• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.787-794
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• 2018

We propose a new framework which expresses the mist and scratches of cracked ice by an impact. We combine the grid projection technique, boundary particles method, and level-set method commonly used in fluid simulations to determine the region on the surface of an ice object which is affected by a collision. Mist is then generated in proportion to the impact, and immediately diffused, using a geodesic distance field to limit dissipation. The gradient of the mist is subsequently used to create realistic patterns of scratches and elongated air bubbles. Cracks of the ice object can also be considered, and the density of the mist made to vary realistically between fragments. As a result, our method not only represents high-quality ice effects, but also allows easy integration into existing rigid body simulation solvers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.380-386
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• 1994

The behavior of glycogen and histological changes of hepatic tissues in the liver of rats, aged 6 to 7 weeks, fed 18% casein diet under control, gramoxone and gramoxone + vitamin C(Vt. C) diets has been investigated in a comined histropathological and histochemical studies. Cloudy swelling and fat changes of hepatic cells were observed in the gramoxone group with the duration of feeding time. Fat changes of hepatic cells were observed more obviously than cloudy welling, especially in the hepatic cells of periportal area. The number of Kupffer's cells increased signifciantly in the gramoxone group fed for 4weeks. The cloudy swelling and fat changes decreased obviously in the gramxone + Vt. C group. Glycogen content of heaptic cells tended to increase slightly in the gramoxone group as compared with the control group . moreover, glycogen depositons were higher in the hepatic cells where fat changes were obvious. It seems to be that Vt.C alleviating effects on the gramoxone toxicity in the patterns of glycogen distribution and histological structure of heaptic tissues.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.69-81
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• 1971

The effects of n-hexane and tetrachlorodiphenyl on the growth rate, the blood picture and histopathological change induced were observed in chicken. A total of 350 chicken were fed various daily dosages of n-hexane and tetrachlorodiphenyl for the experimental period of 60 days. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The growth rate of chicken in the group fed 100 ppm of tetrachlorodiphenyl was reduced (p<0.05). However no significant results were observed in the other dosage groups. 2. The reduction of the growth rate was found only in the liver and the kidney but not found in the other orgns. 3. No significant results were found in the number of erythrocytes and hematocrit value. However, the number of leukcocytes of chicken in the group fed 100 ppm of tetrachlorodiphenyl was significantly low. 4. In both n-hexane and tetrachlorodiphenyl groups, the number of lymphocytes was found to decrease but the number of basophiles and eosinophiles were found to increase (p<0.05). 5. All the chicken fed 300 ppm of tetrachlorodiphenyl died between 7th and 9th days. 6. Fatty change of hepatic cells and cloudy swelling of epithelia of renal tubules were found in the group fed 0.5 ml of n-hexane. However, in the group fed more the 100 ppm, fatty change of hepatic cells was followed by necrosis and comparatively severe cloudy swelling was found in epithelia of renal tubules.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.439-451
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• 2004

Total solar irradiance (750), total UV irradiunce (TUV) and erythemal UV irradiance (EUV) measured at King Sejong station $(62.22^{\circ}S,\;58.78^{\circ}W)$ in west Antarctica have been used together with total ozone, cloud amount and snow cover to examine the effects of ozone, cloud and snow surface on these surface solar inadiunce over the period of 1998-2003. The data of three solar components for each scan were grouped by cloud amount, n in oktas $(0{\leq}n<3,\;3{\leq}n<4,\;4{\leq}n<5,\;5{\leq}n<6,\;6{\leq}n<7\;and\;7{\leq}n<8)$ and plotted against solar zenith angle (SZA) over the range of $45^{\circ}\;to\;75^{\circ}$. The radiation amplification factor (RAE) is used to quantify ozone effect on EUV. RAF of EUV decreases from 1.51 to 0.94 under clear skies but increases from 0.94 to 1.85 under cloudy skies as SZA increases, and decreases from 1.51 to 1.01 as cloud amount increases. The effects of cloud amount and snow surface on EUV are estimated as a function of SZA and cloud amount after normalization of the data to the reference total ozone of 300 DU. In order to analyse the transmission of solar radiation by cloud, regression analyses have been performed for the maximum values of solar irradiance on clear sky conditions $(0{\leq}n<3)$ and the mean values on cloudy conditions, respectively. The maximum regression values for the clear sky cases were taken to represent minimum aerosol conditions fur the site and thus appropriate for use as a normalization (reference) factor for the other regressions. The overall features for the transmission of the three solar components show a relatively high values around SZAs of $55^{\circ}\;and\;60^{\circ}$ under all sky conditions and cloud amounts $4{\leq}n<5$ and $5{\leq}n<6$. The transmission is, in general, the largest in TUV and the smallest in EUV among the three components of the solar irradiance. If the ground is covered with snow on partly cloudy days $(6{\leq}n<7)$, EUV increases by 20 to 26% compared to snow-free surface around SZA $60^{\circ}-65^{\circ}$, due to multiple reflections and scattering between the surface and the clouds. The relative difference between snow surface and snow-free surface slowly increases from 9% to 20% as total ozone increases from 100 DU to 400 DU under partly cloud conditions $(3{\leq}n<6)$ at SZA $60^{\circ}$. The snow effects on TUV and TSO are relatively high with 32% and 34%, respectively, under clear sky conditions, while the effects changes to 36% and 20% for TUV and TSO, respectively, as cloud amount increases.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.37-40
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• 2005

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.429-438
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• 2011

The climatology of surface UV radiation for Seoul, presented in Cho et al. (1998; 2001), has been updated using measurement of surface erythemal ultraviolet (EUV) and total ultraviolet (TUV) irradiance (wavelength 286.5~363.0 nm) by a Brewer Spectrophotometer (MK-IV) for the period 2004~2010. The analysis was also carried out together with the broadband total (global) solar irradiance (TR ; 305~2800 nm) and cloud amount to compare with the UV variations, measured by Seoul meteorological station of Korean Meteorological Agency located near the present study site. Under all-sky conditions, the day-to-day variability of EUV exhibits annual mean of 98% in increase and 31% in decrease. It has been also shown that the EUV variability is 17 times as high as the total ozone in positive change, whereas this is 6 times higher in negative change. Thus, the day to day variability is dominantly caused rather by the daily synoptic situations than by the ozone variability. Annual mean value of daily EUV and TUV shows $1.62kJm^{-2}$ and $0.63MJm^{-2}$ respectively, whereas mean value of TR is $12.4MJm^{-2}$ ($143.1Wm^{-2}$). The yearly maximum in noon-time UV Index (UVI) varies between 9 and 11 depending on time of year. The highest UVI shows 11 on 20 July, 2008 during the period 2004~2010, but for the period 1994~2000, the index of 12 was recorded on 13 July, 1994 (Cho et al., 2001). A 40% of daily maximum UVI belongs to "low (UVI < 2)", whereas the UVI less than 5% of the maximum show "very high (8 < UVI < 10)". On average, the maximum UVI exceeded 8 on 9 days per year. The values of Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service (TEMIS) EUV and UVI under cloud-free conditions are 1.8 times and 1.5 times, respectively, higher than the all-sky measurements by the Brewer. The trend analysis in fractional deviation of monthly UV from the reference value shows a decrease of -0.83% and -0.90% $decade^{-1}$ in the EUV and TUV, respectively, whereas the TR trend is near zero (+0.11% $decade^{-1}$). The trend is statistically significant except for TR trend (p = 0.279). It is possible that the recent UV decrease is mainly associated with increase in total ozone, but the trend in TR can be attributed to the other parameters such as clouds except the ozone. Certainly, the cloud effects suggest that the reason for the differences between UV and TR trends can be explained. In order to estimate cloud effects, the EUV, TUV and TR irradiances have been also evaluated for clear skies (cloud cover < 25%) and cloudy skies (cloud cover ${\geq}$ 75%). Annual mean values show that EUV, TUV and TR are $2.15kJm^{-2}$, $0.83MJm^{-2}$, and $17.9MJm^{-2}$ for clear skies, and $1.24kJm^{-2}$, $0.46MJm^{-2}$, and $7.2MJm^{-2}$ for cloudy skies, respectively. As results, the transmission of radiation through clouds under cloudy-sky conditions is observed to be 58%, 55% and 40% for EUV, TUV and TR, respectively. Consequently, it is clear that the cloud effects on EUV and TUV are 18% and 15%, respectively lower than the effects on TR under cloudy-sky conditions. Clouds under all-sky conditions (average of cloud cover is 5 tenths) reduced the EUV and TUV to about 25% of the clear-sky (cloud cover < 25%) values, whereas for TR, this was 31%. As a result, it is noted that the UV radiation is attenuated less than TR by clouds under all weather conditions.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.70.2-70.2
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• 2019

Strong radiation fields can change the ionization state of metals and hence cooling rates. In order to understand their effects on the momentum transfer from radiation and supernova feedback, we perform a suite of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations with radiation-modulated metal cooling. For this purpose, we pre-tabulate the metal cooling rates for a variety of spectral shapes and flux levels with the spectral synthesis code, Cloudy, and accurately determine the rates based on the local radiation field strength. We find that the inclusion of the radiation-modulated metal cooling decreases the total radial momentum produced by photo-ionization heating by a factor of ~3 due to enhanced cooling at temperature T~10^3-4 K. The amount of momentum transferred from the subsequent SN explosions, however, turns out to be little affected by radiation, as the main cooling agents at T~10^5-6 K are only destroyed by soft X-ray radiation which is generally weak. We further discuss the total momentum budget in various conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.827-830
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• 1997

Sensory evaluation method was used to develop a type jujube tea the organoleptic properties were evaluated with regard to the optimum sugar content, clarity, drinking temperature and fruit pulp content of the jujube tea. Clarified jujube tea extracted from 25% by weight of dry jujube fruits and 75% water was preferred to those from 15%, 20% and 30% jujube fruites although those from 20% and 30% were not significantly different at 5%level. In spite of the average acceptability score of cloudy jujube tea with 5% of added fruit pulp was not significantly different from that of clarified one, the more fruit pulp in the tea products the worse its acceptability. Cold jujube tea was preferred to warm and hot ones, but these were not significantly different.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.21-36
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• 1982

The activity of photosystem II in isolated chloroplast form the leaves of Sedum sarmentosum was measured. The photoreduction rate of DCPIP by photosystem II showed the circadian rhythm with a peak at near midday sample for a continuing fine day and at near afternoon between nidday and sunset sample for a continuing cloudy day in summer. The optimum light intensity of photoreduction by photosystem II in the chloroplast preparation was about 5~9$\times$$10^4$ lux. The saturated light intensity was over 9$\times$$10^1$lux. Photosystem II activity was inhibited by even the lowest concentration of lead. When Pi and ATP of the same concentration as Pb were added to the reaction mixture containing Tris buffer lacking of Pi prior to Pb incubation, photosystem II activity was protected from Pb-inhibiting effect by the pretreament of Pi and ATP. It was assumed that Pb inhibiiton was probably due to one, P-depriving by the precipitates of $Pb_3$ $($Pb_4$)_2$ in the reaction mixture and the other, partially Pb-combing with Pi groups of the active site of photosystem II.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1161-1172
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• 2009

Food nanoemulsion systems consisting of water and oleoresin capsicum (OC), polyoxythylene sorbitan esters (Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80), propylene glycol (PG), sucrose monostearate (SM), and their corresponding mixtures were formulated to use as food vehicles. Tween 80 produced OC nanoemulsions with stable dispersions as one-phase systems, and the dertermined emulsification efficiencies clearly distinguished the ability of the various surfactants to emulsify OC. The nanoemulsions were prepared by both ultrasonication and self-assembly, and the nanoemulsion areas were determined using phase diagrams by measuring the sizes of the emulsions. One-phase nanoemulsions were presented, with a multiple cloudy region and phase separation that were dependent on the particle size of the emulsion. The OC nanoemulsions prepared by ultrasonication using systems of OC/Tween 80/water, OC/Tween 80/water+PG, and OC/Tween 80/water+SM, resulted in particle sizes ranging from 15 to 100 nm. Finally, the nanoemulsions maintained their initial sizes during storage, ranging from 65 to 92 nm.