• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1044-1052
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• 2015

The aim of this modelling study was to investigate the effect of large herd size (and land areas) on walking distances and milking interval (MI), and their impact on milk yield and economic penalties when 50% of the total diets were provided from home grown feed either as pasture or grazeable complementary forage rotation (CFR) in an automatic milking system (AMS). Twelve scenarios consisting of 3 AMS herds (400, 600, 800 cows), 2 levels of pasture utilisation (current AMS utilisation of 15.0 t dry matter [DM]/ha, termed as 'moderate'; optimum pasture utilisation of 19.7 t DM/ha, termed as 'high') and 2 rates of incorporation of grazeable complementary forage system (CFS: 0, 30%; CFS = 65% farm is CFR and 35% of farm is pasture) were investigated. Walking distances, energy loss due to walking, MI, reduction in milk yield and income loss were calculated for each treatment based on information available in the literature. With moderate pasture utilisation and 0% CFR, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in an increase in total walking distances between the parlour and the paddock from 3.5 to 6.3 km. Consequently, MI increased from 15.2 to 16.4 h with increased herd size from 400 to 800 cows. High pasture utilisation (allowing for an increased stocking density) reduced the total walking distances up to 1 km, thus reduced the MI by up to 0.5 h compared to the moderate pasture, 800 cow herd combination. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm reduced the total walking distances by up to 1.7 km and MI by up to 0.8 h compared to the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd combination. For moderate pasture utilisation, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in more dramatic milk yield penalty as yield increasing from c.f. 2.6 and 5.1 kg/cow/d respectively, which incurred a loss of up to $AU 1.9/cow/d. Milk yield losses of 0.61 kg and 0.25 kg for every km increase in total walking distance (voluntary return trip from parlour to paddock) and every one hour increase in MI, respectively. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm increased milk yield by up to 1.5 kg/cow/d, thereby reducing loss by up to $0.5/cow/d (c.f. the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd scenario). Thus, it was concluded that the successful integration of grazeable CFS with pasture has the potential to improve financial performance compared to the pasture only, large herd, AMS.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.150-159
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• 2007

The remark by Andy Clark that the cleverer our world is, the more difficult we perceive our world and ourselves, is very significant to us living in digital world. As the huge power of Technology are dominating the world, the people are drifting with their body fragmented in diverse kinds of chaos, being are faced with the situation that they should reorganize themselves about personal life and ways of thinking in a new technological environment. This paper approach some characteristics of contemporary society through 'Cyborg' which is the product of limitless human desire and technology. The characteristics in modern times, such as boundary disjoint, hybridity, transformation, fusion, communication with image, digital sensitivity, womanness correspond to those of the Cyborg. This paper also investigates the history of modern Cyborg through animation, one of the remarkable medium in digital age and analyze the cyber punk animation, and by Oshii Mamoru, which provoked the extension of the concept of Cyborg. This paper will give a moment to diagnose what this age is like and to present a reference line of our contemporaries exposed to the surplus images and technology.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.903-910
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• 2015

To maintain a predominantly pasture-based system, the large herd milked by automatic milking rotary would be required to walk significant distances. Walking distances of greater than 1-km are associated with an increased incidence of undesirably long milking intervals and reduced milk yield. Complementary forages can be incorporated into pasture-based systems to lift total home grown feed in a given area, thus potentially 'concentrating' feed closer to the dairy. The aim of this modelling study was to investigate the total land area required and associated walking distance for large automatic milking system (AMS) herds when incorporating complementary forage rotations (CFR) into the system. Thirty-six scenarios consisting of 3 AMS herds (400, 600, 800 cows), 2 levels of pasture utilisation (current AMS utilisation of 15.0 t dry matter [DM]/ha, termed as moderate; optimum pasture utilisation of 19.7 t DM/ha, termed as high) and 6 rates of replacement of each of these pastures by grazeable CFR (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) were investigated. Results showed that AMS cows were required to walk greater than 1-km when the farm area was greater than 86 ha. Insufficient pasture could be produced within a 1 km distance (i.e. 86 ha land) with home-grown feed (HGF) providing 43%, 29%, and 22% of the metabolisable energy (ME) required by 400, 600, and 800 cows, respectively from pastures. Introduction of pasture (moderate): CFR in AMS at a ratio of 80:20 can feed a 400 cow AMS herd, and can supply 42% and 31% of the ME requirements for 600 and 800 cows, respectively with pasture (moderate): CFR at 50:50 levels. In contrast to moderate pasture, 400 cows can be managed on high pasture utilisation (provided 57% of the total ME requirements). However, similar to the scenarios conducted with moderate pasture, there was insufficient feed produced within 1-km distance of the dairy for 600 or 800 cows. An 800 cow herd required 140 and 130 ha on moderate and high pasture-based AMS system, respectively with the introduction of pasture: CFR at a ratio of 50:50. Given the impact of increasing land area past 86 ha on walking distance, cow numbers could be increased by purchasing feed from off the milking platform and/or using the land outside 1-km distance for conserved feed. However, this warrants further investigations into risk analyses of different management options including development of an innovative system to manage large herds in an AMS farming system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.83-89
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• 2001

Recent advances in the structural and molecular biology uncovered that a set of translation factors resembles a tRNA shape and, in one case, even mimics a tRNA function for deciphering the genetic ：ode. Nature must have evolved this 'art' of molecular mimicry between protein and ribonucleic acid using different protein architectures to fulfill the requirement of a ribosome 'machine'. Termination of protein synthesis takes place on the ribosomes as a response to a stop, rather than a sense, codon in the 'decoding' site (A site). Translation termination requires two classes of polypeptide release factors (RFs)： a class-I factor, codon-specific RFs (RFI and RF2 in prokaryotes; eRFI in eukaryotes), and a class-IT factor, non-specific RFs (RF3 in prokaryotes; eRF3 in eukaryotes) that bind guanine nucleotides and stimulate class-I RF activity. The underlying mechanism for translation termination represents a long-standing coding problem of considerable interest since it entails protein-RNA recognition instead of the well-understood codon-anticodon pairing during the mRNA-tRNA interaction. Molecular mimicry between protein and nucleic acid is a novel concept in biology, proposed in 1995 from three crystallographic discoveries, one, on protein-RNA mimicry, and the other two, on protein-DNA mimicry. Nyborg, Clark and colleagues have first described this concept when they solved the crystal structure of elongation factor EF- Tu：GTP：aminoacyl-tRNA ternary complex and found its overall structural similarity with another elongation factor EF-G including the resemblance of part of EF-G to the anticodon stem of tRNA (Nissen et al. 1995). Protein mimicry of DNA has been shown in the crystal structure of the uracil-DNA glycosylase-uracil glycosylase inhibitor protein complex (Mol et al. 1995; Savva and Pear 1995) as well as in the NMR structure of transcription factor TBP-TA $F_{II}$ 230 complex (Liu et al. 1998). Consistent with this discovery, functional mimicry of a major autoantigenic epitope of the human insulin receptor by RNA has been suggested (Doudna et al. 1995) but its nature of mimic is. still largely unknown. The milestone of functional mimicry between protein and nucleic acid has been achieved by the discovery of 'peptide anticodon' that deciphers stop codons in mRNA (Ito et al. 2000). It is surprising that it took 4 decades since the discovery of the genetic code to figure out the basic mechanisms behind the deciphering of its 64 codons.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1014-1021
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• 1997

Studies were carried out on the preparation of several kinds of pulps from Sponge gourd fiber by KP, ASP, SP PAP, AP and addition of AQ pulping process. These unbeaten and beaten pulping fibers were observed their characteristics and fiber structure by SEM, FQA, Image analyzer and Micro projector. The results were summarized as follows; 1) The cooking condition which is the possible defibrilation of Shives are KP base($160^{\circ}C$, 2hr.), ASP base($155^{\circ}C$, 4hr.), PAP base($160^{\circ}C$, 1hr.). From the results, the kappa no. had the range of 12, 25, 10 each other. 2) The pulp yields of sponge gourd fiber obtained the range of KP 50~55%, ASP&60~70% and PAP 45~50%. SP base have the highest and contnets of KP&PAP base are much the same as woods. 3) Increasing amount of NaOH on Pulping was accelerated the defibrilation of Shives and was changed a morphology of pulping fiber quality such as fiber length, curl and kink index. 4) Addition of AQ on pulping process of sponge gourd fiber had a affect to raise the rate of delignification while protecting cellullosic components against degradation, especially defibrilation was very excellent, beated pulp much more easily and increased the fibrilation. 5) ASP system have higher bulk density, fiber bonding and protecting cellullosic components against degradation than KP or PAP. 6) The color reactions of the "C" stain solution showed blue or blue-gray with clean and transparency thin cell wall.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 2018

The Industrial Classification is a systematic taxonomy of industrial activities and the Standard Industrial Classification is used in all country by their own a consistent classification method. Therefore, it is employed to analyze current status of industry affairs using statistical investigations in terms industrial activities for making industrial policies and to compare industrial activity among countries. Since the Second Industrial Revolution, the need for the homogenous standard of industrial classification among countries emerged as the economic and industrial exchanges between the countries have became more active. In 1940, Colin Clark who british economist divided the industry into the first (primitive), second (processed), and third (service) industries. Based on this, the United Nations Office for Statistics (UNSD) established International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC) in 1948, which most countries invoke it. ISIC(International Standard Industry Classification) and the standard industry classifications of countries have reached the present after several revisions since the enactment of the Act. In the 2000s, the standard industry classification is amended to reflect the emergence of new industries and changes in industrial structure, mainly featuring the creation and segmentation of sections in the tertiary industry domains. It also shows that primary and secondary sectors are shifting to tertiary industry. In this study, the causes of these common phenomena are systematically identified and the problems present classification systems have been analyzed. Also proposed is the direction of formation of the industrial classification system from a service economy point of view and the conceptual model of the new classification system. In the future, it is necessary to validate the proposed model through this study and to carry out various new classification system studies.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.155-169
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• 2013

This study proposes proper forms of empirical formulas for the concentration time and storage coefficient based on their theoretical backgrounds and evaluates several existing empirical formulas by comparing them with the formula proposed in this study. Additionally, empirical formulas for the concentration time and storage coefficient of the Chungju Dam basin were derived using the forms proposed by considering their theoretical backgrounds, and compared with exiting empirical formulas. The results derived are summarized as follows. (1) The concentration time of a basin is proportional to the square of the main channel length, but inversely proportional to the channel slope, as the flood flow is generally turbulent. (2) The storage coefficient is proportional to the concentration time. (3) The comparison results with existing empirical formulas for the concentration time indicates that the empirical formulas like the Kirpich, Kraven (I), Kraven (II), California DoT, Kerby, SCS, and Morgali & Linsley are in line with the form proposed in this study. Among existing empirical formulas for the storage coefficient, the Clak, Russell, Sabol and Jung are found to be well matched to this study. (4) The application results to Chungju Dam basin indicates that among empirical formulas for the concentration time, the Jung, Yoon, Kraven (I), and Kraven (II) show relatively similar results to the observed in this study, but the Rziha shows abnormal results. Among the empirical formulas for the storage coefficient, the Yoon and Hong, Jung, Lee, and Yoon show somewhat reasonable results, but the Sabol shows abnormal results. In conclusion, the empirical formulas for the concentration time and storage coefficient developed in Korea are found to reflect the basin characteristics of Korea better.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1088-1096
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• 1966

The following is a method of synthetic unitgraph derivation based on the routing of a time area diagram through channel storage, studied by Clark-Jonstone and Laurenson. Unithy drograph (or unitgraph) is the hydrograph that would result from unit rainfall\ulcorner excess occuring uniformly with respect to both time and area over a catchment in unit time. By thus standarzing rainfall characteristics and ignoring loss, the unitgraph represents only the effects of catchment characteristics on the time distribution of runoff from a catchment The situation abten arises where it is desirable to derive a unitgraph for the design of dams, large bridge, and flood mitigation works such as levees, floodways and other flood control structures, and are also used in flood forecasting, and the necessary hydrologie records are not available. In such cases, if time and funds permit, it may be desirable to install the necessary raingauges, pruviometers, and stream gaging stations, and collect the necessary data over a period of years. On the otherhand, this procedure may be found either uneconomic or impossible on the grounds of time required, and it then becomes necessary to synthesise a unitgraph from a knowledge of the physical charcteristics of the catchment. In the preparing the approach to the solution of the problem we must select a number of catchment characteristic(shape, stream pattern, surface slope, and stream slope, etc.), a number of parameters that will define the magnitude and shape of the unit graph (e.g. peak discharge, time to peak, and base length, etc.), evaluate the catch-ment characteristics and unitgraph parameters selected, for a number of catchments having adequate rainfall and stream data and obtain Correlations between the two classes of data, and assume the relationships derived in just above question apply to other, ungaged, Catchments in the same region and, knowing the physical characteritics of these catchments, substitute for them in the relation\ulcorner ships to determine the corresponding unitgraph parameters. This method described in this note, based on the routing of a time area diagram through channel storage, appears to provide a logical line of research and they allow a readier correlation of unitgraph parameters with catchment characteristics. The main disadvantage of this method appears to be the error in routing all elements of rainfall excess through the same amount of storage. evertheless, it should be noted that the synthetic unitgraph method is more accurate than the rational method since it takes account of the shape and tophography of the catchment, channel storage, and temporal variation of rainfall excess, all of which are neglected in rational method.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.294-294
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• 2012

홍수위험도 추정에 있어서 불확실성은 수리, 수문, 구조, 환경 및 사회경제적인 불확실성과 관련 있으며, 수리 수문학적 불확실성은 주로 수리 수문학적 현상과 그 과정에 대한 불완전한 지식, 그리고 그 과정에 포함된 매개변수들에 대한 불완전한 지식과 관련이 있다. 이러한 여러 가지 불확실성은 홍수위험도 추정에 있어서의 불확실성에 중요한 요인으로 작용하므로 불확실성을 설명하기 위한 통계적 정보는 신뢰성 있는 홍수위험도 추정에 있어서 선행조건이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 불확실성 요인중 강우의 공간분포에 대한 신뢰성 있는 추정은 수자원 해석 및 설계에 있어서 필수적인 요소이다. 강우장의 공간변동성에 대한 고해상도 추정은 홍수, 특히 돌발홍수의 원인이 되는 국지성 호우의 확인 및 분석에 있어서 중요하다. 또한 강우의 공간 변동성에 대한 고려는 면적평균강우량 추정의 정확도를 향상시키는데 있어서 중요하며, 강우-유출모델의 모의결과에 대한 신뢰도를 향상시키는데 큰 영향을 미친다. 최근 공간자료에 대한 공간분포예측에 있어서 공간상관성을 고려할 수 있는 공간통계학적 기법의 적용이 증가하고 있으며, 이러한 공간통계학적 기법의 적용에 있어서 신뢰성 있는 모델 매개변수의 추정 및 불확실성 평가는 공간분포 예측결과에 대한 신뢰성을 향상시키는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 외국의 경우 공간분포예측 및 모의, 매개변수의 불확실성 평가 등과 관련하여 활발한 연구가 이루어지고 있는 반면 국내 수자원 분야에서는 아직까지 활발한 연구가 이루어지고 있지 않은 실정이다. 국내의 수문설계실무에서와 같이 확률홍수량을 강우빈도분석과 강우-유출모델을 이용하여 추정할 경우 확률홍수량 추정에 있어서 확률강우량 및 공간분포에 대한 불확실성과 강우-유출모델에서의 불확실성이 확률홍수량 추정에서의 불확실성에 영향을 미치며, 이후 연피해기대치 추정과 같은 홍수위험도 추정의 불확실성에도 영향을 미치게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 강우공간분포의 불확실성을 고려한 홍수량 추정을 위하여 공간추계모의 기법인 CEM을 적용하여 강우공간분포의 불확실성을 정량화하고 강우-유출모델의 입력 강우량에 대한 확률분포를 추정하였다. 강우-유출해석의 경우 유효우량 및 홍수수문곡선 산정을 위하여 국내 수자원 실무에서 가장 많이 적용되고 있는 NRCS CN 기법, Clark 및 Muskingum 모델을 적용하였다. 이로부터 강우공간분포의 불확실성 추정, 소유역별 입력 강우량에 대한 확률분포의 추정 및 재현기간별 확률홍수량의 불확실성 정량화 방안을 제시하였다. 이러한 결과들은 풍수해저감대책, 유역종합치수대책 등 각종 수자원 계획 및 설계실무에서 확률홍수량 및 홍수 또는 재해위험도 추정의 신뢰성을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법론적 대안으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1246-1246
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• 2001

The quality of meat is highly variable in many properties. This variability originates from both animal production and meat processing. At the pre-slaughter stage, animal factors such as breed, sex, age contribute to this variability. Environmental factors include feeding, rearing, transport and conditions just before slaughter (Hildrum et al., 1995). Meat can be presented in a variety of forms, each offering different opportunities for adulteration and contamination. This has imposed great pressure on the food manufacturing industry to guarantee the safety of meat. Tissue and muscle speciation of flesh foods, as well as speciation of animal derived by-products fed to all classes of domestic animals, are now perhaps the most important uncertainty which the food industry must resolve to allay consumer concern. Recently, there is a demand for rapid and low cost methods of direct quality measurements in both food and food ingredients (including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), enzymatic and inmunological tests (e.g. ELISA test) and physical tests) to establish their authenticity and hence guarantee the quality of products manufactured for consumers (Holland et al., 1998). The use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) for the rapid, precise and non-destructive analysis of a wide range of organic materials has been comprehensively documented (Osborne et at., 1993). Most of the established methods have involved the development of NIRS calibrations for the quantitative prediction of composition in meat (Ben-Gera and Norris, 1968; Lanza, 1983; Clark and Short, 1994). This was a rational strategy to pursue during the initial stages of its application, given the type of equipment available, the state of development of the emerging discipline of chemometrics and the overwhelming commercial interest in solving such problems (Downey, 1994). One of the advantages of NIRS technology is not only to assess chemical structures through the analysis of the molecular bonds in the near infrared spectrum, but also to build an optical model characteristic of the sample which behaves like the “finger print” of the sample. This opens the possibility of using spectra to determine complex attributes of organic structures, which are related to molecular chromophores, organoleptic scores and sensory characteristics (Hildrum et al., 1994, 1995; Park et al., 1998). In addition, the application of statistical packages like principal component or discriminant analysis provides the possibility to understand the optical properties of the sample and make a classification without the chemical information. The objectives of this present work were: (1) to examine two methods of sample presentation to the instrument (intact and minced) and (2) to explore the use of principal component analysis (PCA) and Soft Independent Modelling of class Analogy (SIMCA) to classify muscles by quality attributes. Seventy-eight (n: 78) beef muscles (m. longissimus dorsi) from Hereford breed of cattle were used. The samples were scanned in a NIRS monochromator instrument (NIR Systems 6500, Silver Spring, MD, USA) in reflectance mode (log 1/R). Both intact and minced presentation to the instrument were explored. Qualitative analysis of optical information through PCA and SIMCA analysis showed differences in muscles resulting from two different feeding systems.