• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the cognitive function in the elderly and to identify the influencing factors. Methods: The design of this study was descriptive research design. A total of 139 elderly people (aged 65 years and over) visiting the electroencephalogram (EEG) center in Seoul, Korea were evaluated. Data were assessed by self-administered questionnaires and CNS Vital Signs (CNSVS). Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 23.0 for Windows. Results: There were significant differences in the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), executive functions and reasoning according to education level. K-MMSE, visual memory and executive functions were different depending on the jobs. Age was highly correlated with cognitive function. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the factor significantly associated with reaction time and visual memory was depression. Depression and Trait-Anxiety had significant impacts on executive functions and K-MMSE. Conclusion: CNSVS enabled the accurate and objective measurement of cognitive function. Therefore, this study provides useful data to improve cognitive function of the community-dwelling elderly. The results suggested that there is need for comprehensive interventional programs that manage cognitive impairment.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.13-26
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• 2023

Recently, the development of wireless network technologies has been advancing in several directions: increasing data transmission speed, enhancing user mobility, expanding the range of services offered, improving the utilization of the radio frequency spectrum, and enhancing the intelligence of network and subscriber equipment. In this research, a series of contradictions has emerged in the field of wireless network technologies, with the most acute being the contradiction between the growing demand for wireless communication services (on operational frequencies) and natural limitations of frequency resources, in addition to the contradiction between the expansions of the spectrum of services offered by wireless networks, increased quality requirements, and the use of traditional (outdated) management technologies. One effective method for resolving these contradictions is the application of artificial intelligence elements in wireless telecommunication systems. Thus, the development of technologies for building intelligent (cognitive) radio and cognitive wireless networks is a technological imperative of our time. The functions of artificial intelligence in prospective wireless systems and networks can be implemented in various ways. One of the modern approaches to implementing artificial intelligence functions in cognitive wireless network systems is the application of fuzzy logic and fuzzy processors. In this regard, the work focused on exploring the application of fuzzy logic in prospective cognitive wireless systems is considered relevant.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 2015

Purpose: This research study not only examine the relationship between cognitive function, IADL, depression and quality of life, but also clarifies factors impacting quality of life for the elderly. The purpose of this study is to administer health promotion programs and to improve quality of life for the elderly. Methods: Data were collected from May 20, to June 10, 2014. The participants were 157 elderly persons with mild cognitive injury (MCI), who had under 23 points on MoCa-K from three different senior welfare centers in Daejeon. The questionnaires were conducted by four university students after receiving instruction from the researcher and consisted of general characteristics, cognitive function, depression and quality of life. SPSS WIN 19.0 program was used for data analysis. Results: Cognitive function showed positive correlation with quality of life (r=175, p=.028). IADL did not show correlation with quality of life (r=-.005, p=.947). However cognitive function(r=-.344, p<.001) and depression (r=-.623, p<.001) showed negative correlation with quality of life. In addition, the factors impacting quality of life were cognitive function (${\beta}=.14$, p=.29) and depression (${\beta}=-.61$, p<.001) which accounted for 39% of quality of life. Conclusion: These findings showed that the participants had depression and their cognitive function was low. As a result, the more participants' cognitive function decreased, the more their quality of life decreased. In addition, the more their depression decreased, the more their quality of life improved.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate cognitive function decline by socio-demographic and health-related characteristics (health behaviors and health status) using 5th Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging panel data. Methods: The subjects were 4,440 community-dwelling people aged over 57 years. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, χ²-test, and binary logistic regression analysis using SPSS ver. 25.0. Results: The findings revealed that socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, area of residence, educational level, marital status, number of children, number of grand-children) and health-related characteristics (smoking, drinking, regular exercise, weight category by body mass index, hypertension and diabetes mellitus) were factors that influenced cognitive function decline (p<.05). Conclusions: Cognitive function decline was closely related to health behaviors and disease types. Future studies must examine related constructs to accurately determine these relationships among various populations. The present study could be used as a tool for the development and implementation of health promotion and prevention strategies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.370-379
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between gambling severity and cognitive distortion in Koreans with a gambling disorder. Methods: Secondary data from a comprehensive assessment of problematic gambling between 2015 and 2017 on Korea Center on Gambling Problems were used. The subjects in this study were 254 Koreans with that gambling disorder. Data were collected with self-report structured questionnaires which included individual characteristics, the Korean version of Problem Gambling Severity Index, the Center for the Epidemiologic Studies Depression, and the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA with the $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and a mediation analysis of the Baron and Kenny method with the SPSS 22.0 program. Results: Significant correlations emerged among the three variables, gambling severity, depression, and cognitive distortion. Depression exerted a partial mediating effect (${\beta}=.20$, p<.001) on the relationship between gambling severity and cognitive distortion (Sobel test: z=2.33, p=.012). Conclusion: Based on this study's findings, nursing intervention programs focused on managing gambling severity and decreasing depression are highly recommended to alleviate cognitive distortion in people with a gambling disorder.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.26-35
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• 2014

The statistical graphics is a design field focusing on the user perception aspects for the correct information delivery and the effective understanding, with the use of the quantitative data through the information analysis, extraction, visualization process. The statistical graphics with the big data composition factor is termed as the statistical big data graphics. In the statistical graphics the visual factors are used to reduce the errors in the perception part and to successfully deliver the information. However, in the statistical big data graphics the visual factors of the enormous data are causing the cognitive discouragements. The purpose of this study is to extract the cognitive discouragement factors from the big data statistical graphics, categorizing the types of the statistical big data graphics as 'network type', 'segment type', and 'mixed type', based on their compositional shapes, and explored the characteristics according to them. Especially, based on the visual main factors in the statistical big data graphics, We extracted the cognitive discouragement factors that appear in the high visualization as the four categories: 'multi-dimensional cases', 'various color', 'information overlap', and 'legibility of the writing'.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2017

In a cognitive radio network (CRN), cognitive radio users (CUs) should be powered by a small battery for their operations. The operations of the CU often include spectrum sensing and data transmission. The spectrum sensing process may help the CU avoid a collision with the primary user (PU) and may save the energy that is wasted in transmitting data when the PU is present. However, in a time-slotted manner, the sensing process consumes energy and reduces the time for transmitting data, which degrades the achieved throughput of the CRN. Subsequently, the sensing process does not always offer an advantage in regards to throughput to the CRN. In this paper, we propose a scheme to find an optimal policy (i.e., perform spectrum sensing before transmitting data or transmit data without the sensing process) for maximizing the achieved throughput of the CRN. In the proposed scheme, the data collection period is considered as the main factor effecting on the optimal policy. Simulation results show the advantages of the optimal policy.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.59-64
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• 2018

A cooperative spectrum sensing has been proposed to improve the sensing performance in cognitive radio (CR) network. However, cooperative sensing causes additional overhead for reporting the result of local sensing to the fusion center. In this paper, we propose a technique to reduce the overhead of data transmission of cooperative sensing for applying the quantum data fusion technique in cognitive radio networks by omitting the lowest quantized in the local sensed results. If a CR node senses the lowest quantized level, it will not send its local sensing data in the corresponding sensing period. The fusion center can implcitly know that a spectific CR node sensed lowest level if there is no report from that CR node. The goal of proposed sensing policy is to reduce the overhead of quantized data fusion scheme for cooperative sensing. Also, our scheme can be adapted to all quantized data fusion schemes because it only deal with the form of the quantized data report. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme improves performance in terms of reporting overhead.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.6033-6038
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• 2015

Background: Experience of lung cancer includes negative impacts on both physical and psychological health. Pain is one of the negative experiences of lung cancer. Cognitive behavioral therapy techniques are often recommended as treatments for lung cancer pain. The objective of this review was to synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques in treating lung cancer pain. This review considered studies that included lung cancer patients who were required to 1) be at least 18 years old; 2) speak and read English or Thai; 3) have a life expectancy of at least two months; 4) experience daily cancer pain requiring an opioid medication; 5) have a positive response to opioid medication; 6) have "average or usual" pain between 4 and 7 on a scale of 0-10 for the day before the clinic visit or for a typical day; and 7) able to participate in a pain evaluation and treatment program. This review considered studies to examine interventions for use in treatment of pain in lung cancer patients, including: biofeedback, cognitive/attentional distraction, imagery, hypnosis, and meditation. Any randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined cognitive behavioral therapy techniques for pain specifically in lung cancer patients were included. In the absence of RCTs, quasi-experimental designs were reviewed for possible conclusion in a narrative summary. Outcome measures were pain intensity before and after cognitive behavioural therapy techniques. The search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished literature. A three-step search was utilised by using identified keywords and text term. An initial limited search of MEDLINE and CINAHL was undertaken followed by analysis of the text words contained in the title and abstract, and of the index terms used to describe the article. A second search using all the identified keywords and index terms was then undertaken across all included databases. Thirdly, the reference list of all identified reports and articles were searched for additional studies. Searches were conducted during January 1991- March 2014 limited to English and Thai languages with no date restriction. Materials and Methods: All studies that met the inclusion criteria were assessed for methodological quality by three reviewers using a standardized critical appraisal tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Three reviewers extracted data independently, using a standardized data extraction tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Ideally for quantitative data meta-analysis was to be conducted where all results were subject to double data entry. Odds ratios (for categorical data) and weighted mean differences (for continuous data) and their 95% confidence intervals were to be calculated for analysis and heterogeneity was to be assessed using the standard Chi-square. Where statistical pooling was not possible the finding were be presented in narrative form. Results: There were no studies located that met the inclusion requirements of this review. There were also no text and opinion pieces that were specific to cognitive behavioral therapy techniques pain and lung cancer patients.Conclusions: There is currently no evidence available to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy techniques for pain in lung cancer patients.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.47-58
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• 2021

Purpose: In general, franchise business models can generate higher returns and profits than non-franchise businesses. Therefore, it is necessary to study customer-based foodservice franchise brand awareness and service quality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of service quality and brand awareness of foodservice franchises on attitudes divided into cognitive and affective attitudes and revisit intentions. Through this study, we intend to establish a structure that leads to service quality and brand awareness-cognitive attitude and affective attitude-loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology: In order to verify the hypothesis of this study, the survey was conducted among general consumers over the age of 20 who had visited a foodservice franchise within the last 3 months. Among the collected questionnaires, one insincere questionnaire was excluded, and 299 copies were used for analysis. The data collected to verify the hypothesis of this study were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24.0. Result: First, it was found that the service quality of the foodservice franchise had a positive (+) effect on the cognitive attitude, and the service quality of the foodservice franchise had a statistically significant positive effect on the affective attitude. Second, the brand awareness of the foodservice franchise was found to have a statistically significant positive (+) effect on the cognitive attitude. and the brand awareness of the foodservice franchise had a statistically significant positive (+) effect on the affective attitude as well. Third, cognitive attitude was found to have a statistically significant positive (+) effect on loyalty, and affective attitude was also found to have a statistically significant positive (+) effect on loyalty. Conclusions: First, this study applied the S-O-R theory to the effect of service quality and brand recognition on cognitive attitude, affective attitude, and loyalty. Second, the structure leading to service quality and brand awareness-cognitive attitude and affective attitude-revisit intention was established. Third, attitudes in this study were divided into cognitive attitudes and affective attitudes. In general, attitude is studied as a single dimension as a cognitive attitude, but in this study, attitude was studied by dividing it into a cognitive dimension and an affective dimension