• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.280-283
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• 1985

Lipid fractions of the roots of cultured (five years old) and wild (eight years old) Codonopsis lanceolata were analyzed. The most abundant fraction of the lipids extracted from cultured and wild roots of C. lanceolata was neutral lipid and the next came phospholipid and glycolipid in descending order. The percentage, however, of the neutral lipid in total lipid was comparatively low, while that of phospholipid, particularly high; 41.30% and 29.34% in that of cultured and wild one respectively. The richest fraction of neutral lipid was triglyceride; 39.49% and 32.88% in the cultured and the wild respectively, and followed by sterol esters and free acid. Noticed amounts of sterol esters and monoglycerides which is able to be used as an emulsifiers, were contained in the neutral lipid of roots; 27.74% and 5.11% respectively. The unsaturated fatty acid fraction of the total lipid hydrolyzate contained in cultured and wild C. lanceolata roots was 72.87% and 74.37% respectively. The main fatty acid contained in the total lipid hydrolyzate was linoleic acid, and followed by linolenic acid palmitic acid. The main saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid and lauric acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.274-279
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• 1985

Proximate compositions, minerals and protein fractions of the roots of cultured and wild Codonopsis lanceolata of different age groups were examined as the basic research for the study of their source of processed foods. The most abundant proximate composition of the roots of C. lanceolata was observed to be total sugars and next come crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and ash in descending order irrespective of cultured and wild ones. The richest mineral contained in the roots was noticed to be K and followed by Mg and Ca. Generally increased tendency of crude protein, fat, ash, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu and P contents were observed with older roots, however, decreased total sugars and Fe content. Lead and cadmium content was far bellow the authorized tolerance limits. The quantitative fractionation of the protein of the roots ranked albumin the highest content, followed by globuin, prolamin and glutelin. Decreased albumin content was observed with the older age roots, while increased globulin, prolamin and glutelin content. The minimum solubility of the soluble protein of the roots was found to be at pH 4.0 and maximum, at pH 10.0. Disc gel electrophoresis of the soluble protein of C. lanceolata roots showed almost similar patterns and numbers of bands. The molecular weight for main band protein was estimated to be about 90,000.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.3 s.144
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• pp.347-355
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• 2006

Possible nematicidal effects of plant extracts of 25 species uninfected by M. hapla were observed at the 5 times dilutions in all treatments and at the 10 times dilutions in Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Acorus calamus, Achyranthes japonica, Agrimonia pilosa, Dianthus chinensis, Geum aleppicum, Houttuynia cordate, Rudbeckia bicolor, Ricinus communis, Scrophularia buergeriana, Sesamum iindicum, Sedum kamtschaticum, and Sanguisorba officinalis. The 13 species plant extracts of 5 times dilutions were evaluated for the suppression effects on reducing densities of M. hapla by treating to C. lanceolata sown and transplanted later in pots. All the plant extracts showed suppressive effects on M. hapla except for.A. pilosa. The suppressive effects of A. asphodeloides, A. japonica, A. calamus, D. chinensis, R. communis, and S. buergeriana were over 80%. When the selected plants had been incorporated into the soil before C. lanceolata was sown, the numbers of root galls, egg sacs and $J_{2}$ appeared lower in the treatment of 12 plant species than in control except for S. indicum. But the suppressive effects were lower than the effects of selected plants being cultivated simultaneously in the field. A. calamus and A. japonica exhibited over 70% suppressive effects, among the tested plants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.140-154
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• 2023

Purpose: Deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata) is generally used in conventional medicines and is considered to have remedial properties to cure several diseases. However, application of the C. lanceolata bud as a novel food ingredient has not been fully explored. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is associated with the production of oxidative damage that results in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and cell death. This study examines the neuroprotective effect of C. lanceolate bud extracts (CLBE) on H₂O₂-stimulated apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: C. lanceolata bud of length 10 to 15 cm was collected and extracted using 70% ethanol. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the EZ-cytox reagent, measurement of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The morphological changes of the nuclei were determined using the Hoechst 33258 dye. Enzyme activities were analyzed using the caspase activity assay kit. Related protein expressions were quantified by the Western blot immunoassay in H₂O₂-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. Results: Cell viability, LDH release and ROS generation, demonstrated neuroprotective effects of CLBE in H₂O₂-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. The occurrence of apoptosis in H₂O₂-stimulated cells was confirmed by caspase activity, which was increased in H₂O₂-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells compared to the unexposed group. Pretreatment of CLBE was observed to inhibit the H₂O₂-stimulated apoptosis. In addition, exposure to CLBE resulted in increased expression of the Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma 2) protein and decreased expression of the Bax (Bcl2 associated X) protein. Conclusion: This study shows that exposure to CLBE alleviates the H₂O₂-stimulated neuronal damage in SH-SY5Y cells. Our results indicate the potential application of CLBE in neurodegenerative disease therapy or prevention.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.409-414
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• 2002

This study was carried out in order to investigate the main traits related to photosynthesis by multiple regression analysis. The photosynthetic rate showed more significant increase in shaded leaves of plant than in non-shaded leaves of plant after shading treatment for 44 days. Negative correlation was found between net photosynthetic rate and SLA(specific leaf area). However, the values obtained from the linear equation were different and were highly significance. From the above results, net photosynthetic rate of shading treatment is higher than that of control in the same SLA. We also found that there were correlation between stomatal conductance and SPAD as well as net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. By the multiple regression analysis, SPAD value, SLA, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential showed a higher correlation coefficient of $r=0.848^{**}$. From the results, out of 4 factors(SPAD value, SLA, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential) stomatal conductance was main factor in the view points of partial regressing.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.338-343
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• 1989

The volatile oil of the root of Codonopsis lanceolata Traut. (Benth. et Hook.) was isolated by steam distillation and extraction method and fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. The total volatile oil and each fractions were analyzed by GG, GC-MS and retention indices matching. A total of 50 components were identified in the volatile oil including 16 terpene and terpene alcohols, 13 hydrocarbons, 5 alcohols, 6 aldehyde and ketones, 6 acids, 2 esters and 2 miscellaneous components. The major components were n-hexanal (7.3% of total volatile oil), trans-2-hexenal (24.9%), n-hexanol (19.8%), cis-3-hexen-1-ol (5.6%) and trans-2-hexen-1-ol (29.4%).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 1993

Series of studies were conducted to establish biological and chemical control method for Meloidogyne spp to medical herbs by applied of nematophagous fungi, Arthrobotrys spp, Fusarium spp, and egg parastic fungi, Paecilomyces lilacinus were applied for root-knot nematodes on medicinal herbs, Paeonia albiflora, Codonopsis lanceolata, Cnidium officinale. The results are as follow. In pot experiments, The no. of root gall and egg mass and larvae of Cnidium officinale. The results are as follow. In pot experiments. The no. of root gall and egg mass and larvae of Cnidium officinale, Codonopsis lanceolata, Paeonia japonica lowered in P. Lilacinus treated plots compare to untreated control plots. But A. thaumasia F. oxysporum treated plots were less effective. Effect of egg parasitic fungi and chemical treatment at divided root of Paeonia japonica after sterilized in pot were increased in the fresh weight, root weight, control effect in P. lilacinus treated plots as chemical, Carbo G treated plots compare to untreted control plots. I field experiment, the number of root gall, egg mass and nematode density of Paeonia were also suppressed in P. lilacinus treated plots. It was very effective continuous 2 years and transplanting time on Paeonia japonica infested soil with the M. hapla in field in both region, Chillgok and Euisung treated P. lilacinus as chemical treated plots. Soaking effect of insecticide for Paeonia japonica at diving shoot before transplating in pot were effective for 12hours immersion into 1,000 ppm of Benlate T + Mep Ec, Benlate T + Fenthion EC in pot and field Experiment. In the Examination of fungi activily on P.japonica field 1 year after soil treatment, Number of spore of P. lilacinus were 1,000~1,300 in 3 region except Euisung.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2000

It was investigated 91 families, 305 genera, 470 species, 1 subspecies, 30 varieties, 2 forma and total 503 taxa of herbal resources plants in Chollabuk-do area in this study. Among them 45 taxa belong to Compositae, 30 taxa belong to Rosaceae and 23 taxa belong to Leguminosae in order were occurred frequently. In general the herbal resources plants were distributed abundantly in Togyusan, Naejangsan, Changansan and Taedunsan area. Comparatively high frequent species was surveyed as follows: Schizandra chinensis, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, C. simplex, Asarum sieboldii, Arisaema amurense var. serratum, Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum, Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina and Veratrum patulum etc. There was growing 30-50 individuals of Codonopsis lanceolata in 5m$\times$5m quadrat, 90 Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum plant in 1m$\times$1m and 100 Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum plant in 1m$\times$1m quadrat from Togyusan quantitatively. Rare and herbal worth species were observed to distribute such as Gastrodia elata in Naejangsan and Togyusan and Acanthopanax senticosus in Mandoksan, Chinan-gun, respectively. Cultivating species in the farm now and/or favorable species in the future will be recommended here, for example, Codonopsis pilosus, A. senticosus, G. elata, Rubus coreanus, C. lanceolata and Pleuropterus multiflorus.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.210-217
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• 1999

To detect the toxic relevant components, asarone, coumarin and thujone, in the 87 medicinal plants used in brewing a Korean traditional folk wine, their 20% ethanol extracts were prepared and purified by a SPE(solid phase extraction) method. The toxic components in the purified extracts were identified by GC-FID and GC/MS analysis. On analyses, asarone was detected in 6 species, Acorus gramineus Solander, Acorus asiaticus Nakai, Angelia gigus Nakai, Santalum album, etc.; coumarin in 22 species, Anethum graveolens, Foeniculum vulgare Gaertner, Lithosperum erythrorhizon Siebold et Zuccarinii, etc.; thujone in 24 species, Achyranthes japonica Nakai, Amomum xanthiodes Wallich, Artemisia asiatia Nakai, seed of Cannabis sativa L., Caragana sinica R., Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, Codonopsis lanceolata Bentham et flooker, Foeniculum vulgare Gaertner, etc.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.368-374
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• 2016

The perennial edible wild plants such as Aster glehnii, Solidago virgaurea subsp. gigantean, Allium ochotense, Athyrium acutipinnulum, Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus and Codonopsis lanceolata have cultivated as the main income crops introduced into the fields about 30 years ago in Ulleung island. Soil samples were collected from 190 fields and assessed the effects of management practices on soil chemical properties at wild edible plant fields under no-till system. The strong acidic soils of pH 5.4 or less were detected in 45% of the soil samples. The level of soil organic matter was being held at mean $63{\pm}28g\;kg^{-1}$, 2.7 times higher than upland soils in Korea. Available phosphate and exchangeable potassium showed more than recommended levels of upland crops as $680{\pm}489mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $1.94{\pm}1.7cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The fields of Solidago and Aster showing strong soil acidity and high level of available phosphate and water soluble $NO_3{^-}$ were distinguished from other crops in analysis of variance and principal component analysis of soil chemicals. These results suggested that high frequency of acidic soil and high levels of available $P_2O_5$, exchangeable $K_2O$ and water soluble $NO_3{^-}$ were accompanied with the use of urea and NPK-fertilizer based on nitrogen in the field. However, further research is needed to understand the appropriate management of fertilization and the prevention of soil acidification for wild edible plants.