• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop education program for physicians who work at hospice palliative care settings in Korea, to practice abridged education program extracted from the full contents of the proposed education, and to improve the quality of hospice palliative care service. Methods: To develop the education program, questionnaire for hospice education need assessment (total 79 items) was distributed to 125 organizations practicing hospice service via mail and the data was collected from 1 Sep. to 10 Oct. 2004. Another questionnaire for hospice education importance assessment was asked to the palliative specialists from Sep. 23 to 17 Oct. 2004. Based on the analysis of the questionnaires, and reviewing various references and actual hospice palliative education programs of other countries, the education programs were developed. Results: Ore-day-Hospice education 2004 was conducted based on the suggested education program, and it was practiced four times on a national basis (2 times in Seoul, and once in Busan and Gwangju, respectively). 47 physicians attended the education program. The education program lasted about 7 hours, comprising 5 hours of common lectures for all attendants regardless of their professions and 2 hours of specific seminar for physicians only. Attendants positively responded to the contents of the education program. But they pointed out that the program should be offered on weekday and it should be more in-depth and more discussion based lesson. Conclusion: The suggested education program was not fully conducted yet. After practicing the abridged education program, more in-depth and discussion oriented rather than lecture-based education were suggested. It may be argued that the proposed education, which requires much longer period education, should also reflect the evaluation of the 1-day education program to successfully implement the proposed education program.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 1998

Authors surveyed intrafamilial child sexual abuse in the children under 15years old in clinical. We sent the semi-structured child sexual abuse questionnaires to 7055 board certified pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, family medicine and emergency medicine. Total respondents were 1205. The results from these respondents were as follows. 1) The numbers of respondents who have had the experience of treating victims of intrafamilial child sexual abuses were 157(13.0% of total respondents). 2) Among the perpetrators, 58(36.9%) were siblings and 32(20.4%) 26(16.6%) were step-fathers, and respectively. The most common age bracket was 10s(39.5%), and the next was 40s and 50s (33.7%) Almost all(98.7%) of the perpetrators were male. 3) The mean age of victims was $12.1{\pm}3.3$ years old, and all of the victims were female, and the number of victims who had previous mental or physical handicaps and behavior problems were 5(3.2%) and 8(5.1%) respectively. 4) The ways by which intrafamilial child sexual abuses were found were abnormal behaviors 45(28.7%), victim's own report 40(25.5%), pregnancy 18(11.5%), pain complaint 13(8.3%), other person's report 13(8.3%), and detection during examination 12(7.6%). 5) Time lags between intrafamilial child sexual abuses and hospital visits were after 1 month 97(61.8%), from 1 day to 1 week 29(18.5%), within 1 day 21(13.4%), and from 1 week to 1 month 10(6.4%). 6) Physical complications were perineal wound 93(59.2%), hymen rupture 90(57.3%), pregnancy 68(43.3%), wound of other part of body 11(7.0%), and sexually transmitted disease 4(4.5%). 7) Treatment for victims were discharge 92(58.6%), admission, operation or transfer to a bigger hospital 25(15.9%), psychiatry consult 19(12.1%), report to police(10.9%) and social work consult 3(1.9%). These results suggest that considerable numbers of physicians have had the experience of treating victims of intrafamilial child sexual abuses, and intrafamilial child sexual abuses are the major medical as well as social issue in children in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.677-692
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• 2005

The assessment of sodium intake is complex because of the variety and nature of dietary sodium. This study intended to develop a dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) for estimating the habitual sodium intake and a short DFQ for screening subjects with high or low sodium intake. For DFQ112, one hundred and twelve dish items were selected based on the information of sodium content of the one serving size and consumption frequency. Frequency of consumption was determined through nine categories ranging from more than 3 times a day to almost never to indicate how often the specified amount of each food item was consumed during the past 6 months. One hundred seventy one adults (male: 78, female: 93) who visited hypertension or health examination clinic participated in the validation study. DFQ55 was developed from DFQ112 by omitting the food items not frequently consumed, selecting the dish items that showed higher sodium content per one portion size and higher consumption frequency. To develop a short DFQs for classifying subjects with low or high sodium intakes, the weighed score according to the sodium content of one protion size was given to each dish item of DFQ25 or DFQ14 and multiplied with the consumption frequency score. A sum index of all the dish items was formed and called sodium index (Na index). For validation study the DFQ112, 2-day diet record and one 24-hour urine collection were analyzed to estimate sodium intakes. The sodium intakes estimated with DFQ112 and 24-h urine analysis showed $65\%$ agreement to be classified into the same quartile and showed significant correlation (r=0.563 p<0.05). However, the actual amount of sodium intake estimated with DFQ112 (male: 6221.9mg, female: 6127.6mg) showed substantial difference with that of 24-h urine analysis (male: 4556.9mg, female: 5107.4mg). The sodium intake estimated with DFQ55 (male: 4848.5mg, female: 4884.3mg) showed small difference from that estimated with 24-h urine analysis, higher proportion to be classfied into the same quartile and higher correlation with the sodium intakes estimated with 24-h urine analysis and systolic blood pressure. It seems DFQ55 can be used as a tool for quantitative estimation of sodium intake. Na index25 or Na index14 showed $39\~50\%$ agreement to be classified into the same quartile, substantial correlations with the sodium intake estimated with DFQ55 and significant correlations with the sodium intake estimated with 24-h urine analysis. When point 119 for Na index25 was used as a criterion of low sodium intake, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value was $62.5\%,\;81.8\%\;and\;53.2\%$, respectively. When point 102 for Na index14 was used as a criterion of high sodium intake, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were $73.8\%,\;84.0\%,\;62.0\%$, respectively. It seems the short DFQs using Na index 14 or Na index25 are simple, easy and proper instruments to classify the low or high sodium intake group.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.281-291
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to optimize the freezing/thawing method of in vitro produced Hanwoo blastocysts. Day 7 blastocysts after IVF were vitrified using EFS40 (40% ethylene glycol, 18% ficoll, 0.3 M sucrose and 10% FBS added m-DPBS) as a freezing solution and electron microscope (EM) grid (V-G) or straw (V-S) as an embryo container. In both method, freezing/thawing were treated by 2-step, treatment time was required in V-G method and V-S method, for 2 min / 3 min and 3.5 min / 10 min, respectively. Embryo survival was assessed as re-expanded and hatched rates at 24 h and 48 h after warming, respectively. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows: when the effect of exposure in vitrification solution and chilling injury from freezing procedure on in vitro produced expanded blastocysts were examined, at 24 h after warming, embryo survival in exposure group (100.0%) was not different compared to that in control group (100.0%), although those results were significantly different with two vitrified groups (V-G: 87.8, V-S: 77.8%) (P＜0.001). However, at 48 h after warming, hatched rates of V-G group (67.8%) were significantly higher than those of V-S group (53.3%) (P＜0.05). In addition, this hatched rate in V-G group was not different with that in exposure group (73.3%). When the effects of embryo developmental stage (early, expanded and early hatching blastocysts) and embryo container (EM grid and straw) to the in vitro survival of vitrified-warmed day 7 Hanwoo blastocysts were simultaneously examined, fast developed embryos were indicated the better resistance to freezing than delayed developed one, irrespective of embryo containers (early; 57.1 ＆ 24.4%, expanded; 84.7 ＆ 60.6%, early hatching; 91.7 ＆ 80.0%) (P＜0.001). Especially, in expanded and early hatching blastocysts, embryo survival of V-G group (67.8, 95.0%) was significantly higher than those of V-S group (53.0, 65.0%) at 48 h post warming, respectively (P＜0.05, P＜0.001). Therefore, this study indicates that Hanwoo blastocysts can be cryopreserved more simple, efficient and successful by vitrification method using EM grid.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Object of this research is to estimate the effect of myopia correction and safety on reverse geometry contact lens fitting in school children. This research include 53(106eyes) schoolchildren among 7 to 18 years who has low to moderate myopia(-1.00D~-5.00D) and prescribed reverse geometry contact lens for purpose on orthokeratology between January to July 2004 and had 3months full follow up examination. They were tested for slit lamp examinations, BUT(Break up time), direct ophthalmoscopy, retinoscopy, uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, autorefraction, autokeratometry and corneal topography in each examination(1day, 1week, 2weeks, 1, 2, and 3months) of before-and-after lens wearing to find out the effect of myopic correction and side effect. The results came out as follow. The average of uncorrected visual acuity was $0.0938{\pm}0.378$ before lens wear and $0.3136{\pm}0.283$ after 1day lens wear, and there was fast improvement after 1week($0.7925{\pm}0.301$) and little improvement after 2weeks period but still they shows better uncorrected visual acuity(p<0.01). The result of this study, the reverse geometry lens is very useful to correct refractive error and control the progression of myopia temporally among low to moderate myopic patient. The side effects were relatively rare but further study should be necessary with long term lens wear effect on eye health. For the lens prescription, the clinical fitting process had higher rate of success with consideration of eccentricity and corneal topography.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.150-159
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• 2008

Purpose: To assess the relationship between lifestyle and metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and laboratory results of 109 subjects (7~15 years of age) who visited our pediatric obesity clinic between January 2004 and December 2007. They completed the parent- and self-report questionnaire developed by the Committee on Nutrition of the Korean Pediatric Society to assess lifestyle. The metabolic syndrome was defined as having 3 or more of the following metabolic risk factors: obesity, hypertension, serum triglycerides ${\geq}$110 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol ${\leq}$40 mg/dL, fasting glucose ${\geq}$110 mg/dL, and insulin ${\geq}20{\mu}IU/mL$. Results: All subjects had at least 1 risk factor (obesity). Sixty-three percent of subjects had 2 or more risk factors, 32% of subjects had 3 or more risk factors, and 10% had 4 or more metabolic risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia (36%), hypertension (32%), hyperinsulinemia (24%), and HDL-hypocholesterolemia (20%) were observed. Fasting blood glucose levels were normal in all subjects. Hypertension was significantly associated with an unbalanced diet and hyperinsulinemia was significantly associated with parental obesity (p<0.05). Those who ate after 8 PM were at a risk of hypertension (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0~6.1). Those who did not have a preference for exercise were at a risk of hyperinsulinemia (odds ratio, 10.4; 95% CI, 2~54.1). Those who watched TV for ${\geq}$3 hours/day were at a risk of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.2∼18.8). Conclusion: Lifestyle, such as eating late, no preference for exercise, and TV watching ${\geq}$3 hours/day, were related to metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.653-664
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to determine the normal appearance of the postpartum uterine involution. Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored with ultrasonography in 11 Korea Jin-do dogs. Serial ultrasonographic examination was done daily during the first week, 3 days interval from 8 to 30 days, and weekly from 31 to 100 days postpartum, respectively. Of 11 postpartum bitches, 10 bitches (90.9%) had normal involution and 1 bitch (9.1%) had subinvolution of the placental sites (SIPS) by gross findings, vaginal discharges, and by ultrasographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. The excretory period of vaginal discharges in 10 normal bitches of uterine involution was finished completely at $20.2{\pm}4.6$ days (Mean${\pm}$SD) postpartum, but in 1 SIPS at 50 days postpartum. The short axis shape of the uterus was initially often flaccid-appearing. It varied from circular to crescent shaped to polygonal. This lasted until $16.5{\pm}3.7$ days postpartum, during which time the short axis uterine shape gradually changed to circular. Also, the long axis shape of the uterus was created a beaded appearance of the horns until $29.9{\pm}3.2$ days postpartum. After 30 days, it was appeared as tubular shape without distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. The ultrasonographic image of the postpartum uterus consisted of four echogenicity distinct layers. Uterine wall was represented the very hyperechoic serosa, hypoechoic myometrium, hyper echoic endometrium and anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity until 7 days postpartum. The individual uterine layers were most prominent during the first week postpartum, and they became progressively less distinct throughout the course of uterine involution. Anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity was detected until $25.0{\pm}6.4$ days postpartum, after which time it was not reliably detected. The uterine diameter was decreased not only in the placental sites frorm $24.1{\pm}2.5mm$ at 1 day to $15.4{\pm}1.4mm$ at 7 days postpartum, but also in the interplacental sites $14.9{\pm}1.5mm$ at 1 day, $10.6{\pm}0.8mm$ at 7 days postpartum. There was a general trend of decreasing uterine diameter, which occurred more rapidly at the placental sites. At 31 days pastpartum, these diameter reached almost same size, after that time, they could be not distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. At 87 days postpartum, the uterine diameter was $5.6{\pm}0.6mm$ both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns were uniform hypoechoic, tubular structures without enlargement. Therefore, complete involution of the uterus occurred at that time. It was concluded that normal postpartum uterine involution in Korea Jin-do bitches appeared to be completed around 87 days postpartum by gross findings such as vaginal discharges, and by ultrasonographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. Also ultrasonographic characteristics of the postpartum uterine involution were described. Therefore, these result suggest that ultrasonographic assessment is a reliable method for diagnosing the SIPS and uterine dysfunction, such as pyometra in bitch.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.117-126
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• 2004

For a month of September, 2004, a questionnaire regarding dental hygiene was distributed to 165 workers of Ulsan area. A total of 125 questionnaire were analyzed: 102 collected of the distributed 165 pieces, and 23 questionnaires reported by patients of a dental clinic in Dong-gu, Woolsan. The result is as follows; (1) Labor workers of Ulsan have thought that they are in good dental health, 44.1% of respondents, following by those who they believe they are in moderate health and those who they think are in poor condition. 89.0% of total workers have experienced dental treatment. (2) Regarding the location of dental treatment, 85.0% of respondents have pointed out dental hospitals and clinics, while 3.9% have indicated that they had treatment from unlicensed dentists. Specifically, workers in their 40s over have ever experienced dental treatment by unlicensed dentists. Those who think they are in poor dental condition have tended to have more dental treatment by unlicensed dentists. (3) Regarding the reason that they put off the treatment, 59.1% of respondents have indicated that they have no time to have the treatment, following by economic burden and the lack of confidence in dentists. When they have tooth aches or the gum ache, 60% of respondents have suggested that they endure the ache or take a medicine to alleviate the pain, showing a lower understanding of early dental treatment. (4) Regarding the reason why they are unwilling to go to dentists, respondents have revealed the anxiety against pain, 50.4%, following by the difficulty of scheduling and unsatisfied services. (5) 47.2% of respondents have brushed their teeth 3 times everyday, following by those who have done it 2 times a day and those one a day. Regarding how to brush the teeth, most of respondents have brushed their teeth in the upper, lower, and the both side, 61.4%. The younger respondents and those who think they are in good dental health have tended to brush their teeth up and down. (6) Regarding the cause of the gum disease, 67.7% of respondents have thought that it is caused by poor dental hygiene, following by natural occurrence due to age, hereditary nature, and physical predisposition. (7) 67.7% of respondents have experienced dental scaling, while 32.3% of them have had no experience in it. 53.5% of workers have thought that scaling may not be recommended since they have the teeth scaled periodically once they had dental scaling, a higher rate than 46.5% who think scaling is good for the gum health.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2010

Purpose : This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between glomerular basement membrane (GBM) alterations to epithelial cell (EpC) structure and renal function in Alport Syndrome (AS) patients. Methods : Fifteen patients diagnosed with AS (4-26yrs) were examined. The GBM in AS was categorized as : C1) normal, C2) minor alterations (widening of lamina rara interna or externa without lamina densa change), C3) nonspecific splitting of lamina densa, C4) basket-weaving pattern of lamina densa splitting. The length of each GBM portion along the epithelial side was measured on the systematically obtained electron microscopic photographs. Furthermore to obtain an objective assessment of the degree of glomerular EpC foot process change, the number of slit pores along $10\;{\mu}m$ of peripheral GBM in each category was obtained. Results : The percentage of normal GBM portion (C1) correlated inversely with daily protein excretion (g/day/$m^2$, P<0.05) and sum of the percentage of abnormal GBM portion (C2+C3+C4) had direct correlation with daily protein excretion (g/day/$m^2$, P<0.05). There were no significant relationships between the percentages of other categories of GBM alterations and creatinine clearance or protein excretion. There were no significant relationships between of creatinine clearance in relation to normal GBM(C1) portion as well as that in relation to sum of the percentage of abnormal GBM portion (C2+C3+C4). GBM abnormality did not correlate with age at biopsy. Conclusion : The extent of GBM structural abnormality is related to proteinuria in AS but the epithelial response is uniform even though the GBM ultrastructural lesions are not.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2019

Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency of the electronic foot function index (eFFI) through a prospective, random based, multi-institutional study. Materials and Methods: The study included 227 patients ranging in age from 20 to 79 years, visited for surgery in different 15 institutes, and agreed to volunteer. The patients were assigned randomly into a paper-based evaluated group (n=113) and tablet-based evaluated group (n=114). The evaluation was done on the day of hospital admission and the method was changed on the second day of surgery and re-evaluated. PADAS 2.0 (https://www.proscore.kr) was used as an electronic evaluation program. Results: There were no differences in age and sex in both groups. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) evaluation revealed an eFFI ICC of 0.924, showing that both results were similar. The evaluation time was shorter in the tablet-based group than the paper-based group (paper vs tablet, $3.7{\pm}3.8$ vs $2.3{\pm}1.3minutes$). Thirty-nine patients (17.2%) preferred to use paper and 131 patients (57.7%) preferred the tablet. Fifty-seven patients (25.1%) found both ways to be acceptable. Conclusion: eFFI through tablet devices appears to be more constant than the paper-based program. In addition, it required a shorter amount of time and the patients tended to prefer the tablet-based program. Overall, tablet and cloud system can be beneficial to a clinical study.