• 대한임상전기생리학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2013

Purpose : This study was to identify the effect of cognitive reaction following inactive electrode placement when applying anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex. Methods : For this study a total of 28 stroke patients participated. Before applying transcranial direct current stimulation, cognitive reaction was measured (P300 of event related potential, cognitive reaction time), and subjects were randomly assigned to two group. Transcranial direct current stimulation was applied to the scalp with an intensity of $0.04mA/cm^2$ for 15 minutes. All subjects were given an anode transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor area and inactive electrodes over the deltoid muscle (group I) and supra-orbital area (group II). Cognitive reactions were measured after applying transcranial direct current stimulation. Results : For this study a total of 28 stroke patients participated. Before applying transcranial direct current stimulation, cognitive reaction was measured (P300 of event related potential, cognitive reaction time), and subjects were randomly assigned to two group. Transcranial direct current stimulation was applied to the scalp with an intensity of $0.04mA/cm^2$ for 15 minutes. All subjects were given an anode transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor area and inactive electrodes over the deltoid muscle (group I) and supra-orbital area (group II). Cognitive reactions were measured after applying transcranial direct current stimulation. Conclusion : Thus transcranial direct current stimulation on the primary motor area may help cognitive reaction regardless of inactive electrode placement.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program application on cognition and depression of patients with mild cognitive impairment, and to find an intervention method that can enhance active participation of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods : In this study, 50 mild cognitive impairment patients were divided into a treatment group (25 patients) and a control group (25 patients). The treatment group was applied with a transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program, while the control group received a placebo transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program. Both groups received five 50-minute sessions per week (one session per day) for six weeks (total of 30 sessions). NCSE was used to evaluate the cognitive functions of the patients before and after treatment intervention. Moreover, K-BDI was conducted to examine the depression of the patients. Results : As a result of the transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program intervention, the cognitive function of both treatment and control group significantly (p<.05) improved, and the depression of both treatment and control group significantly (p<.05) decreased. Moreover, the changes in cognitive functions and depression were significant between the two groups¸ treatment and control group (p<.05). Conclusion : The results of the study showed that the application of the transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program significantly improved the cognitive function of mild cognitive impairment patients and decreased the depression of them. Therefore, it could be concluded that the transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program was an intervention method which positively affects the cognitive function and depression of mild cognitive impairment patients.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.197-210
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• 1997

This study was conducted to test the effect of cognitive stimulation training on elderly persons with dementia. The design of the research was one group in pre-test-post-test design. The subjects were nine demented persons over sixty years, with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Training was administered by research assistants on a one to one basis for thirty to forty minutes, three times a week for eight weeks. In order to evaluate the effect of cognitive stimulation training, we measured cognitive function before and after three training sessions each. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a paired t-test analysis using a spss pc package, The results are as follows: 1) The recipients of the training program showed improvement in overall cognitive functioning. The MMSK - K score, recall levels of concepts, daily tasks, personal past history and performance of word fluency were significantly increased after training. 2) There was a significant improvement in cognitive functioning over the training period: recall levels of concepts, daily tasks, past personal history and performance of word fluency significantly increased over the training period progessively, The results suggest that cognitive stimulation training is effective in improving and maintaining overall cognitive function of elderly persons with dementia.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2021

Purpose : There is a lack of research on this field in the Republic of Korea, especially those that have seen the effect of interaction between transcranial direct current stimulation and computerized cognitive rehabilitation therapy. This study divided 30 dementia patients into a treatment group, which received transcranial direct current stimulation and computerized cognitive rehabilitation, and a control group, which received pseudo-transcranial direct current stimulation and pseudo-computerized cognitive rehabilitation. This study evaluated the effects of these treatments on the visual perception, cognition functions, and daily activities of dementia patients. Methods : Fifteen subjects were allocated to the treatment group and the other 15 subjects were allocated to the control group. Treatments were given at intervals of five sessions per week (30 minutes per session) for six weeks (30 times in total). This study used the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (NCSE) to examine cognitive functions, MVPT to evaluate visual perception, and FIM to test daily living activities before and after applying the treatments. Results : The results of this study showed that cognitive functions, visual perception, and daily living activities significantly (p<.05) improved after the intervention in the treatment group and the control group. The changes in cognitive functions, visual perception, and daily living activities due to the treatments were significantly different between the groups (p<.05). Conclusion : The results indicated that transcranial direct current stimulation and computerized cognitive rehabilitation therapy improved visual perception and daily living activities by increasing cognitive functions. Consequently, it was found that the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation in conjunction with a computerized cognitive rehabilitation program was an intervention method that could positively affect the visual perception, cognitive function, and daily living activities of dementia patients. Based on the results of this study, the study of arbitration protocols for demential will have to be more active.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1700-1705
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• 2019

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is also called as aging related memory damage. Decreased cognitive function due to aging is known to be associated with the frontal lobe. Alpha wave is generated in the dominance in the frontal lobe or a wide range of regions in the brain, it should be doubted that the brain function might be degraded. Objective: To determine the effect of sensory stimulation type on learning and brain activity pattern of elderly persons with MCI. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial (single blind) Methods: Twenty elderly persons aged more than 65 with MCI were randonmized to simultaneous visual/auditory stimulation group (SVASG) and or auditory stimulation group (ASG). Ten peoples were assigned to each group and lectroencephalogram test was performed to individuals. In the electroencephalogram test, electroencephalography of prior to sensory stimulation, and during sensory stimulation were measured to compare brain activity pattern according to the study groups and measurement period. Results: The relative alpha power due to a sensory stimulation type showed that the SVASG significantly decreased in the left frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe statistically compared to those of the ASG while sensory stimulation was given (p<.05). The relative beta power due to a sensory stimulation type showed that the SVASG significantly increased in the left and right frontal lobes, the left and right parietal lobes, and the left temporal lobe statistically compared to those of the ASG while sensory stimulation was given (p<.05). Conclusions: Electroencephalographic analysis showed that the type of sensory stimulation can affect the brain activity pattern. However, the effects were not studied that which brain activity pattern help to improved cognitive function of elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1600-1606
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• 2022

Objective: This study was to compares and analyzes programs applied to improve cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment and early dementia in the community to find out their effectiveness. Methods: In this study, 12 papers were finalized by searching for "elderly", "cognitive", "community", and "program" using the database of the Research Information System (RISS), National Assembly Library, and Korean Studies Information (KISS). Results: Programs for cognitive function were in the order of cognitive stimulation program, arts and crafts, and exercise program. In the program, rather than applying the cognitive stimulation program alone, the program was operated by combining leisure or exercise, music, art, and handicraft. The time was shown to be 30 minutes. The most frequently used evaluation tool was MMSE, followed by GDS and BBS. By cognitive domain, cognitive stimulation program and memory, satisfaction in psychology, and balance ability in exercise were evaluated the most. In the cognitive area, various cognitive stimulation areas were included, and in the exercise area, basic exercise, muscle strength exercise, joint exercise, and balance exercise were applied. Conclusion: Therefore, developing a program to improve cognitive function for mild cognitive impairment, it will be possible to prepare guidelines to establish and development.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2023

본 연구의 목적은 지역사회 기반 인지자극 프로그램이 경도인지장애 노인의 인지기능과 주관적 기억에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것이다. 경기도 소재 G시 D치매안심센터에서 2021년 4월부터 2021년 8월까지 3개월 이상 쉼터 프로그램에 참여하는 이용자 중 연구의 목적을 이해하고 참여에 동의한 15명으로 선정하여 적용하였다. 프로그램은 3 개월 동안 주 3회 총 36회 인지자극프로그램으로 구성하여 진행되었다. 인지자극프로그램은 지남력 강화, 인지훈련, 회상과 음악, 미술, 신체 놀이 등 다양한 활동으로 인지 기능을 자극하고, 사회기능 향상 목적으로 동용. 민요, 타악기, 국민체조, 춤, 게임, 전래놀이 등으로 구성되었다. 인지자극 프로그램 진행한 결과 인지기능은 인지자극프로그램 실시 전 평균이 26.33점에서 실시 후 평균이 28.46점으로 2.13점 증가 하였고, 통계적으로도 유의한 결과가 나왔다(p=0.000). 주관적 기억은 인지자극프로그램 실시 전 평균이 7.13점에서 실시 후 평균이 3.60점으로 3.53점 감소 하였고, 통계적으로도 유의한 결과가 나왔다(p=0.000). 이 결과를 통해 경도인지장애 노인에게 인지자극프로그램이 효과가 있다고 확인할 수 있다. 치매로 인한 비용 부담으로 이어지고 있으며 특히나 인지기능 저하는 노인의 삶의 질이 떨어지고 그로인한 다양한 부담을 가져온다. 앞으로 다양한 환경에 적용되는 인지자극프로그램 연구가 필요하다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2023

Purpose : This study evaluated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program on the depression, hand functions, cognitive function, and activities of daily living of patients with mild cognitive impairment by dividing 20 patients with mild cognitive impairment and depression. The 20 patients were divided into a treatment group (transcranial direct current stimulation + a virtual reality program) and a control group (placebo transcranial direct current stimulation + a placebo virtual reality program). Methods : This study allocated ten subjects to the treatment group and ten subjects to the control group. The treatment was given five times per week for six weeks (30 sessions), and each session was 30 minutes. This study screened depression by using SGDS-K, a short geriatric depression scale, to examine depression before and after treatment intervention. This study also used the box and block test, NCSE, and FIM to evaluate hand functions, cognitive function, and activities of daily living, respectively. Results : The results showed that depression significantly decreased, hand functions significantly increased, cognitive function significantly improved, and activities of daily living significantly increased after intervention in the treatment and control groups. The magnitude of changes in depression, hand functions, cognitive function, and activities of daily living was significantly different between the two groups after intervention (p>.05). Conclusion : The results showed that the application of transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program could improve cognitive function, hand functions, and activities of daily living by decreasing depression. Therefore, it can be concluded that the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program is an intervention method, which can be applied for decreasing depression, enhancing hand functions, improving cognitive function, and increasing activities of daily living in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2023

Purpose: We investigated the effects of transcranial stimulation and task-oriented training on upper extremity and cognitive function in chronic stroke patients. Methods: A total of 30 patients were randomly divided into transcranial stimulation and task-oriented training groups (TT) and task-oriented training groups (TO). The TT group performed 30 min 5 times a week for 4 weeks in task-oriented training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation. The TO group performed 30 min 5 times a week for 4 weeks in task-oriented training. To measure upper extremity function, the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, Manual Function Test, and Cognitive Function Test were performed using the Stroop Test and the Trail Making Test. Results: There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) before and after training in both groups, and the TT group showed significant improvement in both groups. Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed transcranial stimulation and task-oriented training in upper extremity function and cognitive function in patients with chronic strokes.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.239-250
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 2-week somatosensory stimulation program on cognitive function and ADL of patients with brain damage. Methods: The sample consisted of two groups of patients with stroke: 10 patients with a mean age of 59.0 years who were treated with somatosensory stimulation, and 9 patients with a mean age of 51.78 years, who were not treated with somatosensory intervention. A nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design was used to assess the functional recovery after stroke. Instruments used in this study were MMSE-K for cognitive function and FIM for ADL. Results: The hypothesis 1 that "Patients with stroke who were treated with the somatosensory stimulation program will show higher MMSE-K score than that of the non-treatment group" was supported(Z = -2.390, p = .017). The hypothesis 2 that "Patients with stroke who were treated with the somatosensory stimulation program will show higher FIM score than that of the non-treatment group", however, was partially supported(social cognition: Z = -2.204, p = .045). Conclusion: Somatosensory stimulation was effective to patients with stroke in improving their cognitive function. These findings suggest that somatosensory input can be adopted to nursing intervention for functional recovery after stroke.