• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.81-108
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• 2008

Since the declaration made by UN Convention on the Law of the Sea on EEZs, The open seas of Northeast Asia, considerd as a convention area, needed new agreements in conformity with the changes brought by the introduction of the Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) system. The Contracting Parties of these agreements set up their own EEZs, which extend certain ranges from their baselines, Fishing in the other party's EEZ is done based on mutual agreements, which take into account traditional fishing activity in the zones. Seperate fishries management systems, in accordance with the relevant legal status of the waters, are applied to individual overlapping areas: Middle Zone in the Bast Sea and the waters south of jeju Island, Interim Measure Zone in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, and the Transitional Zone in the Yellow Sea. They decided to conclude fisheries agreements as the provisional agreement under Article 74(3) of the UN Convention before the delimitations of the EEZs to avoid the territorial disputes. China and Japan concluded the Fishries Agreement in the November 1997, allowing each coastal State 52 mile EEZ. it was followed by Korea and Japan in September 1998, reaching a final compromise. And also Korea and China came to a satisfactary settlement in November 1998. Fisheries agreements have been established between the three North-east Asian States, the agreement are all bilateral. That implies inefficient resource management on the overlapping waters of the three states, especially on the East China Sea. The Korea-Japan Fisheries Agreement and the China-Japan Fishery Agreement worked as governing rules in the North-east Asian seas before the establishment of EEZs (Exclusive Economic Zones). However the conclusion of the bilateral fishery agreements, Korea China and Japan have developed EEZs, and these three countries have competed for the exploitation of fisheries resources. Therefore, the issue of fisheries resource management was no longer a single countries' problem and emerged as a common issue facing these three countries. In recognition of the above-mentioned problem, it is needed for the construction of cooperative System fishery management in the North-east Asian seas. Therefore, cooperative measures should be establishied. The final goal of the construction of fisheries management cooperative system is to establish sustainable fisheries in the North-east Asian seas. However, there is a big difference in fisheries management tools, fishing gear, exploitation rate of species, etc. This implies that a careful approach should be taken in order to achieve the cooperative fisheries management among Korea, China and Japan. conclusionly, the Governments of Korea, China and Japan should complement three bilateral agreemens, and which they prepares to 'Fisheries Resource Restore Program' Between Korea, China and Japan in the adjacent waters south of Jeju Island.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-64
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• 1993

The law of territorial sea is a fundamental law by which the width of sovereign domain of a coastal state is determined. The P.R.China'a regime on the territorial sea was established through the Declaration on China's Ttrritorial Sea of 1958 and the P.R.China's Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone Law of 1992. And the P.R.China's consistent policy on the territorial sea can be summarized as follows ; \circled1 The adoption of the straight baseline and 12 nautical miles of the territorial sea width, \circled2 The foreign merchant vessels can enjoy the right of innocent passage, while requesting for prior permission for the foreign military vessels on the entry into territorial sea. \circled3 The Chiungchow Strait and the Bohai Bay are claimed as the internal waters. \circled4 Enlistment of the whole coastal islands including the Taiwan. 12 nautical miles of the territorial sea width can be recognized as lawfull with respect to the 1982 UNLOS Convention. But the P.R.China's Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone Law of 1992 contains some problems on the legality viewed in the light of customary international law. Firstly, it can be said that the adoption of simple straight baseline is not reasonable, and it must be investigated closely on the hidden intention of China. Secondly, there involved some possibility of international dispute on making Tung Tao which is 69 nautical miles apart from the mainland of a basepoint and on making the Bohai Bay of a historic bay. And also public notification of all basepoints for the straight baselines is necessary to meet the requirement of customary international law, Thirdly, two military zones established unilaterally in 1950 are illegal with respect to the customary international law, and they must be repealed deservedly. Fourthly, there have a lot of restrictions on the innocent passage even for foreign merchant vessels by the municipal law such as the Maritime Traffic Safety Law. As a conclusion, the P.R.China's territorial sea regime contains some illegal elements such as unilateral expansion of the maritime sovereignty or jurisdiction. In order to meet the general principle of the international law, the P.R.China's territorial sea policy must be modified on the basis of multilateral agreement with the states concerned. And Korea, as a state with opposite, has a definite right to take countermeasure agaist the P.R.China's contiguous zone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 2018

The age and growth of Pleurogrammus azonus in the coastal of Gangwon-do, East Sea were determined, from monthly samples of commercial catches, caught by the gill net and set net fishery from January to December in 2008. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) began to increase in September, and reached the maximum between November and December. After spawning GSI began to decrease from January. The annuli of P. azonus are formed once a year, with the boundary between opaque and translucent zones forming from December to January. The relationships between fork length (FL) and body weight (BW) were $BW=0.005FL^{3.240}$($R^2=0.963$) for females and $BW=0.006FL^{3.238}$($R^2=0.946$) for males. The FLs at annuli formation in otoliths were back-calculated from the otolith-length relationship and were adjusted to von Bertalanffy growth curves to $FL_t=70.54(1-{\exp}^{(-0.099(t+1.188))})$ for females and $FL_t=51.87(1-{\exp}^{(-0.135(t+1.697))})$ for males. Until the age of 3 years, males grew faster than females; however, from the age of 4 years, females grew faster than males. In the future, we want to study the relationship between early growth and water temperature changes in the East Sea.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.83-92
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• 2005

Fluid conductivity logging has been applied in the boreholes to identify the permeable fi:actures and estimate the origin of saline groundwater in coast area. Fluid replacement technique measures the fluid electrical conductivity with depth at different times in a well after the borehole is first washed out with different water by passing a tube to the borehole bottom. Then formation water flows into the borehole through aquifer such as permeable fractures or porous formation during ambient or pumping condition. Measured conductivity profiles with times therefore indicate the locations of permeable zone or fractures within the open hole or the fully slotted casing hole. As a result of fluid conductivity logging for three boreholes in the study area, it is interpreted that saline groundwater is caused by seawater intrusion through fractured rock, although the effect by land reclamation partially remains. We are planning the quantitative analysis to estimate the hydraulic characteristics using fluid replacement technique, and this approach might be usefully utilized for assessing the characteristics of seawater intrusion, the design of optimal pumping, and estimating the hydraulic properties in coastal aquifer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.48-56
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to develop quantitative criteria for setting reasonable standards and regulations for building heights in collective facility districts inside national parks or those connected to their borders. Heights of all building sin collective facility districts were simulated in order to determine heights of ridge lines of sight passing the upper parts of buildings from a main view point. Where a facility's zone is located at the inside or boundary of inland mountainous national parks, and there are coastal type national parks with mountains in the background, the study recommended assigning the maximum allowable height of a building as 8.82m if national park authorities intend to preserve the ridges at three-tenths the height of a mountain. It amounts to 3 or 3.5 stories when it is converted into the number of floors. It is desirable to apply this standard to accommodations like a hotel except lodge or cottage as the maximum allowable height of a building. Nevertheless, when there aren't back mountainous areas among coastal-type national parks, there is a need for applying a separate standard. If an equal and uniform standard is applied to all collective facility districts, it becomes difficult to address local differences when managing landscape. There must be flexibility when applying a standard, depending on variables such as location of view points, differences in the methods of selection of view points, and differences in view angles, etc. Thus, there is a need for different landscape management strategies that address the unique natural environment of different zones.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.527-537
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• 2003

The characteristics of ship induced waves caused by navigation become widely different from both ship's speed and water depth condition. The ship induced waves specially generated in coastwise routes frequently give rise to call unforeseen danger for swimmers and small boats as well as shoreline erosion or sea wall destruction in coastal zones. The main concern of ship induced wave study until now is either how to reduce ship resistance or how to manoeuvre the ship safely under a constant water depth in the view point of shipbuilding engineers. Moreover, due to the trends for appearance of the high speed ships at the shallow coastal water, we are confronted with the danger of damages from those ship induced waves. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the development of ship induced waves and the influence of their deformation effects according to its propagation ray. In present study, in order to predict the development of the ship induced waves and their propagation under the conditions of complicate and variable shallow water depth with varying ship's speed, we constructed a computer model using Boussinesq equation with a fixed coordinate system and verified the model results by comparison with experimental results. Additionally, the model was applied under the variable water depth based on actual passage and we then confirmed the importance of the variable water depth consideration.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.327-336
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• 2014

Submerged thin walls are extreme case of submerged rectangular blocks, and could be used for many purposes in rivers or coastal zones, e.g. to tsunami. To understand flow characteristics including flow and pressure fields around a specific submerged thin wall a numerical model was applied which includes computation of hydrodynamic pressure on ${\sigma}$-coordinate. ${\sigma}$-coordinate has strong merits for simulation of subcritical flow over mild-sloped beds. On the other hand ${\sigma}$-coordinate is quite poor to treat sharp structures on the bed. There have been a few trials to incorporate dynamic pressure in ${\sigma}$-coordinate by some researchers. One of the previous approaches includes process of sloving the Poisson equation. However, the above method includes many high-order terms, and requires long cpu for simulation. Another method SOLA was developed by Hirt et al. for computation of dynamic pressure, but it was valid for straight grid system only. Previous SOLA was modified for ${\sigma}$-coordinate for the present purpose and was adopted in a model system, CST3D. Computed flow field shows reasonable behaviour including vorticity is much stronger than the upstream and downstream of the structure. The model was verified to laboratory experiments at a 2DV flume. Time-average flow vectors were measured by using one-dimensional electro-magnetic velocimeter. Computed flow field agrees well with the measured flow field within 10 % error from the speed point of view at 5 profiles. It is thought that the modified SOLA scheme is useful for ${\sigma}$-coordinate system.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.46-66
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• 2002

High-resolution multichannel seismic data were collected in the coastal area near the Gori nuclear power plant to investigate Quaternary fault pattern and timing. A 12 channel streamer, a sparker, and a portable recorder were used for data acquisition. Because the group interval of the streamer was 6.25 m and the sparker can generate acoustic waves with the frequency content of up to 500 Hz, the data show a significant improvement both in horizontal and vertical resolution. The area surveyed is covered with 30-40 m thick Holocene sediments that constitute the mud belt along the southeastern coast of Korea. The survey area is characterized by the well discriminated Pleistocene and Holocene boundary and shallow gas-charged zones. A number of Quaternary faults were found in the sediment column, that are nearly vertical and extend north-south. The Quaternary faults, arranged at a spacing of a few hundred meters, suggest that they were formed in response to compression, although some of them reveal extensional characteristics. Locally, faults disrupt Incised-channel fills that are interpreted to have formed in the early stage of transgression after the beginning of the Holocene. Seismic sections suggest that shallow gas in the mud belt sediments made its way upward through the fractured fault planes. The tectonism responsible for the opening of the East Sea has not persisted since the late Miocene, but vigorous Quaternary faulting activity in the vicinity of the southeastern Korean Peninsula indicates that tectonic stability has yet to be achieved in this region underlain by the hotter than normal mantle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.841-847
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• 2018

Since global energy consumption and demand for energy have dramatically risen, a focus on environmental problems and sustainability has become more important. Clean and renewable energy sources such as offshore wind power generation have received attention among new renewable energy options as alternative energy resources. Due to maintenance and operational perspectives, offshore wind farms have been planned for installation in many coastal waters. However, development of offshore wind farms faces interference from existing maritime traffic along the planned areas. In order to safely and effectively govern marine traffic in the vicinity of wind farms and inner areas, standard criteria are suggested to allow vessels to sail the internal waters of offshore wind farm areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish allowable criteria for sailing vessels and safety zones for offshore wind farms by investigating the local regulations of various offshore wind farm cases overseas. The commended inner safety zone of wind farms is proposed to be a distance of 150 % of the rotation diameter of the wind turbine rotor and a distance of 200 m from the outer wind turbine for the outer safety zone. Besides this, the allowable criteria for sailing vessels within a wind farm is proposed to have an air draft of 14.47 m south-west wind farm sea areas for a minimum margin to avoid hull contact through evaluation of the tide and height of a wind turbine. further studies will be needed to establish vessel sailing criteria among adjacent offshore wind farms as well as vessel sailing criteria within a single offshore wind farm.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 2024

Large-scale earthquakes are occurring globally, especially in the South Asian crust, which is experiencing a state of tension in the aftermath of the 2011 East Japan Earthquake. Uncertainty and fear regarding the possibility of further seismic activity in the near future have been on the rise in the region. The National Disaster Management Research Institute has previously studied and analyzed the overflow characteristics of a tsunami and the rate of flood forecasting through tsunami numerical simulations of the East Sea of South Korea. However, there is currently a significant lack of research on the Southern Coast tsunamis compared to the East Coast. On the Southern Coast, the tidal difference is between 1~4 m, and the impact of the tides is hard to ignore. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the impact of the tide propagation characteristics on the tsunami. Occurrence regions that may cradle tsunamis that affect the southern coast region are the Ryukyu Island and Nankai Trough, which are active seafloor fault zones. The Southern Coast has not experienced direct damage from tsunamis before, but since the possibility is always present, further research is required to prepare precautionary measures in the face of a potential event. Therefore, this study numerically simulated a hypothetical tsunami scenario that could impact the southern coast of South Korea. In addition, the tidal wave propagation characteristics that emerge at the shore due to tide and tsunami interactions will be analyzed. This study will be used to prepare for tsunamis that might occur on the southern coast through tsunami hazard and risk analysis.