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A Study on Yearly Variation of Algae Community in Dongbok Reservoir (동복호 조류군집의 다녀간 변화에 관한연구)

  • Jeong, Jin;Cho, Young-Gwan;Ko, Chang-Ok;Kim, Un-Jung
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.67-72
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    • 2001
  • The algae in Dongbok reservoir consists of 6 class, 14 orders, 30 families, 63 genera, 145 species, 13 varieties, and 1 formula in 159 taxa during jan. 1995 to Dec. 1999. Species numbers according to major taxa were appeared as Chlorophyceae 80 taxa, Bacillariophyceae 28 taxa, and Cyanophyceae 17 taxa. The ratio of total standing crops were Bacillariopyceae 44%, Cyanophyceae 30%, and Chlorophyceae 225. Various species remarkably appeared during fall to early winter comparing with other seasons. Stnading crops of algae decreased from 1.1~3.7 million units/$\ell$ in 1995 to below 1.0 million n\\units/$\ell$ ever after 1996. Species number was very variable as 9~37 in down stram comparing with 12~34 in middle stream, 15~24 in upper stream. Species diversity indices were 1.1~4.0 in 1995, 1.5~3.5 in 1996~1997, 2.1~3.6 in 1998, and 0.3~3.4 in 1999. Dominant indices were 0.35~0.97 in 1995, 0.44~0.86 in 1996, 0.43~0.89 in 1997, 0.39~0.80 in 1998, and 0.45~0.97 in 1999.

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Endolichenic Fungal Community Analysis by Pure Culture Isolation and Metabarcoding: A Case Study of Parmotrema tinctorum

  • Yang, Ji Ho;Oh, Seung-Yoon;Kim, Wonyong;Hur, Jae-Seoun
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.50 no.1
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    • pp.55-65
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    • 2022
  • Lichen is a symbiotic mutualism of mycobiont and photobiont that harbors diverse organisms including endolichenic fungi (ELF). Despite the taxonomic and ecological significance of ELF, no comparative investigation of an ELF community involving isolation of a pure culture and high-throughput sequencing has been conducted. Thus, we analyzed the ELF community in Parmotrema tinctorum by culture and metabarcoding. Alpha diversity of the ELF community was notably greater in metabarcoding than in culture-based analysis. Taxonomic proportions of the ELF community estimated by metabarcoding and by culture analyses showed remarkable differences: Sordariomycetes was the most dominant fungal class in culture-based analysis, while Dothideomycetes was the most abundant in metabarcoding analysis. Thirty-seven operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were commonly observed by culture-and metabarcoding-based analyses but relative abundances differed: most of common OTUs were underrepresented in metabarcoding. The ELF community differed in lichen segments and thalli in metabarcoding analysis. Dissimilarity of ELF community intra lichen thallus increased with thallus segment distance; inter-thallus ELF community dissimilarity was significantly greater than intra-thallus ELF community dissimilarity. Finally, we tested how many fungal sequence reads would be needed to ELF diversity with relationship assays between numbers of lichen segments and saturation patterns of OTU richness and sample coverage. At least 6000 sequence reads per lichen thallus were sufficient for prediction of overall ELF community diversity and 50,000 reads per thallus were enough to observe rare taxa of ELF.

Candidate Word List and Probability Score Guided for Korean Scene Text Recognition (후보 단어 리스트와 확률 점수에 기반한 한국어 문자 인식 모델)

  • Lee, Yoonji;Lee, Jong-Min
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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    • 2022.05a
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    • pp.73-75
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    • 2022
  • Scene Text Recognition is a technology used in the field of artificial intelligence that requires manless robot, automatic vehicles and human-computer interaction. Though scene text images are distorted by noise interference, such as illumination, low resolution and blurring. Unlike previous studies that recognized only English, this paper shows a strong recognition accuracy including various characters, English, Korean, special character and numbers. Instead of selecting only one class having the highest probability value, a candidate word can be generated by considering the probability value of the second rank as well, thus a method can be corrected an existing language misrecognition problem.

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Customer Experience Management: An Innovative Approach to Marketing and Business on the Fashion Retail Industry

  • Arineli, Adriana
    • The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study was to examine the issues involved in offering superior customer experience on fashion retail stores in Brazil. The approach used to access CEM (Customer Experience Management) issues was a special questionnaire with 23 questions, through a research with managers of three important brazilian fashion retail chains (focused on class A clients). Some statistical techniques were used for data processing. It was possible to analyze the aspects that impact on the customer experience and their relevance. it was possible to realize that CEM is effective in increasing productivity and, so, it can be used as a guideline matrix management in decision making to promote superior customer experiences. The classical management is usually conservative and avoids to deal with strategies that do not necessarily involve numbers. Dealing with intangible and so subtle experience is unusual and a huge challenge, but sometimes it is necessary to look beyond the obvious and accessible statistics. If CEM is a strategy to focus on operations and processes of a business around the customers experiences with the company, it is essential to structure it and find out its effectiveness.

The amendment tendency analysis of the Korean Infectious Disease Prevention Act and a recommendation for the next amendment (전염병관리 관련법령의 변화 추이분석 및 향후 개정방향에 관한 연구)

  • Whang, Chang-Yong;Ohrr, Hee-Choul;Lee, Duk-Hyoung;Park, Ki-Dong;Lee, Jong-Koo
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.31 no.3 s.62
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    • pp.540-563
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    • 1998
  • This Study has been carried out to make a recommendation for the next amendment of the Infectious Disease Prevention Act with a specific focus on the kind of notifyable disease. Korean, Japanese, German, U.S, English and French acts on infectious diseases prevention were reviewed, compared with and analized in regards of numbers and kinds of notifyable infectious diseases and their tendency of amendments. An criteria was designed to assess the level of validity of diseases to be designated in the act. Four items, the fatality (greater than 10% or not), the possibility to make a big epidemic, the availability of efficient vaccination and the usefulness of isolation, are used in the assessment. This index is applied to the diseases in Korean and other countries' Infectious Disease Prevention Acts. Results are as follows: 1. The Korean Infectious Disease Preventon Act has a unique way of classifying the notifyable infectious disease, that is, the first, the second and the third class. But the author cannot find the basis of classification. No other countries reviewed have the similar classification. 2. The ten diseases, cholera, plague, yellow fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever, poliomyelitis, rabies, tetanus, malaria, and meningococcal meningitis are designated as the notifyable diseases not only in Korea but also in Japan, Germany, United States, England and france. 3. Thirty seven diseases including small pox, Lassa fever, anthrax, influenza, German measles, Legionellosis, infection with E. coli O157:H7, Q-fever, brucellosis, Lyme disease are designated as legal disease at least one of the above mentioned countries. 4. The Korea has been coped with the change of the infectious disease occurrence for last fifty years in amendment of the Infectious Disease Prevention Act. 5. Japan has a special infectious surveillance system composed of 3,880 clinics throughout the whole country. 6. Germany has classified infectious diseases in five categories which are based on seriousness of disease. Any confirmed death, cases and suspected cases in class I should be reported within 24 hours. But only confirmed death and cases in class II, but not suspected cases, are reportable in Germarny. 7. Plague, bacillary dysentery, pertussis, mumps, Japanese encephaltis and Korean hemorrhagic fevers are diseases with high credits validity index among Korean legal disease. 8. German measles, anthrax, E. coli O157 : H7 infection, Lassa fever, Q-fever, brucellosis are high in validity index among those which are not designated in Korea but designated in other countries. In conclusion, the Korean Infectious Disease Prevention Act has well been coped with the changes of infectious disease occurrence for last fifty years, but the classification basis and the validity of diseases to be designated as legal diseases is worth reevaluating.

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Characteristics of Tamarix chinensis Population in Shiwha Lake (시화호 내 위성류(Tamarix chinensis) 개체군의 특성)

  • Min, Byeong-Mee;Yi, Dong-Hoon;Lee, Hye-Won;Choi, Jong-In
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.327-333
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    • 2005
  • For the first time in Korea, plant size, distribution pattern and root growth form of Tamarix chinensis were surveyed at natural stand in Shiwha Lake, from June to July in 2005. T, chinensis grew in the range of 350 m towards north-south and 270 m in east-west direction. The mean number of stems germinated from same root system was 1.9. On the stem base, the numbers of living and dead plants were 1,398 and 114, respectively. Mean perimeter and height of 1,398 plants were $5.9{\pm}3.2$ cm and $159{\pm}51$ cm, respectively. By dividing into 10 classes based on the perimeter size, the largest number of plants were included in the second smallest class category. However, by dividing into 10 classes on the bases of plant height, variation in the number of plants along the height showed normal distribution curve. The heights of dead plants were small in perimeter but diverse in height. On the root base, the number of plants was the greatest in the smallest size class, and conspicuously decreased with size increment. Distribution of T. chinensis was clumped pattern. Age of the largest plant was 8-year. T. chinensis had two types of root growth. One was horizontal growth in the periphery of soil surface, and the other vertical growth.

A Comparative Study of Facemask Therapy with Two Types of Bonded Expander (Bonded expander 형태에 따른 facemask의 치료 효과 비교연구)

  • Lee, Eunha;Park, Kitae
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.298-305
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of facemask therapy in patients with Class III malocclusion with two types of bonded expanders covering different numbers of anchored teeth and to compare the anchorage value of two types of bonded expander. Eighteen subjects with Class III malocclusion in early mixed dentition were included in this study, and subjects were divided into two groups based on the number of teeth covered by bonded expander: group 1 (splinting four teeth on each side, 9 subjects) and group 2 (splinting three teeth on each side, 9 subjects). Lateral cephalograms were obtained and assessed before (T1) and after (T2) the treatment. The facemask therapy showed skeletal effects including anterior movement of maxilla and backward rotation of mandible in both groups, with no significant differences between groups. Mesial movement of maxillary molars which indicates anchorage loss of the bonded expander was found in both groups, but significantly larger mesial movement was found in group 2 than in group 1. In conclusion, the value of anchorage was different according to the number of teeth covered by bonded expander as an intraoral anchorage of facemask, but there were no significant differences in skeletal effects.

In vitro response of rat microglia and human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) to immunoactive compounds

  • Lombardi, Valter RM;Eetcheverria, Ignacio;Fernandez-Novoa, Lucia;Diaz, Joaquin;Seoane, Silvia;Cacabelos, Ramon
    • Advances in Traditional Medicine
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    • v.5 no.3
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    • pp.216-230
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    • 2005
  • Although the field of study in immune enhancing compounds is relatively new, natural products from plants represent a rich and promising source of novel molecules with immunomodulating properties, Microglial cells, the main immune effector cells of the brain, usually display a ramified morphology and low expression levels of immunologically relevant antigens such as MHC class I and class II. Since any compound which participates in activation of phagocytic cells contributes to the production of potentially toxic factors, the search for convenient in vitro test-systems and study of mechanisms of action of these agents are of great interest. Human blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells and primary microglial cells isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats were used as cellular screening tests for study of phagocytosis-stimulating action of immunomodulating agents. Numbers of phagocytic activity were evaluated by the phagocyte ingestion of yeast cells and NO-synthase activity, nitrite production, and nitroblue tetrazolium test were determined after phagocyte stimulation. It was possible to demonstrate that indexes of phagocytic activity can be used as quantitative indicators for measurement immunomodulating activity. As a positive control, Zymosan A-induced phagocytosis in both PMN cells and primary microglial cells was used. $IFN-{\gamma}$ (0.1 -1 U/ml) stimulated phagocytosis in PMN cells 1.2 times after 2 - 3 h incubation, although at higher concentrations (10 - 100 U/ml) it strongly inhibited phagocytosis. In a similar way, at higher concentrations, $IFN-{\gamma}$ (100 - 500 U/ml) suppressed phagocytosis in zymosan-A stimulated microglial cells. When Polypodium leucotomus, cambricum and vulgare extracts were tested alone, increased levels of phagocytosis were observed in PMN. In addition, microglial cells showed both increased phagocytosis and MHC class-II antigen expressions. Surprisingly, when PMN and microglia were treated with a combination of Polypodium and $IFN-{\gamma}$, phagocytosis was not inhibited. We did not find changes in NO-synthase activity and nitrite production in both microglia and PMN cells activated by different immunomodulating agents. These results indicate that primary microglial cell cultures as well as human PMN cells can provide reproducible quantitative results in screening phagocytic activity of different immunoactive compounds. Furthermore, both inhibitory or activation mechanisms might be studied using these in vitro experimental approaches.

Comparative Study on Distribution of Heavy Metals of the Surface Sediments in East/West Oceanic Dumping Areas (동/서해병 해역 표층 퇴적물의 중금속 분포 특성 비교)

  • Kim, Pil-Geun;Park, Maeng-Eon;Sung, Kyu-Youl;Lim, Sung-Taek;Oh, Sul-Mi
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.121-131
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    • 2009
  • The distribution characteristics of heavy metals for surface sediments in east oceanic dumping area (EDA) and west oceanic dumping area (WDA) are evaluated by grain sizes, minerals, sedimentation rates and compositions of heavy metals. The mean grain sizes in EDA and WDA range from $7.95{\Phi}$ to $8.51{\Phi}$ and $7.42{\Phi}$ to $8.15{\Phi}$, respectively. These are mostly belonging to the M (mud) type. Minerals in the surface sediments consist of illite with chlorite, smectite, and kaolinite. Sedimentation rates estimated by $^{210}Pb$ method in EDA and WDA are 1.11 mm/yr$\sim$1.73 mm/yr and 1.87 mm/yr, respectively. According to the interrelationship, concentrations of Ni, Cu, Cr, and Zn are closely associated with mean grain size, Al, and Fe, whereas concentrations of Cd and Pb are poorly associated with ones. The enrichment factors of these elements are higher than 1.5, suggesting that the concentrations of Cd and Pb in the surface sediments are affected by anthropogenic sources. The $I_{geo}$-class numbers of Cd and Pb in the surface sediments are mostly classified in 2 to 4, showing moderate to strongly polluted. These numbers in EDA are higher than that of WDA, and the highest number is 4, indicative of the strongly polluted class. Our results show that the disposed wastes at EDA include mineralogical wastes, dredged materials from sewage disposals, and sludges from constructions having materials of WDA. The annual amount of oceanic dumping in EDA is double than that in WDA.

Effects of the Aqueous Extract from Persicaria longiseta on Growth and Yield of Potato (개여뀌의 추출물이 감자생장과 수량에 미치는 효과)

  • Lee, Hee-Sean;Woo, Seong-Bae;Song, Jin-Young;Kang, Jeong-Hwan;Kim, Tae-Keun;Kim, Hyoun-Chol;Song, Chang-Khil
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.311-322
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    • 2015
  • The study was conducted on growth and yield of potatoes in a wick hydroponic culture as affected by concentration of aqueous extracts in order to develop natural agricultural resources using Persicaria longiseta. Each 500 ml of distilled water (control) and P. blumei extracts (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) was applied to potato plants at 5 d intervals from 1 d after potato transplanting. The potatoes with P. blumei extract emerged 1 d earlier and had 0.3 to 0.4 more stem numbers per plant compared with those of control plot. The plant height was higher in plots with P. blumei extract than in control in early stage of potatoes (50 d), but there was no significant difference observed after mid-stage of potatoes (70 and 90 d). The stem diameter and fresh weight of potatoes estimated a higher values in plots with P. blumei extract than in control plots, although there was no statistical difference. The 100% P. blumei extract increased by up to $13.8kg/m^2$ of potato yield. The numbers of tubers in classes of < 5 g and 5 to 30 g per plant did not show a specific trend among experimental treatments while it in class of > 30 g was much higher in plots with P. blumei extract than in control plot. Accordingly, the P. blumei extract had a positive effect on the growth and yield of potatoes, could be applied as of eco-friendly fertilizers