• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2018

The market for improving the indoor air quality is continuously increasing, and air cleaners are the representative products. As interest in indoor air quality increases, so are the ultrafine particle which are harmful to the human body. Despite its many advantages, electrostatic precipitators are less used in indoor air due to ozone production. In this study, the carbon fiber sheet was applied to the discharge electrode and compared with the conventional tungsten wire discharge electrode. The particle collection efficiency and the amount of ozone generation were measured for 10-100 nm particles. Furthermore, it was applied to commercial air purifier with electrostatic precipitator to compare particle removal performance. The carbon fiber sheet type discharge electrode generates a small amount of ozone, and thus it can be applied to improve indoor air quality.

• 청정기술
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.13-23
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• 1999

영국 BS7750에서 사용하는 환경영향평가방법을 이용하여 시멘트공정내 환경영향심각도를 결정하기 위한 방법을 연구하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 제조공정내 물질수지식을 세우고 제품과 폐기되는 환경오염원을 정량화하여 환경영향의 심각도를 발생가능성의 평가등급과 발생결과 평가등급을 종합한 환경 위해평가 메트릭스법을 도입, 환경오염원을 줄이기 위한 우선순위를 결정하였다. 환경영향평가결과, 각 단계별 공정의 환경영향의 심각도를 계량화할 수 있었으며 공정 개선후 얻어진 효과에 대한 결과를 청정관리 개선사례로 제시하였다.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2001

Using the hollow fiber membrane module in a lab-scale membrane bioreactor, the anoxic- oxic (AO) process for nitrogen removal was operated for about one year. For the influent wastewater containing 1,200-1,400 mg $1^{-1}$ of CODcr and 200-310 mg $1^{-1}$ of nitrogen, this process achieved a high quality effluent of less than 30 mgCOD $liter^{-1}$ and 50 mgN $liter^{-1}$. The removal rate of organics was above 98% at a loading rate larger than 2.5 kgCOD $m^{-3}$$d^{-1}$. When the internal recycle from the oxic to the anoxic reactor changed room 2n to 600% rout the influent flow rate, the nitrogen removal rate increased from about 70 to 90% at a loading rate of 0.4 kgT-N m-s d-1. The initial increase of transmembrane pressure (TMP) was observed after a 4-month operation while maintaining the flux and MLSS concentration at 7-9 1 $m^2$ $h^{-1}$ and 6,000-14,000 mg $1^{-1}$, respectively. The TMP could be maintained below 15 cmHg for an 8-month operation. The chemical cleaning with an acid followed by an immersion in an alkali solution gave better cleaning result with the membrane operated for 10 month rather than that only by an alkali immersion.

• 청정기술
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.45-59
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• 1998

방선균인 Streptomyces kasugaensis에 의해서 생산되는 이차대사산물인 kasugamycin 생산성 증대 및 단위 생산량 당 오염물질 배출량 저감을 위한 연속 고정화 배양을 수행하였다. 세포 고정화에 적합한 포자 수확을 위한 포자형성 촉진 배지 개발은 물론 고정화 담체로 사용한 셀라이트에 수확된 포자를 고정화시키는 방법을 확립하였다. 연속 고정화 배양 시 고정화세포의 유출을 방지함으로써 안정된 연속배양을 가능토록 하기위한 decantor 형태의 고정화세포 분리기가 장착된 반응기를 사용하였다. 희석 속도 및 공급액 중의 기질 농도(당 농도, 인 농도)를 변화시키며 생합성된 kasugamycin 생산성 및 화학적산소요구량(COD)을 측정하였으며 이들을 현탁세포를 이용한 회분식 발효에서의 kasugamycin 생산성 및 발효 폐액 중의 COD 값과 비교하였다. 고정화 세포를 이용한 연속배양에서의 kasugamycin 생산성이 현탁세포를 이용한 회분식 발효에 비해 2.5배 높았으며, 동시에 단위 생산량 당 COD가 2.3배 저감되는 것으로 나타났다. 이것으로부터 연속 고정화 배양이 현탁 회분식 배양에 비해 kasugamycin 생산성 및 오염물질 배출 측면에서 유리한 청정 공정임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.681-698
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• 2020

The paper addresses contribution to the modeling and optimization of major machinability parameters (cutting force, surface roughness, and tool wear) in finish dry hard turning (FDHT) for machinability evaluation of hardened AISI grade die steel D₃ with PVD-TiN coated (Al₂O₃-TiCN) mixed ceramic tool insert. The turning trials are performed based on Taguchi's L₁₈ orthogonal array design of experiments for the development of regression model as well as adequate model prediction by considering tool approach angle, nose radius, cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut as major machining parameters. The models or correlations are developed by employing multiple regression analysis (MRA). In addition, statistical technique (response surface methodology) followed by computational approaches (genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization) have been employed for multiple response optimization. Thereafter, the effectiveness of proposed three (RSM, GA, PSO) optimization techniques are evaluated by confirmation test and subsequently the best optimization results have been used for estimation of energy consumption which includes savings of carbon footprint towards green machining and for tool life estimation followed by cost analysis to justify the economic feasibility of PVD-TiN coated Al₂O₃+TiCN mixed ceramic tool in FDHT operation. Finally, estimation of energy savings, economic analysis, and sustainability assessment are performed by employing carbon footprint analysis, Gilbert approach, and Pugh matrix, respectively. Novelty aspects, the present work: (i) contributes to practical industrial application of finish hard turning for the shaft and die makers to select the optimum cutting conditions in a range of hardness of 45-60 HRC, (ii) demonstrates the replacement of expensive, time-consuming conventional cylindrical grinding process and proposes the alternative of costlier CBN tool by utilizing ceramic tool in hard turning processes considering technological, economical and ecological aspects, which are helpful and efficient from industrial point of view, (iii) provides environment friendliness, cleaner production for machining of hardened steels, (iv) helps to improve the desirable machinability characteristics, and (v) serves as a knowledge for the development of a common language for sustainable manufacturing in both research field and industrial practice.

• 청정기술
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 거대 갈조류 대표종인 다시마(Saccharina japonica)로부터 물리화학적 전처리 방법, 미생물 접종비율, 다시마 추출물의 농도 및 pH 조건에 따른 휘발성 유기산(volatile fatty acids, VFAs) 생산 가능성 확인과 생산 효율을 평가하고자 하였다. 물리화학적 전처리 방법에 따른 휘발성 유기산의 최대 농도는 황산, 아임계수, 지질 추출 후 아임계수 전처리 순으로 나타났다. 황산 전처리 방법에서 미생물 접종비율(유효용적(WV)/미생물 부피(M) = 10~30), pH (6.0~7.0) 및 다시마 추출물의 농도(18.0~72.0 g/L)의 혐기성 발효 조건에 따른 휘발성 유기산 생성 농도에 미치는 영향을 확인한 결과, 발효 온도 $35^{\circ}C$, 미생물 접종비율 15, pH 7.0, 발효시간 372시간에서 다시마 추출물의 농도가 18.0, 36.0, 54.0, 72.0 g/L일 때, 휘발성 유기산의 최대 농도가 각각 9.8, 13.9, 18.6, 22.3 g/L로 확인되었다. 생산된 휘발성 유기산의 조성은 pH가 높을수록 아세트산과 프로피온산의 생산 비율이 높았으며, pH가 낮을수록 부티르산의 비율이 높게 확인되었다. 생산된 저농도의 휘발성 유기산은 농축 및 분리공정과 연계하여 향후 기초화학 원료와 바이오연료 등으로 사용될 수 있으므로, 기존 화석연료의 대체에너지 생산에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.25-40
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• 2001

This paper describes the forecast of power plant construction in a competitive korean electricity market. In Korea, KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation, fully controlled by government) was responsible for from the production of the electricity to the sale of electricity to customer. However, the generation part is separated from KEPCO and six generation companies were established for whole sale competition from April 1st, 2001. The generation companies consist of five fossil power companies and one nuclear power company in Korea at present time. Fossil power companies are scheduled to be sold to private companies including foreign investors. Nuclear power company is owned and controlled by government. The competition in generation market will start from 2003. ISO (Independence System Operator will purchase the electricity from the power exchange market. The market price is determined by the SMP(System Marginal Price) which is decided by the balance between demand and supply of electricity in power exchange market. Under this uncertain circumstance, the energy policy planners such as government are interested to the construction of the power plant in the future. These interests are accelerated due to the recent shortage of electricity supply in California. In the competitive market, investors are no longer interested in the investment for the capital intensive, long lead time generating technologies such as nuclear and coal plants. Large unclear and coal plants were no longer the top choices. Instead, investors in the competitive market are interested in smaller, more efficient, cheaper, cleaner technologies such as CCGT(Combined Cycle Gas Turbine). Electricity is treated as commodity in the competitive market. The investors behavior in the commodity market shows that the new investment decision is made when the market price exceeds the sum of capital cost and variable cost of the new facility and the existing facility utilization depends on the marginal cost of the facility. This investors behavior can be applied to the new investments for the power plant. Under these postulations, there is the potential for power plant construction to appear in waves causing alternating periods of over and under supply of electricity like commodity production or real estate production. A computer model was developed to sturdy the possibility that construction will appear in waves of boom and bust in Korean electricity market. This model was constructed using System Dynamics method pioneered by Forrester(MIT, 1961) and explained in recent text by Sternman (Business Dynamics, MIT, 2000) and the recent work by Andrew Ford(Energy Policy, 1999). This model was designed based on the Energy Policy results(Ford, 1999) with parameters for loads and resources in Korea. This Korea Market Model was developed and tested in a small scale project to demonstrate the usefulness of the System Dynamics approach. Korea electricity market is isolated and not allowed to import electricity from outsides. In this model, the base load such as unclear and large coal power plant are assumed to be user specified investment and only CCGT is selected for new investment by investors in the market. This model may be used to learn if government investment in new unclear plants could compensate for the unstable actions of private developers. This model can be used to test the policy focused on the role of unclear investments over time. This model also can be used to test whether the future power plant construction can meet the government targets for the mix of generating resources and to test whether to maintain stable price in the spot market.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.541-550
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• 2008

In this investigative study, the unit mass discharge for the major water quality parameters such as flowrate, SS, BOD, CODmn, CODcr, TN, TP from textile spinning/weaving industry nearby Nakdong river basin was estimated. To represent the respective industries, three companies from hundreds of textile spinning/weaving industries located in Nakdong river basin was carefully selected based on its manufacturing goods, flowrate and location for the estimation of unit mass discharge based on unit operation and process. There was a drastic decrease of unit mass discharge estimation between influents and effluents of water quality parameters, which represents the removal capacity of wastewater treatment plant. With the advent of new regulation on the imposed payment proportional to the total amount of pollutants discharge into the water body, the concept of cleaner production technology should be employed in the unit operation/process in wastewater treatment plant as well as textile manufacturing procedure to minimize the levy on the pollutants discharge. Unit mass discharge estimations of unit process (estimated in this study) in major water quality parameters (SS, BOD, COD, TN and TP) based on land were similar to those of composite process (estimated by National Institute of Environmental Research). But the unit mass discharge estimations of unit process in BOD and CODmn based on total sale were much higher than those of composite one while in SS, TN and TP similar to each other. For the detailed estimation of the imposed payment, unit mass estimation based on unit process should be further emphasized.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.313-321
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• 2008

방사성동위원소 및 방사선 기술은 의학, 산업, 농업 및 환경 등과 같이 다양한 분야에서 이용되고 있으며 선진국뿐만 아니라 개발도상 국가의 지속적 성장과 삶의 질 향상에 크게 기여하고 있다. 우리나라가 이의 응용 분야에서 연구개발 사업을 추진하는데 도움이 될 수 있도록 $2008{\sim}2009$년도 국제원자력기구(IAEA)의 관련 프로그램 현황과 중점 추진 분야를 검토하고 향후 전망을 제시하였다. 특히 국제기구를 통한 공동연구 프로그램 참여를 증진시킬 수 있도록 IAEA 프로그램 참여시 이점을 고찰하고 이의 필요성을 강조하였다. 또한 신규 참여 증진을 위한 방향을 제시하고 이의 효율적인 운영 방안을 제안하였다. 본 논문에서 제시된 전략과 구체적인 방안이 향후 국제공동연구 확대를 위한 정책 수립에 활용되고, 방사선기술 응용 연구를 수행하는 국내 산 학 연 연구기관의 국제공동연구 참여 증진에 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.156-165
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• 2017

This study quantitatively assessed the environmental impacts of fuel cell (FC) systems by performing life cycle assessment (LCA) and analyzed their energy efficiencies based on energy return on investment (EROI) and electrical energy stored on investment (ESOI). Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) system and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system were selected as the fuel cell systems. Five different paths to produce hydrogen ($H_2$) as fuel such as natural gas steam reforming (NGSR), centralized naptha SR (NSR(C)), NSR station (NSR(S)), liquified petroleum gas SR (LPGSR), water electrolysis (WE) were each applied to the FCs. The environmental impacts and the energy efficiencies of the FCs were compared with rechargeable batteries such as $LiFePO_4$ (LFP) and Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH). The LCA results show that MCFC_NSR(C) and PEMFC_NSR(C) have the lowest global warming potential (GWP) with 6.23E-02 kg $CO_2$ eq./MJ electricity and 6.84E-02 kg $CO_2$ eq./MJ electricity, respectively. For the impact category of abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP), MCFC_NGSR(S) and PEMFC_NGSR(S) show the lowest impacts of 7.42E-01 g Sb eq./MJ electricity and 7.19E-01 g Sb eq./MJ electricity, respectively. And, the energy efficiencies of the FCs are higher than those of the rechargeable batteries except for the case of hydrogen produced by WE.