confidence and ~achievement than non-participants. And, they showed increased level of perceiving teachers' expectation. more realistic in needs, and more involvement in math. Math achievement was found positively related to math confidence, and participants' math achievement change was explained by their belief in math utility. Not only training program effect hut also participants' voluntary involvement and teacher\ulcorner' support of the program and participation seem to increase their math achievement. Based upon the result of study it was suggested that behavior-/cognitive training program be provided along with academic curricula for gifted students of Korea to help their emotional and psychological development enhance the efficacy of their cognitive learning.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.45-64
• /
• 1991

Each of us has personal and unique "Mental Images" of environment that are the results of a two-way process between an observer and his environment. By understanding of people's image on their physical settings through cognitive maps, congruent with their design environment. In this context, this study is to fine out the characteristics of the resident's image in apartment housing that are modern housing. This paper is theoretically based on Appleyard's cognitive maps types, Lynch's the components of image, Harrison and Howard's image enhancing factors and Applyard's image enhancing factors of buildings. For the purpose of this study, two-instruments were used. One was sketch mapping, that told of visual aspects of cognitive map. Another was verbal questionnaire, which was composed of nonvisual aspects of image components and image enhancing factors. For the methods of research analysis, Percentage, Frequency, and Chi-square test were used. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, as for the types of cognitive maps, the rate of sequential maps and spatial maps are nearly same. Secondly, as for the components of images, landmarks and districts are significant elements in apartment housing, and edges, nodes and paths are rare element. Thirdly, with regard to image enhancing factors, landscaping is shown to be most effective at landmarks and districts. And finally, in examing the differences of images between various social groups, significant variables are years of living and housing size. Age and income are the next. In this study of image, we can learn about manner in which individuals come to see, understand, and cope with the environment at a personal level. So, user-oriented approach is useful in environmental design, and particularly, it is useful in the apartment housing of the future life space.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.1B
• /
• pp.8-15
• /
• 2008

Cognitive radio technology enables to share the spectrum dedicated to primary users. In CR network, it is of primary concern to protect the primary users. Thus, it is required to periodically sense the spectrums occupied by primary users and adapt the communication parameters used by CR users to protect the primary users. However, it is inevitable to experience the hidden node problem due to the primary users, that are not detected by spectrum sensing. To perfectly protect the primary users, it is essential to address the hidden node problem in CR network. In this paper, we propose a new approach to handle the hidden node problem and evaluate the performance of proposed scheme.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.34-49
• /
• 1993

This research aimed to analize the cognitive intensity of valuation(C.I.V) on urban environment as a first stage of the works on evaluative urban image under the hypothesis that it could be interpreted with a correlation analysis between the C.I.V and attitude(Satisfaction of unsatisfaction Intensity) toward urban environment. As a method of a study, 118 cognitive elements were selected representing an urban environment, and each of elements was suggested to citizens of Kyungju with 7 point Likert Scale. The analysis of C.I.V was operated under the three criteria: The first, three of urban space scale(urban scale, neighborhood scale, and housing scale), the second, four elements of urban living environment(safety, amenity, healthfulness, and effectiveness), and the last, thirteen urban unit environment(housing, traffic, education, tourism, medical/health, culture, etc.). The results were as follows: C.I.V to each of 118 elements was cleary defined, showing the possibilities of being applied to a method for subjective, or cognitive evaluation on urban environment: It was revealed that citizens'C.I.V was rather higher in non-physical, qualitative elements than in physical and quantitative ones. This shows well the limitation of the objective method of evaluation of urban environment: The results of the others' studies on the image of Kyungju based on the cognitive approach, being focused on the analysis of the visual aspects of urban structure, cultural assets, historic site and tourism, were almost same as this study but it was quite different for this research to reveal well the citizens' cognition on their living environment of traffic, education, medical, etc..

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.471-482
• /
• 2021

We aimed to provide evidences for developing non-pharmacological intervention in older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment(MCI) by integrated literature review. The final 16 papers were selected as a result of an integrated literature analysis. All of them are focused on strengthening cognitive activities, while Korean studies have often merged emotional activities such as music therapy and laughter therapy rather than physical activities such as exercise therapy, international studies have combined physical activities rather than emotional activities. The effects of non-pharmacological intervention differed according to the outcome variables. The primary variables were cognitive function and depression, and secondary variables were found to have effects on physical function, activities of daily living (ADL), and self-efficacy. This study contributes to a multidisciplinary approach that can be applied in the clinical field through the development of various non-pharmaceutical intervention for the prevention of dementia in the older adults with MCI.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.178-188
• /
• 2024

In the near future, it is expected that there will be billions of connected devices using fifth generation (5G) network services. The recently available base stations (BSs) need to mitigate their loads without changing and at the least monetary cost. The available spectrum resources are limited and need to be exploited in an efficient way to meet the ever-increasing demand for services. Device to Device communication (D2D) technology will likely help satisfy the rapidly increasing capacity and also effectively offload traffic from the BS by distributing the transmission between D2D users from one side and the cellular users and the BS from the other side. In this paper, we propose to apply D2D overlay communication with cognitive radio capability in 5G networks to exploit unused spectrum resources taking into account the dynamic spectrum access. The performance metrics; throughput and delay are formulated and analyzed for CSMA-based medium access control (MAC) protocol that utilizes a common control channel for device users to negotiate the data channel and address the contention between those users. Device users can exploit the cognitive radio to access the data channels concurrently in the common interference area. Estimating the achievable throughput and delay in D2D communication in 5G networks is not exploited in previous studies using cognitive radio with CSMA-based MAC protocol to address the contention. From performance analysis, applying cognitive radio capability in D2D communication and allocating a common control channel for device users effectively improve the total aggregated network throughput by more than 60% compared to the individual D2D throughput without adding harmful interference to cellular network users. This approach can also reduce the delay.