• 폴리머
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.545-549
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• 2006

폴리(비닐 알코올) (PVA)과 폴리아크릴산-말레산-공중합체(PAM)의 블렌드를 수용액 상태로 얻은 후 점토인 사포나이트(SPT)를 분간시켜 필름 형태인 PVA/PAM/SPT의 나노복합재료를 합성하였다. 용액 삽입법을 이용하여 점토 함량을 0-9 wt%의 다양한 농도로 변화시켜 얻은 나노복합재료에 대해 분산도, 모폴로지 및 열적-기계적 성질 등을 각각 조사하였다. 점토 함량이 3 wt%일 때 점토 입자는 PVA/PAM 블렌드에 잘 분산되었으며, 점토함량이 7 wt%보다 많을 경우에는 고분자 모체에 일부 뭉친 구조가 관찰되었다. 나노복합재료의 열적 안정성은 점토함량이 9 wt%로 증가할 때까지 꾸준히 증가하였다. 인장 강도와 초기인장 탄성률은 점토 함량이 7 wt%일 때 최고값을 나타내었으나 그 이상의 점토 농도에서는 오히려 감소하였다. 본 연구 결과로부터 소량의 점토 첨가는 PVA/PAM 나노복합재료 필름의 열적, 기계적 성질을 증가시키는데 도움이 된다는 것을 알았다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.71-81
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• 1999

본 연구에서는 모래-벤토나이트 혼합토를 대상으로 혼합토의 비율 및 응력이력에 따라 비배수상태에서 삼축실험을 수행하였으며 그 결과 과압밀상태에서 발생하는 소성변형을 포함하는 구성모델을 적용하여 혼합토의 탄소성거동을 예측하였다. 비배수전단시험은 벤토나이트의 혼합비를 10, 15, 20%로 변화시키며 성형한 시료를 400kPa까지 등방압밀 시킨 후 유효구속압력을 감시켜, 압축시험은 과압밀비 1, 2, 4, 12에 대하여, 인장시험은 과압밀비 1. 4, 12에 대하여 수행하였다. 시험분석결과 p'-q평면상에서 벤토나이트의 혼합비가 15%이하인 경우는 모래와 실트에서 나타나는 상태변형선이 나타났으나 혼합비가 20%인 경우는 상태변형선이 뚜렷하지 않았을 뿐만 아니라 체적팽창 경향을 거의 보이지 않았다. 따라서 사질토의 거동에서 점토의 거동으로의 전이를 보이는 점토의 혼합비는 대략 20%정도 임을 알 수 있었다. 제안한 구성모델은 정규압밀상태의 시료에 대해서는 등방경화 구성관계식을 적용하였으며 과압밀상태의 시료에 대해서는 기준면과 항복면을 동시에 가정해 항복면 내부에서의 소성변형을 고려해 주는 비등방경화 구성관계식을 적용하였다. 본 연구 결과 제안한 구성관계식은 정규압밀상태 및 과압밀상태의 혼합토 거동을 비교적 적절히 예측할 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.372-378
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• 2015

Growing crops under different soil textures may affect crop growth and yield because of soil N availability, soil N leaching, and plant N uptake. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of three different soils (sandy loam, loam, and clay loam) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield, nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) by subsurface drip fertigation in the greenhouse. Three different soil textures are sandy loam, loam, and clay loam with 3 replications. The dimension of each lysimeter was $1.0m(W){\times}1.5m(L){\times}1.0m(H)$. Cucumber was transplanted on April $8^{th}$ and Aug $16^{th}$ in 2011. The subsurface drip line and tensiometer was installed at 30 and 20 cm soil depth, respectively. An irrigation with $100mg\;NL^{-1}$ concentration was automatically applied when the tensiometer reading was 10 kPa. Volumetric soil water content for cucumber cultivation was the highest in 30 cm soil depth regardless of soil texture and was lowered when soil depth was deeper. The volumetric soil water contents at soil depths of 10, 30, 50, and 70 cm were the highest at clay loam, followed by loam, and sandy loam. The growth of cucumber at the $50^{th}$ day after transplanting was the lowest at sandy loam. Cucumber fruit yields were similar for all three soil textures. The highest amount of water use at sandy loam was observed. Nitrogen and water use efficiencies for cucumber were higher for clay loam, followed by loam and sandy loam, while the amount of N leaching was the greatest under sandy loam, followed by loam, and clay loam. Overall, growing cucumber on either loam or clay loam is better than sandy loam if subsurface drip fertigation is used in the greenhouse.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.997-1004
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• 2018

The brine leakage is a tough problem in artificial freezing engineering. This paper takes the common soft clay in Wujiang District as the study object, and calcium chloride solutions with six salinity levels were considered. The 'classic' cooling curve method was employed to measure the freezing point of specimens after freeze-thaw. Results indicate that four characteristic stages can be observed including supercooling, abrupt transition, equilibrium and continual freezing, strongly dependent on the variation of unfrozen water content. Two characteristic points were found from the cooling curves, i.e., freezing point and initial crystallization temperature. A critical value for the former exists at which the increment lowers. The higher the saline content approximately linearly, lower the freezing point. In the initial five cycles, the freezing point increases and then stabilizes. Besides, the degree of supercooling was calculated and its correlations with water, salt and freeze-thaw cycles were noted. Finally, an empirical equation was proposed for the relationship of freezing point and three main factors, i.e., water content, saline content and freeze-thaw cycles. Comparison of calculated and measured data proves that it is reliable and may provide guidance for the design and numerical analysis in frozen soil engineering.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2019

Superabsorbent hydrogel (SAH) is a lightly crosslinked hydrophilic functional polymer material comprising a flexible chain structure, which can absorb and retain high amounts of water or aqueous fluids even under high pressure. Therefore, it is important to improve their characteristics such as absorption performance, residual monomer content, and water permeability. SAH nanocomposites were prepared using clay mineral as an inorganic filler and the influence of post-treatment processes such as quenching and aging process on their properties was studied. In addition, surface-crosslinking process was applied to improve the absorption performance associated with mechanical properties and water permeability. The structure of the SAH was characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.80-87
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• 1997

A series of tests was performed to determine a threshold concentration of water-soluble organic permeant(ethanol) for permeability to be increased in clay and to estimate long-term permeability behaviors, effects of overburden pressure and compaction conditions on permeability in clay. Results of study are as follows ; 1. A threshold concentration of water-soluble organic permeant(ethanol) in clay was about 7O~8O% and its dielectric constant was 40, and dielectric constant seems to be closely related with absolute permeability. 2. Permeability of long-term tests was more or less larger than that of short-term tests. 3. Overburden pressures applied for a long time elapsed have little effects on the restriction of permeability increase. 4. Since water content has no effects of compaction capability when it is compacted with OMC or wet side of OMC, its permeability is to be estimated as same level of dry side of OMC. 5. Clays matured in the humid chamber are increased in permeability 2 times larger than unmatured ones. Thixotropy, therefore, should be considered in the design procedures because field conditions of construction would be quite similar to this..

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.523-539
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• 2017

Clay soils are typical for their swelling properties upon absorption of water during rains and development of cracks during summer time owing to the profile desorption of water through the inter-connected soil pores by water vapour diffusion leading to evaporation. This type of unstable soil phenomenon by and large poses a serious threat to the strength and stability of structures when rest on such type of soils. Even as lime and cement are extensively used for stabilization of clay soils it has become imperative to find relatively cheaper alternative materials to bring out the desired properties within the clay soil domain. In the present era of catastrophic environmental degradation as a side effect to modernized manufacturing processes, industrialization and urbanization the creative idea would be treating the waste products in a beneficial way for reuse and recycling. Bottom ash and ecosand are construed as a waste product from cement industry. An optimal combination of bottom ash-eco sand can be thought of as a viable alternative to stabilize the clay soils by means of an effective dispersion dynamics associated with the inter connected network of pore spaces. A CATIA model was created and imported to ANSYS Fluent to study the dispersion dynamics. Ion migration from the bottom ash-ecosand pile was facilitated through natural formation of cracks in clay soil subjected to atmospheric conditions. Treated samples collected at different curing days from inner and outer zones at different depths were tested for, plasticity index, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), free swell index, water content, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), pH and ion concentration to show the effectiveness of the method in improving the clay soil.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.130-134
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• 1995

무연탄회(無煙炭灰)와 유연탄회(有煙炭灰)를 식양토(埴壤土)에서는 12톤/10a씩 1년 및 3년간(年間) 처리(處理)하고, 사양토(砂壤土)에서는 2년간(年間) 처리(處理)된 토양내(土壤內)의 토심(土深) 30cm, 60cm, 100cm에서의 침투수중(浸透水中) 중금속(重金屬) 함량(含量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 식양토(埴壤土) 논에서 무연탄회(無煙炭灰) 처리(處理)로 Zn는 무처리(無處理)보다 증가(增加)되었으며 토심(土深)이 깊을수록 증가(增加)되는 경향이나 유의성(有意性)은 없었다. 2. 식양질(埴壤質) 논에서 석탄회(石炭灰)를 3년간(年間) 연용(連用)한 결과(結果), 석탄회(石炭灰) 처리(處理)로 Pb와 Zn는 석탄회(石炭灰) 처리(處理)로 무처리구(無處理區) 보다 다소 증가(增加)되었고 토심별(土深別)로는 Pb만이 100cm 토심(土深)에서 증가(增加)되었으나, 기타 성분(成分)은 석탄회처리구(石炭灰處理區)가 무처리구(無處理區) 보다 감소(減少)되었다. 3. 사양질(砂壤質) 논에서 석탄회(石炭灰)를 2년간(年間) 처리(處理)로 무연탄회(無煙炭灰) 처리(處理)에서는 Cd, Ni, Mn은 유의성(有意性)있게 증가(增加)되었고 심토(深土)에서도 증가(增加)되었으나 기타 성분은 유사하거나 감소되었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.189-203
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• 2019

Brine leakage is a common phenomenon during construction facilitated by artificial freezing technique, threatening the stability of frozen wall due to the continual thawing of already frozen domain. This paper takes the frequently encountered soft clay in Wujiang District as the study object, and remolded specimens were prepared by mixing calcium chloride solutions at five levels of concentration. Both the deformation and pore water pressure of frozen specimens during thawing were investigated by two-stage loading tests. Three sections were noted from the changes in the strain rate of specimens during thawing at the first-stage load, i.e., instantaneous, attenuated, and quasi-stable sections. During the second-stage loading, the deformation of post-thawed soils is closely correlated with the dissipation of pore water pressure. Two characteristic indexes were obtained including thaw-settlement coefficient and critical water content. The critical water content increases positively with salt content. The higher water content of soil leads to a larger thaw-settlement coefficient, especially at higher salt contents, based on which an empirical equation was proposed and verified. The normalized pore water pressure during thawing was found to dissipate slower at higher salt contents, with a longer duration to stabilize. Three physical indexes were experimentally determined such as freezing point, heat conductivity and water permeability. The freezing point decreases at higher salt contents, especially as more water is involved, like the changes in heat conductivity. The water permeability maintains within the same order at the considered range of salt contents, like the development of the coefficient of consolidation. The variation of the pore volume distribution also accounts for this.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.1183-1189
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• 2009

The sedimentation rate of particles in a suspension is a function of particle size, initial slurry water content and salinity. Many researches conducted on the behavior of dredged soils have centered on such factors. However, there have been few attempts to assess another important influence factor of seasonal water temperature on designing the placement of dredged materials. In this paper, the effect of seasonal water temperature on sedimentation characteristics of dredged clay was investigated with consideration of three different water temperatures, that are $5^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, which represent critical water temperatures in winter, spring or fall, and summer, respectively. A series of experimental results reveal that the sedimentation rates for the water temperature of $15^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ are very similar each other, but that of $5^{\circ}C$ that represents a winter season leads to a considerably delayed sedimentation compared to the others. This may be attributable to the retardation of ion-leaching from clay particles at low water temperature.