• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.21-37
• /
• 2013

High-performance concrete (HPC) usually has higher paste and lower coarse aggregate volumes than normal concrete. The lower aggregate content of HPC can affect the shear capacity of concrete members due to the formation of smooth fractured surfaces and the subsequent development of weak interface shear transfer. Therefore, an experimental investigation was conducted to study the shear strength and cracking behavior of full-scale reinforced beams made with low-cement-content high-performance concrete (LcHPC) as well as conventional HPC. A total of fourteen flexural reinforced concrete (RC) beams without shear reinforcements were tested under a two-point load until shear failure occurred. The primary design variables included the cement content, the shear span to effective depth ratio (a/d), and the tensile steel ratio (${\rho}_w$). The results indicate that LcHPC beams show comparable behaviors in crack and ultimate shear strength as compared with conventional HPC beams. Overall, the shear strength of LcHPC beams was found to be larger than that of corresponding HPC beams, particularly for an a/d value of 1.5. In addition, the crack and ultimate shear strength increased as a/d decreased or ${\rho}_w$ increased for both LcHPC beams and HPC beams. This investigation established that LcHPC is recommendable for structural concrete applications.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.119-129
• /
• 2003

콘크리트와 철은 건설에서 필수적인 구조 재료이다. 그러나, 철과 달리 콘크리트는 하나의 재료가 아니라 많은 물질들로 구성된 복합재료이며, 구성 재료, 현장 환경, 그리고 기술자의 숙련도 등에 의해 많은 영향을 받는다. 그리고 유동성과 공기량 등 즉시 알 수 있는 물성도 있지만 강도나 내구성 같이 시간이 지나야 알 수 있는 특성도 존재하므로 콘크리트의 배합은 전문가의 경험에 많이 의존해 왔다. 하지만, 콘크리트도 고성능화 되는 시점에서 첨가 재료도 늘어나고 기존의 자료도 부족하기 때문에 새로운 기법이 필요한 때이다. 신경망은 복잡한 비선형 문제를 처리하는 인간의 두뇌를 모방한 모델로 패턴 인식 및 분류, 예측 등의 분야에서 많이 사용되고 있다 여기서는 그 중에서 역전파 알고리즘과 광선형 기저 함수망 모형이 사용되었다. 여덟가지 재료(물, 시멘트, 잔골재, 굵은 골재, 플라이 애쉬, 실리카 흄, 유동화제, 그리고 공기연행제)가 배합에 사용되었으며, 압축강도와 슬럼프, 공기량을 물성으로 사용하였다. 결과적으로 신경망은 고성능 콘크리트치 배합 및 물성 예측 등 활용에 유용하게 사용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.149-161
• /
• 1970

국내에서 산출되는 광물골재를 사용하여 방사선 차폐용 중차폐 콘크리트를 제조하고 감마선에 대한 차폐효능을 규명하는 동시에 방사선 차폐체로서의 활용가능성을 검토하였다. 10여종의 각기 다른 광물골재를 수집하여 방사선 차폐용 골재로서의 사용타당성을 검토하기 위한 물리시험과 화학분석이 실시되었고 이 결과를 토대로 최적한 골재를 선택하여 중차폐 콘크리트가 제조되었다. 차폐용 콘크리트를 제조하는데 골재의 배합비, 물-세멘트 비율, 세골재, 조골재 비율 등을 달리해주므로써 방사선 차폐효과가 달라지는 현상을 실험적으로 구해 보았고 그 결과 차폐체의 비중이 높고 균질성이 좋은 중차폐체의 설계 조건을 유도해 낼수 있었다. 각기 다른 중차폐체에 대한 차폐효능 실험은 60Co 감마선원을 사용한 방사선 투과시험법으로 구했다. 실험을 통하여 중차폐체에 대한 방사선 차폐능과 차폐콘크리트의 비중, 차폐가격등을 분석하므로써 차폐설계상 최적의 공간배치로서 가장 경제적으로 차폐치를 설계할 수 있는 최적의 조건을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국건축시공학회 2008년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
• /
• pp.227-233
• /
• 2008

Porous concrete has large continuous voids of 20-30 % by volume, and this concrete is attractive as environmental material in Japan i.e. permeable road pavement, river bank protection with vegetation and green roof system which influence thermal environment. It is necessary to confirm the frost resistance when constructing porous concrete structure in cold region. However applicable test method and evaluation criterion of porous concrete has not defined yet. Therefore, the object of this study is to investigate the frost resistance of porous concrete and this investigation attempts to address this concern by comparing 4 kinds of specified freezing and thawing tests methods (JIS A1148 procedure A/B and RILEM CIF/CDF test) in consideration of actual environment. RILEM freeze-thaw tests are different from JIS A1148 freeze-thaw tests, which are widely adopted for evaluating the frost resistance of conventional concrete in Japan, in water absorption, cooling rate, length of freezing and thawing period, and number of freezing and thawing cycles. RILEM CIF test measures internal damage and is primarily applicable for pure frost attack. CDF test is appropriate for freeze-thaw and de-icing salt attack. JIS A1148 procedure A/B showed extremely low frost resistance of porous concrete if the large continuous voids were filled with water and the ice expansion in the large continuous voids set in during cooling. Frost resistance of porous concrete was improved by mixing coarse aggregate (G7) which particle size is smaller and fine aggregate in JIS freezing and thawing tests. RILEM CIF/CDF test showed that freeze-thaw and de-icing resistance of porous concrete was seems to be superior in that of conventional concrete.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.525-530
• /
• 2018

As a nondestructive testing method, the Schmidt rebound hammer is widely used for structural health monitoring. During application, a Schmidt hammer hits the surface of a concrete mass. According to the principle of rebound, concrete strength depends on the hardness of the concrete energy surface. Study aims to identify the main variables affecting the results of Schmidt rebound hammer reading and consequently the results of structural health monitoring of concrete structures using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The ANFIS process for variable selection was applied for this purpose. This procedure comprises some methods that determine a subsection of the entire set of detailed factors, which present analytical capability. ANFIS was applied to complete a flexible search. Afterward, this method was applied to conclude how the five main factors (namely, age, silica fume, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water) used in designing concrete mixture influence the Schmidt rebound hammer reading and consequently the structural health monitoring accuracy. Results show that water is considered the most significant parameter of the Schmidt rebound hammer reading. The details of this study are discussed thoroughly.

• 한국건축시공학회지
• /
• 제17권5호
• /
• pp.403-409
• /
• 2017

본 연구에서는 다공성 블록의 내구성 향상을 위해 압축강도 3MPa 및 공극률 30%를 만족하는 배합설계를 확인하였으며, 선정된 배합에서 GFRP 보강 방법에 따른 보의 내력 및 인성 증가를 평가하였다. 다공성 콘크리트의 목표성능 만족을 위해서는 골재입도 15~20mm에서 물-시멘트 비 및 시멘트-골재 비가 각각 25% 및 15%로 추천될 수 있었다. GFRP로 보강된 다공성 콘크리트 보의 거동은 전단파괴에 의해 지배되었다. 이에 따라 GFRP의 휨 저항 발휘는 매우 적었으며, GFRP 보강근의 장부작용에 의한 전단내력상승은 결과적으로 다공성 콘크리트 보의 하중 저항성과 인성을 향상시켰다. GFRP 보강근을 압축과 인장측에 각각 1본(D9)씩 배근한 경우 내력은 무보강 보에 비해 약 2.1배 증가하였으며, 인성지수 $I_{30}$값은 43.4를 보임으로서 인성지수 값을 측정할 수 없었던 무보강 보에 비해 상당히 향상되었다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제19권6호
• /
• pp.129-137
• /
• 2017

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to develop bridge deck concrete materials based on ordinary Portland cement concrete, and to evaluate the applicability of the developed materials through material properties tests. METHODS : For field implementation, raw material (cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate) properties, fresh concrete properties (slump and air content), strength (compressive, flexural and bond strength) gain, and durability (freeze-thaw resistance, scaling resistance, and rapid chloride penetrating resistance) performance were evaluated in the laboratory. RESULTS : For the selected binder content of $410kg/m^3$, W/B = 0.42, and S/a = 0.48, the following material performance results were obtained. Considering the capacity of the deck finisher, a minimum slump of 150 mm was required. At least 6 % of air content was obtained to resist freeze-thaw damage. In terms of strength, 51.28 MPa of compressive strength, 7.41 MPa of flexural strength, and 2.56 MPa of bond strength at 28 days after construction were obtained. A total of 94.9 % of the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity after 300 cycles of freeze-thaw resistance testing and $0.0056kg/m^2$ of weight loss in a scaling resistance test were measured. However, in a chloride ion penetration resistance test, the result of 3,356 Coulomb, which exceeds the threshold value of the standard specification (1000 Coulomb at 56 days) was observed. CONCLUSIONS : Instead of using high-performance modified bridge deck materials such as latex or silica fume, we developed an optimum mix design based on ordinary Portland cement concrete. A test construction was carried out at ramp bridge B (bridge length = 111 m) in Gim Jai City. Immediately after the concrete was poured, the curing compound was applied, and then wet mat curing was applied for 28 days. Considering the fact that cracks did not occur during the monitoring period, the applicability of the developed material is considered to be high.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제38권6호
• /
• pp.83-95
• /
• 1996

The normal cement concrete is widely used material to build the construction recently, but it has a fault to increase the dead load on account of its unit weight is large compared with strength. So, main purpose of this study was to establish the physical and mechanical properties of lightweight concrete using expanded polystyrene bead on fine aggregate and natural gravel, expanded clay and pumice stone on coarse aggregate. The test rusults of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The water-cement ratio of concrete using pumice stone was larger than that of the concrete using natural gravel and expanded clay. 2. The unit weights of concrete using pumice stone and expanded caly were shown less than 1,000g/$m^3$. 3. The compressive strengths of all types were shown less than 60kg/$cm^2$, tensile and bending strengths were shown less than l3kg/$cm^2$ and 3lkg/$cm^2$$^2$, respectively. 4. The pulse velocity of concrete was shown similar with using natural gravel and pumice stone, and shown the lowest using pumice stone. 5. The dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete was shown considerably smaller, and shown the lowest using pumice stone. 6. The static modulus of elasticity of concrete using expanded clay and pumice stone were shown considerably smaller, and shown 22% ~29% as compared with the dynamic modulus of elasticity. 7. The stress-strain curves of concrete were shown similar, generally. And the curves were repeated at short intervals increase and decreased irregularly.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.85-97
• /
• 2017

Research has suggested that conventional lightweight concrete can offer durability advantages due to reduced cracking tendency. Although a number of publications exist providing the results of laboratory-based studies on the durability performance of lightweight concrete (with lightweight coarse aggregate) and internally cured concrete (using prewetted lightweight fine aggregate), far fewer field studies of durability performance of conventional lightweight concrete bridge decks in service have been performed. This study was commissioned to provide insight to a highway agency on whether enhanced durability performance, and therefore reduced maintenance and longer lifecycles, could be anticipated from existing lightweight concrete bridge decks that were not intentionally internally cured. To facilitate performance comparison, each lightweight bridge deck selected for inclusion in this study was paired with a companion normalweight bridge deck on a bridge of similar structural type, deck thickness, and geometric configuration, with similar age, traffic, and environmental exposure. The field-observed cracking of the decks was recorded and evaluated, and crack densities for transverse, longitudinal, and pattern cracking of the normalweight and lightweight deck in each pair were compared. Although some trends linking crack prevalence to geographic location, traffic, and age were observed, a distinct difference between the cracking present in the paired lightweight and normalweight bridge decks included in this study was not readily evident. Statistical analysis using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to adjust for age and traffic influence did not indicate that the type of concrete deck (lightweight or normalweight) is a statistically significant factor in the observed cracking. Therefore, for these service environments, lightweight decks did not consistently demonstrate reduced cracking.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.59-68
• /
• 2017

Mercury intrusion and nitrogen sorption porosimetry were employed to investigate the pore structure of calcium sulfoaluminate ($C{\bar{S}}A$) and portland cement pastes with cement-to-water ratio (w/c) of 0.40, 0.50, and 0.60. A unimodal distribution of pore size was drawn for $C{\bar{S}}A$ cement pastes, whereas a bimodal distribution was established for the portland cement pastes through analysis of mercury intrusion porosimetry. For the experimental results generated by nitrogen sorption porosimetry, the $C{\bar{S}}A$ cement pastes have a smaller and coarser pore volume than cement paste samples under the same w/c condition. The relative dynamic modulus and percentage weight loss were used for investigation of the concrete durability in freeze-thaw condition. When coarse aggregate with good freeze-thaw durability was mixed, air entrained portland cement concrete has the same durability in terms of relative dynamic modulus as $C{\bar{S}}A$ cement concrete in a freeze-thaw environment. The $C{\bar{S}}A$ cement concrete with poor performance of durability in a freeze-thaw environment demonstrates the improved durability by 300 % over portland cement concrete. The $C{\bar{S}}A$ concrete with good performance aggregate also exhibits less surface scaling in a freeze-thaw environment, losing 11 % less mass after 297 cycles.