• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.147-153
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• 2007

This study sought to investigate the reaction of Co-binder containing tungsten with molten zinc. Four kinds of Co-W alloys (pure, 10%W, 20%W, 30%W) were prepared using the powder metallurgy method. The specimens were immersion-tested in molten pure zinc baths at $460^{\circ}C$. To evaluate the corrosion property in molten zinc, the weight loss of the specimen was measured after the immersion tests at different immersion times (10~300 min.). Co-10%W alloys, compared with pure cobalt, showed no effect of tungsten addition on the reaction rate in molten zinc. The relationship between the weight loss and the square root of immersion period represents a straight line in both pure cobalt and Co-10%W alloy. The Co-Zn reaction layer in Co- 1O%W alloy consists of $\gamma2$, $\gamma1$, $\gamma$ and ($\beta1$ phases. The rate of weight loss significantly increases and the weight loss behavior is not well accord with the linear relationship as the tungsten content in the Co-W alloy increases. The $\beta1$ layer was not formed on the Co-20%W alloy and neither was a stable Co-Zn intermetallic compound layer found on the Co-30%W alloy. The main cause of increase in reaction rate with increasing tungsten content is related with the instability of the Co-Zn reaction phases as seen on micro-structural analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.26-32
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• 2014

CCS(Carbon Capture and Storage) which is technic to capture and storage the carbon-dioxide is the method that reduces the carbon-dioxide from the industries to prevent earth from the global warming. In order to apply to the practical site, it is inevitable to investigate the possibility of damage in the pipe or components by carbon-dioxide. In this paper, the immersion test is performed to estimate the suitability of the rubber which is used to seal or connect the pipelines because the rubber has not been validated. Also, the immersion test is carried out in a certain condition(pre- and supercritical state).

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1529-1538
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• 1995

In this study, a liquid sheet type co-axial nozzle has been used to investigate the turbulent atomization characteristics which could result in the experimental data to be used in designing a jet nozzle with high performance. Image processing technique and immersion sampling method were employed to measure droplet size. In atomizing characteristics, droplet size distributions and absolute droplet sizes, SMD(Sauter Mean Diameter) have been investigated in the wide ranges of flow field depending upon the air-water mass ratios. And the comparisons between the present data and the semi-empirical curves have been conducted semi-empirical correlation for SMD has been derived in the present analysis.

• Journal of Applied Reliability
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.275-290
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• 2009

This paper considers accelerated thermal degradation tests which are performed for rubber seal materials used for undersea tunnels constructed by immersion method. Three types of rubber seals are tested; rubber expansion seal, omega seal, and shock absorber hose. Main ingredient of rubber expansion seal is EPDM(Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) and that of both omega seal and shock absorber hose is SBR(Styrene Butadiene Rubber). The accelerated stress is temperature and an Arrhenius model is introduced to describe the relationship between the lifetime and the stress. From the accelerated degradation tests, dominant failure mode of the rubber seals is found to be the loss of elongation. The lifetime distribution and the service life of the rubber seals at use condition are estimated from the test results. The acceleration factor for three types of rubber seals are also investigated.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.129-136
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• 2006

High temperature corrosion behavior of AISI-type 316L stainless steel for the MCFC(molten carbonate fuel cell) bipolar application was studied by immersion test and penetration attack method in anode environment ($650^{\circ}C$, $Li_2CO_3/K_2CO_3=62/38$ mol%, $H_2/CO_2=80/20$ vol%) without or with different $CaCO_3$ content. Not only immersion test method but also morphological observation of samples in the carbonate melts are adopted as experimental methods. With aid of the morphological observation of cross section of samples immersed in a carbonate melt was possible to obtain penetration attack. The concentration effect of $CaCO_3$ inhibitor was investigated in order to verify the optimum concentration for practical application in MCFC stack operation. The corrosion rate in the presence of $CaCO_3$ was proven to be decreased as a function of $CaCO_3$ concentration. The corrosion rate in the presence of $CaCO_3$ was measured with a value of 6.9 mpy which is 2.4 times lower than that of inhibitor-free electrolyte. The cross section microscopy revealed that the internal penetration by oxidation in molten carbonate is very severe. In this case, the attack was occurred not only dissolution loss in the electrolyte by corrosion reaction but also weight gain through oxide layer by internal penetration.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Al addition on the reaction behavior of cobalt with molten zinc. Pure cobalt specimen was immersion tested in the three kinds of molten zinc (pure, 0.12%Al added and 0.24%Al added) baths at $460^{\circ}C,\;490^{\circ}C\;and\;520^{\circ}C$. For the understanding of degradation processes, specimens were analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), and electrochemical stripping method. When 0.12% and 0.24% Al was added in molten zinc baths, three intermetallic compounds layers of ${\gamma},\;{\gamma}_1,\;and\;{\gamma}_2$ were formed on the Co matrix and ${\beta}_1$ layer was not formed between the Co matrix and the ${\gamma}$ layer. Particles of CoAl intermetallic compound were formed at the interface between the ${\gamma}_2$ layer and zinc melt and they did not adhere to the Co-Zn intermetallic layer. Weight loss of the Co specimen increased as Al content in the molten zinc increased and the relationship of weight loss vs. immersion time followed parabolic rate law. Rate controlling process for the reaction rate of Co with Al added molten zinc was analyzed as the diffusion process of Al atom through a boundary layer between the ${\gamma}_2$ layer and the Al added zinc melt.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1990.10b
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• pp.1316-1321
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• 1990

Molten steel level information of ladle is very important for process control in steelmaking process. At secondary refining process, measuring lance and snokel have to keep constant thier depth from molten steel surfaces. But, there is much slag on the molten steel surface. Besides, not only the thickness of slag is varied with refining condition, but also molten steel level is largely affected by firebrick errosion. Then, optical measuring method and/or by human eyes cannot detect true molten steel surface, but slag surface. This slag thickness is 300mm at maximum, then huge diameter eddy current sensor will be needed if that type sensor is applied. In addition to, cooling system is necessary because the molten steel and slag temperature is high. This is not practically. To solve this problem, immersion type levelmeter is developed. This sensor is made up from primary and secondary cylindrical coils. High frequency current is applied to primary coil. Electro-motive force from secondary coil is measured, which is varied with molten steel level. This complete set is installed within stainless steel long capsule and attached to top of lance. This sensor is immersed into molten steel bath of ladle or tundish with protection of expendable paper sleeve.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.149-157
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• 2015

We investigated the effects of the fabric structure or the kinds of plated metals on the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) by means of electroless plating on polyester fabric. We found that the weight of deposited metal, EMI SE, and flexibility of the conductive fabric for EMI shield is affected by morphology of fabric and structure of fiber. The EMI SE of conductive fabric plated Ni/Cu/Ni by electroless plating method on draw textured yarn (DTY) polyester was in the practically useful range of above 70 dB over a wide frequency range of 10 MHz to 1.0 GHz at the surface resistivity of $0.05{\Omega}/{\square}$. Au or Ag plated conductive fabric by immersion plating method is not able to provide for a good EMI SE.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.155-163
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to measure penetration of dye stuff (2% Methylene blue, 2% Hematoxylin, 2% crystal violet and 2% safranin-O) on unfilled resin (Lang Dental MFG Co.) Hipol (Boopyung Dental Chemical Co. Macrocomposite resin) Durafill (Kulzer, Co. Microfilled Composite resin) and Heliosit (Vivadent Co. Microfilled Composite resin) The unfilled resin with dough stage was inserted into plastic tuble (5mm in diameter and 4mm in height) with condensation force of 1000 gr, 2000 gr and without condensation force. Hipol mixed on the mixed pad was inserted into the plastic tube by the same method as the unfilled resin. The microfilled resins which were Durafill and Heliosit were polymerized for 60 seconds with the visible light on each surface of the plastic tube which was upper and lower, under condensation force of 1000 gr, 2000 gr and without condensation force. All specimens were stored in the air for 24 hours, then specimens were immersed in the various kind of dye solution for different period of time (1 hour and 24 hours). These dye-treated specimens were polished horizontally until removing 0.5mm of each surface on the emery paper (#1000), and the dye penetration in the polished surface was measured under the digital microscope (Japan Fosuh). Following results were obtained 1. The penetration of dyes was the most excessive in Durafill and was not influenced on the condensation force and the period of immersion time. 2. All dyes were penetrated into Hipol, and Crystal violet was penetrated most excessively in all dyes. 3. The penetration of dye in all resins was not influenced by the period of immersion time and condensation force. 4. There was no evidence of dye penetration in unfilled resin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.54-60
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• 2017

A railway rail will be corroded by the repetitive sea wind and fog in the splash and tidal zone such as Youngjong grand bridge. And these rusts of rail could be increased by increasing service period, and it frequently occurred the safety accidents or disorders in electrical problem. In this study, the sacrificial anode cathodic protection method was proposed as a measures for reducing the corrosion of the railway rails in the oceanic climate conditions. As the results of immersion test using the salt water during four months, the sacrificial anode cathodic protection method using the aluminum anode(Al-anode) was evaluated that a distinct effect on corrosion reduction in the rails. Therefore the sacrificial anode cathodic protection method was experimentally proven that a disorders in aspects electric and signal of railway operation condition such as direct fixation track system in Youngjong grand bridge could be prevented by reducing rust falling from the rail. In addition, the installation conditions of the anodes directly affect the transmission range of corrosion potential, the sectional loss of anode, and the corrosion reduction effect. Therefore, to expect the corrosion reduction effect of rails under the oceanic climate conditions for railway track, it was important to adopted the appropriate spacing of anode installation by considering the actual field conditions.