• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 1999

A rotifer starin has been isolated from tide pools located near Sogwipo, Cheju Island and the effects of environmental factors (water temperature and salinity) and clonal differences have been examined with regard to size variation and cyclomorphosis. Adult female rotifers varied from 141.61 to $173.97 \mutextrm{m}$ in their mean lorica length under different rearing conditions in the laboratory and also had pointed anterior spines . Thus, this strain was classified as Brachionus rotundiformes. Mean lorica length tended to be smaller as rearing temperature increased although there were some exceptions. Statistical analysis indicated that lorica length was largely influenced by both clonal differences and rearing temperatures although the former as a genetic factor affected lorica length a little more than the latter did ; overall effect of salinity on lorica length was not statistically signicicant; furthermore, cyclomorphosis was also largely influenced by both clonal differences and rearing temperatures, but clonal differences as a genetic factor affected rotifer cyclomorphosis much more than temperature did.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.528-532
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• 2007

Clonal differences in fertility (expressed as the number of female and male strobili) were determined for five consecutive years (2002-2006) in a clonal seed orchard of Chamaecyparis obtusa. Fertility varied among clones and among years with producing five-year averages of 378.8 and 871.2 for female and male strobili per ramet, respectively. Correlation between female and male strobilus production was positive over the five years and statistically significant. Based on the observed fertility variation, the effective population sizes (estimated by status numbers, $N_e$) were calculated and varied from 24.3 to 47.9 (48.6% to 95.8% of census number, N) among the five studied years. On average (pooled), the relative effective population size was 82% of the N. Variation in female fertility was higher than that in male fertility, and this variation was reflected on female and male parents' status numbers. Pooled $N_e$ estimated from the five years was higher than that from poor seed production years. From our results, it was concluded that genetic diversity collected from good flowering years would be higher than that from poor flowering years.

• BMB Reports
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.244-249
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• 2011

The quality of a phage-displayed antibody library deteriorates with clonal variations, which are caused by differentially expressed Escherichia coli antibody genes. Using the human Fab SP114 against the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 (PDCE2), we created four E. coli TOP10F' clones with a pCMTG phagemid encoding Fab-pIII (pCMTG-Fab), Fd ($V_H+C_{H1}$)-pIII (pCMTG-Fd), or light chain (L) (pCMTG-L), or the vector only (pCMTG-${\Delta}Fab$) to investigate the effect of clonal variations in a defined manner. Compared to the others, the E. coli clone with pCMTG-Fab was growth retarded in liquid culture, but efficiently produced phage progenies by Ex12 helper phage superinfection. Our results suggest that an antibody library must be cultured for a short duration before helper phage superinfection, and that the Ex12 helper phage helped to alleviate the detrimental effect of clonal variation, at least in part, by preferentially increasing functional phage antibodies during phage amplification.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.459-472
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• 2024

Teak tree breeding programs have been conducted over the last several decades in various locations throughout Indonesia. These programs have produced superior teak clones with growth increments > 3 cm diameter at breast height. The wood quality of this clonal teak must be evaluated to determine the final use of these trees and the success rate of the teak breeding programs. In this study we investigated the physical condition (reflected in wood color and heartwood percentage), physical properties (moisture content, basic density, shrinkage, and tangential/radial shrinkage ratio), and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to grain, hardness, and cleavage strength) in 20-year-old clonal teak planted in Ngawi, East Java. The parameters were measured in the axial (bottom, middle, and top) and radial (near pith, middle, and near bark) directions and according to the British Standard 373:1957. The results showed that axial variation significantly affected the wood color (L^*, a^*, and b^*), basic density, radial shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, and compressive strength parallel to the grain. Besides, the radial variation had a significant effect on wood color (L^*), basic density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to the grain, hardness, and cleavage strength. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the teak breeding program has been highly successful.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.47-55
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• 2011

This study investigated mineral element concentrations of acorns in Quercus acutissima and Quercus serrata seed orchard, so that to estimate the variation of these species based on the chemical composition in different clones from plus trees. The acorns were collected from ten clones of each species grown in the same clonal seed orchard. The nutritional concentration of acorns was significantly different between the clones and species. The concentration of nutrient for the whole acorn followed in this general sequence: P > K > Na > Mg > Ca > Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu. The mineral concentrations of acorns in clones of Q. acutissima and Q. serrata contained P (494 to 684 and 541 to 672 mg/100 g), K (114 to 569 and 140 to 251 mg/100 g), Na (57 to 121 and 49 to 85 mg/100 g), Mg (29 to 37 and 26 to 42 mg/100 g), Ca (10 to 53 and 26 to 68 mg/100 g), Mn (0.5 to 3.4 and 1.8 to 4.5 mg/100 g), Fe (0.7 to 1.1 and 0.0 to 2.2 mg/100 g), Zn (0.34 to 0.81 and 0.38 to 0.84 mg/100 g), and Cu (0.13 to 0.40 and 0.09 to 0.34 mg/100 g) respectively. Even though acorns of Q. serrata are smaller in size than Q. acutissima, acorns of Q. serrata contained significantly higher concentration of phosphorus, calcium, iron and manganese than Q. acutissima. Based on the mineral composition of the acorns, this study has shown that the clones of Q. acutissima and Q. serrata have different ability to accumulate mineral nutrients which could indicate the variation of Quercus species in terms of mineral acquisition and accumulation.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2008

Estimates of genetic gain (in volume growth) and diversity (expressed as status number, $N_s$) were determined in a clonal seed orchard of Pinus koraiensis. The genetic thinning was based on clonal breeding values (represented by general combining ability) obtained from progeny tests, clonal fertility estimated by strobilus production, and clonal size variation determined by the ramet numbers per clone. Parental GCA values for volume growth were calculated, based on height and diameter at breast height measured from field trials. Clonal fertility was estimated from the assessments of strobilus production over twelve years from 1991 to 2003, and used for the calculation of status number. There are 179 clones and 5,268 ramets in 12ha area of P. koraiensis clonal seed orchard. Genetic gain and diversity estimates were determined under assumptions of 30% pollen contamination and inferior genetic value of contaminating pollen. Genetic gain increased as thinning rates were set from 10% to 60%. However, for the higher thinning intensities, the increase of genetic gain was not remarkable. Genetic thinning by means of truncation selection resulted in a greater genetic gain but a large decrease in status number. Status number was represented around 40 clones for 10% through 60% thinning intensities, but for the higher thinning intensities, it was a bit fluctuated. Based on the present results, it could be concluded that thinning rate should not be stronger than 60% to optimize genetic gain while conserving genetic diversity. Consequently 50% or 60% thinning rate might be appropriate for genetic thinning in the clonal seed orchard of P. koraiensis. The effect of pollen contamination on the genetic gain and the consequence of genetic thinning for seed production in the clonal seed orchard, and seed orchard management scheme were also discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 1990

The axillary buds of 15-year-old Tilia amurensis were cultured on Saito and Ide (IS), Murashige and Skoog (MS) media and woody plant medium (WPM) to establish an effective micropropagation method. Five levels of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were tested. On IS medium and WPM addition of 1.0/l BAP enhanced shoot development and shoot elongation, whereas addition of 0.5/l BAP was effective on MS medium. A better results were obtained from WPM with 1.0/l BAP and MS with 0.1/l BAP. Developed shoots were subcultured on each basal media but with 0.2/l BAP, Multiple shoots were almost doubled in a month. Root formation could be enhanced at higher concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Better rooting rate (83.3%) was achieved on a half-strength MS medium with 3.0 /l IBA. Regenerated plantlets were successfully transferred to soil. To investigate the clonal variation in shoot development and shoot elongation by axillary bud culturing, seven plus tree clones were tested, Clonal variation in tissue culturability among plus trees was recognized by the Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. Kang Won No. 12 showed the best response on WPM with 1.0/l BAP.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.434-437
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• 2018

Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounts for a significant proportion of nosocomial infections. This study examined the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and clonal relatedness of P. aeruginosa isolates of clinical and environmental origin. These isolates displayed susceptibility to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, and ceftazidime of 65.0%, 62.5%, 90.0%, 100%, and 85%, respectively. PCR-RAPD analysis of the P. aeruginosa isolates revealed marked variation. No correlation was observed between the antibiotic resistance profiles and the DNA typing patterns.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.717-724
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• 2001

This study was conducted in an attempt to quantify some traits that may be involved in the reproductive process of Pinus thunbergii. During the past 6 years (1995-2000), we surveyed flowering patterns of 60 P. thunbergii clones in a seed orchard which was established in Anmyon-do, 1979. From this survey, we estimated clonal contributions of male and female flowers and sexual asymmetry. Among 60 clones, 18 clones (30%) accounted for 0.37 (1999)~0.46 (1995) of clonal contribution in female flowers and 0.44 (1999)~0.57 (1995) of clonal contribution in male flowers. As compared with the previous reports in other pine species, more clones made contributions to reproductive process in P. thunbergii seed orchard. The relative effective population numbers for females (v♀) varied from 0.59 (1995) to 0.91 (1999) and those for males ( v♂) were between 0.56 (1995) and 0.83 (1998) at gamete level. This showed that the female gametes effectively contribute to the reproductive process more than did the male gametes. The relative effective population numbers at clonal level ($v_b$) were in the range of 0.72 (1995) and 0.93 (1999). More than 73% of the total clones showed values of 0.4~0.6 ($0.5{\pm}0.1$) in maleness index. The values averaged over all the clones were temporally variable with the range of 73% in 1996 and 100% in 2000. The degree of sexual asymmetry ($A_s$) ranged from 0.09 to 0.26. These values were relatively low when compared with those of other trees, suggesting that P. thunbergii seed orchard remains a high level of homogeneity in the number of male and female. All of the various types of effective population numbers were positively correlated with each other while they were negatively correlated with the degree of sexual asymmetry.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.24
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

When tea trees were introduced to Korea peninsular from China? Historically, Mr. Taeryum, an envoy of Shilla dynasty brought tea seeds from China during Tang dynasty and the seeds were planted at Jiri Mt. by the order of King Heungduk at AD828. During Koryo Dynasty(918 1392), Buddhism spread rapidly all over the country and the tea culture reached its highest stage of prosperity. At the Chosun Dynasty, however, the ceremonial drinking of tea vanished almost completely due to the flourishing Confucian tradition, a kind of substitution of Buddhism. But a few people have supported the traditional tea culture by themselves. Since the independence of Korea soon after the World War II at 1945, Korean War have been exploded at 1950. After economic evolution have been succeeded at 1980, the cultivation area of tea trees has been increased about 2,000ha and the cultural tradition of tea drinking has become popular again at a tea consume quantities amounted to 100g per capita at 2004. The northern limited area of tea plant is lined on the southern part of Korea peninsular. It is very small region compared to China about one million ha and to Japan over 60 thousand ha. It is problem not only the area of tea fields but also the methodology of tea cultivation, for examples without clonal cultivars and mechanical systems. WTO treatments was discussing with Korea, China and Japan government at 2005. Green tea custom is very high at 514% in Korea. If three countries will be agreed the imported tax will be cut off, the Korean tea farmers will be confused because of unstable situation of tea markets. All most of tea farmers should be made the tea fields by seeding not clonal propagation. Because of clonal cultivars have not developed in Korea, there have not been the research institutes for tea plants and manufactures before 1992. Now there are three research institute of tea in Korea; Tea Experiment Station at Bosung of Jeonnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Mokpo Experimental Station of National Institute of Crop Science, and Green Tea Cluster Institute of Hadong. Mokpo and Hadong Research Station were established at 2004 and at 2005 but Bosung Station was established at 1992. Seven clonal tea cultivers were selected at Bosung Station; Bohyang, Myngsun, Chanlok, Sunhyang, Mihyang, Jinhyang and Ohsun until 2004. Mokpo Experimental Institute was started the tea provenance testing about 4 provenances: Kangwon-do, Jeonlabuk-do, Jeonlanam-do, and Kyungsangnam-do. Korean new tea cultivers should be selected because Koran wild tea population have been high genetic variation. If tea breeding research will be successful to select new clonal cultivers, the tea farmers of Korea will be stable after WTO treatment with each country.