• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.830-839
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• 2007

Pradimicins are potent antifungal antibiotics having an unusual dihydrobenzo[$\alpha$]naphthacenequinone aglycone substituted with D-alanine and sugars. Pradimicins are polyketide antibiotics produced by Actinomadura hibisca P157-2. The gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of pradimicins was cloned and sequenced. The pradimicin gene cluster was localized to a 39-kb DNA segment and its involvement in the biosynthesis of pradimicin was proven by gene inactivation of prmA and prmB(ketosynthases $\alpha\;and\;\beta$). The pradimicin gene cluster consists of 28 open reading frames(ORFs), encoding a type II polyketide synthase(PKS), the enzymes involved in sugar biosynthesis and tailoring enzymes as well as two resistance proteins. The deduced proteins showed strong similarities to the previously validated gene clusters of angucyclic polyketides such as rubromycin, griseorhodin, and fredericamycin. From the pradimicin gene cluster, prmP3 encoding a component of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex was disrupted. The production levels of pradimicins of the resulting mutants decreased to 62% of the level produced by the wild-type strain, which indicate that the acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene would have a significant role in the production of pradimicins through supplying the extender unit precursor, malonyl-CoA.

• Journal of the Korean Academic Society of Industrial Cluster
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2007

Regional innovation and cluster policies are the new agenda of regional policy, an agenda that began to spread over recent years throughout different countries and regions. In this context, our main question arises: how are we going to evaluate regional innovation and cluster policies? What models and methods are we going to use? Since 1990, regional and national governments have put more emphasis on evaluation as a tool directed to produce knowledge to design better policies. The objective of this article is to summarise the main challenges arising from the evaluation of regional innovation and cluster policies and make some methodological proposals that can contribute to produce better evaluations. In the first section, there is a brief presentation of regional innovation and cluster policies, followed by a more detailed analysis, in the second section, of their principal characteristics and of the main challenges posed by their evaluation. In the third section, some evaluation proposals that can help to improve current evaluation practice are presented. The paper concludes with a short number of general recommendations that we should bear in mind when designing an evaluation of regional innovation and cluster policies.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.1675-1683
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• 2011

The cluster project in Korea has restructured to develop the cluster into a core engine for the pan-regional development policy and connect industrial parks across the country. Korean government has made great efforts to attract research institutes, support organizations and universities in industrial parks and enhance growth potential through a close cooperation network. Especially A mini-cluster is an integrated group joined by companies, universities and research institutes and support organizations. It has been developing business opportunities through industry-academia-research cooperation and providing assistance through network activities. Mini clusters have implemented a variety of network activities. This paper proposed three strategies to accomplish self-sustainable growth of mini-clusters. First of all, mini-cluster needs to provide useful contents that can attract the participation of members. Then it is necessary to promote mini-cluster initiative. Finally, mini-clusters need to make up a cooperative culture.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.917-920
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• 2004

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.84-87
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• 2002

When computing the flow around complex three dimensional configurations, the generation of grid is the sunt time consuming part of any calculation. The object of this study is to develop the grid duster techniques capable of resolving complex flows with shock waves, expansion waves, shear layers, and cursive shapes, The Dot insert method of Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines is described as a id control method.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.482-486
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• 1992

Ion-molecule reactions of acetylene and mixed acetylene-ammonia cluster ions are studied using an electron impact time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The present results clearly demonstrate that $(C_2H_2)_n^+$ cluster ion distribution represents a distinct magic number of n=3. The mass spectroscopic evidence for the enhanced structural stabilities of $[C_6H_4{\cdot}(NH_3)_m]^+$ (m=0-8) ions is also found along with the detection of mixed cluster $[(C_2H_2)_n{\cdot}(NH_3)_m]^+$ ions, which gives insight into the feasible structure of solvated ions. This is rationalized on the basis of the structural stability for acetylene clusters and the dissociation dynamics of the complex ion under the presence of solvent molecules.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.157-163
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• 2023

Recently, as businesses and data types become more complex and diverse, efficient data analysis using machine learning is required. However, since communication in the cloud environment is greatly affected by network latency, data analysis is not smooth if information delay occurs. In this paper, SPT (Safe Proper Time) was applied to the cluster-based machine learning data analysis agent proposed in previous studies to solve this delay problem. SPT is a method of remotely and directly accessing memory to a cluster that processes data between layers, effectively improving data transfer speed and ensuring timeliness and reliability of data transfer.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2013

In this paper, determination of the scalability of the cluster composed common personal computer was performed when optimization of reinforced concrete structure using genetic algorithm. The goal of this research is watching the potential of multi-core-PC cluster for optimization of seismic design of reinforced-concrete structures. By increasing the number of core-processer of cluster, decreasing of computation time per each generation of genetic algorithm was observed. After classifying the components in singular personal computer, the estimation of the expected bottle-neck phenomenon and comparison with wall-clock time and Amdahl's law equation was performed. So we could obseved the scalability of the cluster appear complex tendency. For separating the bottle-neck phenomenon of physical and algorithm, the different size of population was selected for genetic algorithm cases. When using 64 core-processor, the efficiency of cluster is low as 31.2% compared with Amdahl's law efficiency.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.43-50
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• 2008

Various studies are being conducted to achieve efficient routing and reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks where energy replacement is difficult. Among routing mechanisms, the clustering technique has been known to be most efficient. The clustering technique consists of the elements of cluster construction and data transmission. The elements that construct a cluster are repeated in regular intervals in order to equalize energy consumption among sensor nodes in the cluster. The algorithms for selecting a cluster head node and arranging cluster member nodes optimized for the cluster head node are complex and requires high energy consumption. Furthermore, energy consumption for the data transmission elements is proportional to $d^2$ and $d^4$ around the crossover region. This paper proposes a means of reducing energy consumption by increasing the efficiency of the cluster construction elements that are regularly repeated in the cluster technique. The proposed approach maintains the number of sensor nodes in a cluster at a constant level by equally partitioning the region where nodes with density considerations will be allocated in cluster construction, and reduces energy consumption by selecting head nodes near the center of the cluster. It was confirmed through simulation experiments that the proposed approach consumes less energy than the LEACH algorithm.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.102-112
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• 2017

In this increasingly globalised and rapidly-changing world, the various challenges that can arise are also increasingly globalised and complex. These may range from economic, environmental, societal or even demographic challenges. Solutions should therefore be applicable world-wide, but they need to be properly adapted to the specifications and needs at the regional and country level. This implies that past models of centralised innovation can be progressively substituted by new approaches based on openness and strategic collaboration between the various players involved. There are various models of openness and collaboration in research, development and innovation creating scientific networks at different levels. This paper is designed in a way to present the concept of smart specialisation and clusters and how they are linked and contribute to the support of Smart Specialisation Strategy in the Asian countries. The following paragraphs describe how smart specialisation is applied and the importance of clusters in developing a S3 strategy. In addition, the status of cluster policies in Asia as well as the steps towards S3 are also presented. The status of cluster policies and their steps towards S3 policies in Asia are described. The approach of China to adopt S3 in their R&I policy is also presented. The scope of this paper, is to demonstrate the policy framework of cluster and S3 policies in the region of Asia and how they are applied. China has been further analysed as a case, since they are more active in applying such policies.