• 한국의류학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.371-385
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• 2013

This study considers types of expression and examines aesthetic characteristics through analyzing designs (such as the Coca-Cola contour bottle as fashion) which has actively progressed in the collaboration of fashion designers and fashion brands. The conclusions of this study are as follows. The types of fashion expression on the Coca-Cola contour bottle are a presentation of diverse fashion images through a digital print expression that allow people-friendly images to be three-dimensional (or by adding a formative element) and the use of accessories or clothes. The symbolism characteristic were first indicated for the aesthetic characteristics on the Coca-Cola contour bottle. Symbolism is indicated through the identification of an implicit meaning towards a specific object. The symbolism of fashion was highlighted by designing the Coca-Cola's contour bottle with a typical material and pattern pursued by fashion designers and fashion brands. Second, the characteristic of playfulness was presented to expresses the instinctive desire in human nature for pleasure. The expression of visual playfulness is emphasized through the combination of item and image or by changing and re-analyzing a form through refuting stereotypes. Third, the characteristic of femininity was shown to express beauty in external image or a woman's delicate and soft inner propensity. Femininity was created by presenting a sensual femininity that recognized the voluminous curve silhouette of the Coca-Cola bottle such as a sexy female body or through the combination of a women's inner beauty with the sensory image of the object.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.247-251
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• 2006

Bezoars are collections or concretions of indigestible foreign material that accumulate and coalesce in the gastrointestinal tract; they usually occur in patients who have undergone gastric surgery and have delayed gastric emptying. Treatment options include dissolution with enzymes, endoscopic fragmentation with removal or aspiration, and surgery. Recently, the efficacy of nasogastric lavage or endoscopic infusion of Coca-Cola for the dissolution of phytobezoar have been reported. We report a case of phytobezoar successfully treated by oral administration and endoscopic injection of Coca-Cola. A 62-year-old woman was referred to Yeungnam University Hospital for epigastric pain. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed one very large, dark-greenish, solid bezoar in the stomach with gastric ulcer and duodenal bulb deformity. We performed endoscopic injection of Coca-Cola into the bezoar. The patient was instructed to drink four liters of Coca-Cola per day. At endoscopy two days later, the phytobezoar was easily broken into pieces. At endoscopy on the $11^{th}$ day of admission, the phytobezoar was decreased in size and removed by endoscopic fragmentation with a polypectomy snare. At follow up endoscopy after 13 days, the bezoar was completely dissolved.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.509-515
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• 2008

현대 사회에서 증가하고 있는 산성 음료의 소비는 치아 부식의 원인으로 주목받고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 산성 음료와 산부식 용액, 산성 음료 적용 후 칫솔질, 산성 음료 적용 후 우유, 타액, Tooth $Mousse^{(R)}$ 의 적용이 치아 법랑질 표면 재광화에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 사람 소구치의 치관 시편을 제작하여 각각을 적용시킨 후 scanning electron micrograph (SEM)를 촬영한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Coca-Cola와 Chilsung-Cider의 산도는 FineEtch 37과 self-etching primer인 $Tyrian^{TM}SPE$의 산도보다 높았다. 2. Coca-Cola, Chilsung-Cider, FineEtch 37, $Tyrian^{TM}SPE$를 적용한 후 촬영한 SEM 사진에서 법랑질 표면의 부식된 양상을 비교한 결과 Coca-Cola와 Chilsung-Cider의 산부식 정도가 나머지 둘의 산부식 정도보다 낮은 양상을 보였다. 3. Coca-Cola, Chilsung-Cider를 적용한 후 우유, 타액, Tooth $Mousse^{(R)}$를 적용시키고 촬영한 SEM 결과 모두 비슷한 양상을 보였으며 이는 부식된 법랑질 표면보다 덜 부식된 양상을 보였다. 4. Coca-Cola를 적용시킨 다음 칫솔질한 후와 Coca-Cola, 타액, 칫솔질의 순서로 적용한 후 촬영한 SEM 결과, 타액을 적용시킨 법랑질의 표면이 덜 부식된 양상을 보였다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.62-65
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• 2013

Gastric bezoars are concretion of undigested material in the gastrointestinal tract. In the past, gastric bezoars were generally treated with surgical management. Recently, the efficacy of oral intake or endoscopic injection therapy with Coca-Cola has been reported. We report a case of a 47-year-old-man with huge gastric bezoar ($4{\times}2.5$ cm) that was successfully removed by endoscopic fragmentation with Coca-Cola injection. Compared with a single endoscopic fragmentation therapy, the combination therapy with Coca-Cola injection shortened the procedure time and reduced the complication associated with fragmented bezoar.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2020

Background: Although the consumption of vitamin beverages has increased because of the recent interest in health and beauty, guidelines addressing appropriate consumption habits are lacking. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the erosive potential of several vitamin beverages and to propose guidelines for the appropriate intake of these drinks. Methods: Five vitamin beverages were selected after a pre-investigation of the current beverage market. Coca-Cola and mineral water were selected as the control beverages. The pH of the beverages was measured with a calibrated pH meter, and the titratable acidity (TA) was determined by using 1 M sodium hydroxide to reach pH 5.5 (TA5.5) and 7.0 (TA7.0). The screening method suggested by the International Organization for Standardization was used to measure pH variation (ΔpH) by using an under-saturated hydroxyapatite solution to determine the difference between the initial and final pH of the screening solution. All measurements were performed in triplicate. Results: All vitamin beverages tested in this study exhibited a low pH (2.53~2.99), similar to Coca-Cola, which is known to be a highly acidic beverage. The highest TA5.5 and TA7.0 values of the vitamin beverages were 7.03 ml and 8.81 ml, respectively. The largest change in pH determined by using the screening solution was found in Bacchus D (ΔpH 1.44±0.05). The mean ΔpH of the vitamin beverages was 1.12±0.29, which was higher than that of Coca-Cola (positive control, ΔpH 0.58±0.05). Conclusion: Vitamin beverages exhibited an erosive potential capable of damaging enamel surfaces. Therefore, the frequency of vitamin beverage intake should be limited, and individuals consuming these drinks should try to restore normal oral pH as quickly as possible.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different drinks on the color parameters of four different restorative materials. Materials and Methods: Three different composites (Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative, Filtek Ultimate Flowable, and Filtek Silorane, 3M ESPE) and a polyacid-modified composite resin material (Dyract XP, Dentsply DeTrey GmbH) were evaluated. Eighty-four disc-shaped specimens of 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were prepared (n = 21 each). Color coordinates ($L^*a^*b^*$, ${\Delta}L^*$, ${\Delta}a^*$, ${\Delta}b^*$, and ${\Delta}E^*$) were measured using a $V{\dot{I}}TA$ Easyshade Compact ($V{\dot{I}}TA$ Zahnfabrik) after 24 hr of storage (baseline) and after 30 day of storage in three different beverages of black tea, Coca cola, or water (control) (n = 7). In each beverage, the specimens were stored three times a day, one hr each, for 30 day. The color changes (${\Delta}E$) were calculated and were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn multiple comparison test. Results: The color difference (${\Delta}E^*$) of the resin materials ranged between 1.31 and 15.28 after 30 day of immersion in the staining solutions. Dyract XP in Coca cola ($15.28{\pm}2.61$) and black tea ($12.22{\pm}2.73$) showed the highest mean ${\Delta}E^*$ value after 30 day, followed by Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative ($5.99{\pm}1.25$) and Filtek Ultimate Flowable ($4.71{\pm}1.40$) in black tea (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The compomers displayed unacceptable color changes at the end of 30 day in all beverages. Among resin composites, the silorane based composite exhibited relatively good color stability than the others. Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative and Filtek Flowable showed similar color changes in all beverages.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2019

Background: The market for vitamin drinks is expanding both in Korea and worldwide. However, it was difficult to find studies regarding the possibility of tooth erosion induction due to vitamin drinks. The purpose of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of tooth erosion caused by a few commercial vitamin beverages on bovine teeth enamel in terms of erosion depth and fluorescence loss. Methods: Three experimental groups (vitamin drinks), a positive control group (Coca-Cola), and a negative control group (mineral water) were established. Each group consisted of 5 specimens obtained from sound bovine teeth. The pH and titratable acidity of beverages were measured. Specimens were immersed in the beverages and artificial saliva for 6 and 18 hours, respectively. This cycle was repeated for 5 days. The depth of the tooth loss caused by tooth erosion (erosion depth) and maximum loss of fluorescence (Max ${\Delta}F$) were measured using the microscope and quantified light-induced fluorescence-digital, respectively. For the statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test and ANOVA were used to compare the erosion depth and Max ${\Delta}F$ of the enamel surfaces. In addition, Spearman correlations were estimated. Results: The pH of the three vitamin beverages ranged from 2.65 to 3.01, which is similar to that of the positive control group. All beverages, except mineral water, had sugar and acidic ingredients. Vitamin drinks and the positive control, Coca-Cola, caused tooth erosion lesions, and showed significant differences in erosion depth compared to mineral water (p<0.05). The vitamin beverages with low pH were associated with high erosion depth and Max ${\Delta}F$. Conclusion: Vitamin drinks have the potential to cause tooth erosion.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

In this work, source reduction of poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging are discussed as aspect of sustainability, such as reuse, refill and recycling through the various treatment methods and historical studies for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal. Since PET has good chemical, physical and mechanical properties, and provides good oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier properties, PET is one of the most widely used thermoplastic polyester in the U.S. and around the world. As the demand for non-renewable PET is increasing, several approaches have been developed to meet economical feasibility and environmental responsibility without degrading material performance. Several companies, such as Coca-Cola Co., Easterform Packaging Co. and Kraft, have tried to develop lightweight PET bottle, and some of lightweight PET bottles are already commercialized. Reuse and refilling for PET container is well developed in Europe, such as Denmark, German and Netherland by supportive legislation and policies. Recycling process is the best way to economically reduce PET waste. In consequence, advanced technique and further development must be provided due to increasing PET packaging waste.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제22권50호
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• pp.313-322
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• 1999

EVA(Economic Value Added) is a management performance evaluation tool that determines whether a business is earning more than its true cost of capital. Leading corporations like Coca-Cola, AT&T and Briggs&Stratton have set up EVA measurement systems throughout their organizations. EVA reflects opportunity cost of equity ignored in calculating accounting profit and emphasizes the efficiency of capital employed by measuring how much the manufacturing and selling activities produce the economic profit in excess of cost of gross capital. In this paper, we define the concept of EVA and present an example to show the usefulness of EVA.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.613-636
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• 2009

본 연구는 한국과 중국의 대학생을 대상으로 2008년 북경 올림픽의 스폰서와 비(非)스폰서의 브랜드 회상(recall)과 인식(recognition)을 통해 스폰서십의 효과를 측정하였다. 본 연구 결과, 한국과 중국의 올림픽 스폰서십의 효과는 상품카테고리에 따라 다양하게 나타났으며, 중국은 스포츠용품이외에 모든 상품카테고리의 7개의 스폰서들이 비(非)스폰서보다 높은 회상율과 인식률을 보였고, 한국은 8개 상품 카테고리 중 4개의 스폰서만이 비(非)스폰서보다 회상율과 인식율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 대부분 한국과 중국의 대부분 상품 카테고리에서 비(非)스폰서의 오인률에 의해 스폰서의 회상율과 인식률이 잠식당하는 결과로 나타났다. 종합적으로 한국에서는 삼성(모바일), 코카콜라, 맥도날드, 비자카드가 스폰서십에 성공적인 것으로 나타났으며, 나이키, 델, 삼성(컴퓨터), AIG, 현대자동차, 도요타가 매복마케팅에 성공한 비(非)스폰서로 나타났다. 한편, 중국에서는 삼성, 코카콜라, 레노보, 폭스바겐, 비자카드, 중국인민보험공사(中?人民保?公司)가 스폰서십에 성공한 것으로 나타났으며, 이저(李?), 노키아, KFC, 중국인수보험(中?人?保?), 초상은행신용잡(招商?行信用?)가 매복마케팅에 성공한 기업으로 나타났다.