• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.197-199
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• 2017

Using the InfraRed Camera (IRC) on board the infrared astronomical satellite AKARI we study the ${3.3{\mu}m}$ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) feature and its connection to active galactic nucleus (AGN) properties for a sample of 54 hard X-ray selected bright AGN, including both Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2 type objects. The sample is selected from the 9-month Swift/BAT survey in the 14-195 keV band and all of the sources have known neutral hydrogen column densities ($N_H$). The ${3.3{\mu}m}$ PAH luminosity ($L_{3.3{\mu}m}$) is used as a proxy for star-formation (SF) activity and hard X-ray luminosity ($L_{14-195keV}$) as an indicator of the AGN power. We explore for possible difference of SF activity between type 1 (un-absorbed) and type 2 (absorbed) AGN. We use several statistical analyses taking the upper-limits of the PAH lines into account utilizing survival analysis methods. The results of our log($L_{14-195keV}$) versus log($L_{3.3{\mu}m}$) regression shows a positive correlation and the slope for the type 1/unobscured AGN is steeper than that of type 2/obscured AGN at a $3{\sigma}$ level. Also our analysis shows that the circum-nuclear SF is more enhanced in type 2/absorbed AGN than type 1/un-absorbed AGN for low $L_{14-195keV}$ luminosity/low Eddington ratio AGN, while there is no significant dependence of SF activity on the AGN type in the high $L_{14-195keV}$ luminosities/Eddington ratios.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.51-54
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• 2007

Soybean has a morphological type with a broadened and flattened stem. Fasciation has been suggested as a new gene for soybean research. SSR marker linked to the $\Large f$ locus that controls fasciation phenotype has not identified within 10 cM. A mapping population consisting of 94 $F_2$ progenies was derived from a cross between wild type Clark (FF) and fasciation mutant C32 (${\Large f}{\Large f}$). The phenotype of $F_2$ individual plants was recorded at R2 and R3 growth stage from field. One-thousand 10-mer oligonucleotide RAPD primers and 29 SSR primers selected from the D1b+W of the soybean molecular linkage map were used. A genetic map was constructed from the segregating 35 RAPD, four SSR markers and one phenotypic(wild type/fasciation) marker. The segregation ratios of 3 : 1 observed in the $F_2$ population and the Chi-square values strongly suggest that the fasciation trait is controlled by a single recessive gene. Satt537 marker was linked to $\Large f$ locus at a distance of 9.6 cM. Assignment of the $\Large f$ locus to linkage group D1b+W and identification of markers can be used as an initial step for fine mapping of the $\Large f$ gene.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2016

Background In East Asia, the foot is the most common site of cutaneous melanoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between cutaneous melanoma of the foot and melanomas of other sites. Methods We studied 52 patients who underwent surgical treatment for cutaneous melanoma of the foot from September 2000 to January 2015. Through a retrospective review of their medical records, we collected data relating to their sex, age, histopathological subtype, Clark level, tumor thickness, lymph node involvement, stage, and survival rate, and we compared these parameters to those of 61 patients treated for melanoma of other sites. Moreover, we analyzed the surgical procedures, complications, and mortality rates associated with cutaneous melanoma on various parts of the foot. Results Melanoma of the foot differed from other melanomas only in the histopathological subtype. Other clinical features, including survival rate, did not differ significantly between the two groups heel was the most common site of melanoma of the foot (22 cases, 42.3%). The method of reconstruction varied depending on the region involved. Conclusions A comparison of melanoma of the foot to other melanomas showed that melanoma of the foot was associated with a significantly different distribution of histological subtypes. Consistent with previous findings, we found that the acral lentiginous subtype was the most common among melanomas of the foot. Furthermore, in contrast with previous studies, we did not find a worse prognosis or lower survival rate for melanoma of the foot in comparison with other melanomas.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.02a
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• pp.440-449
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• 1994

Current risk assessment practices largely reflect the need for a consistent set of relatively rapid, first-cut procedures to assess 'plausible upper limits' of various risks. These practices have important roles to play in 1) screening candidate hazards for initial attention and 2) directing attention to cases where moderate-cost measures to control exposures are likely to be warranted, in the absence of further extensive (and expensive) data gathering and analysis. A problem with the current practices, however, is that they have led assessors to do a generally poor job of analyzing and expressing uncertainties, fostering 'One-Number Disease' (in which everything from one's social policy position on risk acceptance to one's technical judgment on the likelihood of different cancer dose-response relationships is rolled into a single quantity). At least for analyses that involve relatively important decisions for society (both relatively large potential health risks and relatively large potential economic costs or other disruptions), we can and should at least go one further step - and that is to assess and convey both a central tendency estimate of exposure and risk as well as our more conventional 'conservative' upper-confidence-limit values. To accomplish this, more sophisticated efforts are needed to appropriately represent the likely effects of various sources of uncertainty along the casual chain from the release of toxicants to the production of adverse effects. When the effects of individual sources of uncertainty are assessed (and any important interactions included), Monte Carlo simulation procedures can be used to produce an overall analysis of uncertainties and to highlight areas where uncertainties might be appreciably reduced by further study. Beyond the information yielded by such analyses for decision-making in a few important cases, the value of doing several exemplary risk assessments in. this way is that a set of benchmarks can be defined that will help calibrate the assumptions used in the larger number of risk assessments that must be done by 'default' procedures.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.997-1001
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• 2009

GIS 기반의 HEC-HMS를 이용하여 유량자료가 있는 소하천인 정자천 유역을 대상으로 장기 강우 유출 분석을 하였다. 일반적으로 홍수량 산정은 단기해석으로 분석하나 평 갈수기와 홍수기 때의 하천 유황이 다르기 때문에 매개변수가 불일치할 것이라 생각되고, 이에 대한 보정이 필요한지 판단이 필요하다. 이를 위해 장기 연속모의를 통하여 매개변수의 보정 필요성을 검토하였다. 연구는 수치지도를 조합하여 ARC-VIEW로부터 Map파일 및 Basin파일을 생성하였고, 토지이용도와 토양도를 ARC-VIEW를 이용하여 CN value를 추출하였다. 계산조건중 손실량 산정방법은 SCS Curve Number법으로 하였고, 단위도 방법은 Clark UH법, 하도추적방법은 Muskingum방법, 기저유량산정방법은 Constant monthly로 설정하였다. 유역면적, 도달시간자료, 저류상수 값 등의 추출은 GIS기법을 이용하여 추출하였다. HEC-HMS의 장기 연속모의(Continuous Simulation)로 얻어진 Element Graph를 보면 대략적인 형태가 일치하나 2006년도에 대한 모의에서는 홍수기의 결과만 일치하는 것으로 보이고, 2007년도에 대한 모의에서는 평 갈수기와 홍수기의 그래프 형태가 유사하게 나타났다. 실측 유량보다 유량 값이 약간 크게 산출되어 홍수량 산정에서 볼 때 안정성에 무리가 없다고 판단되지만, 평 갈수기 기간에서 볼 때 연마다 하천의 매개변수가 일치하지 않는다고 생각되며, 홍수 후 유역의 변화로 매개변수가 변화한 것이라 생각된다. 향후 정자천유역의 보다 많은 강우사상과 실측유량을 통해 HEC-HMS의 유출량을 비교 분석하면 보다 더 정확한 해석이 가능할 것이며, 홍수가 빈번한 지역의 경우 유수지의 검토와 저수지의 시간당 방류량을 알 수 있다면 오차의 범위를 줄일 수 있다고 생각된다. 더 나아가 우리나라에 적합한 매개변수와 GIS 프로그램이 개발된다면 보다 쉽고 정확한 해석이 가능할 것이라고 생각된다.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.187-197
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• 1999

To assess the usefulness of tongue inspection for evaluating the Pattern identification in oriental medicine, we observed stroke patient's tongue and tongue coat and compared it with Pattern identification. The test group was composed of 85 acute stroke stage patients(within 72 hours of onset). Subjects were randomly selected from stroke patients admitted in the KyungHee University, Hospital of Oriental Medicine from December 1 1998 to June 30 1999. We took pictures of patient's tongue and tongue coat within 72hours from onset and checked Pattern identification at the same time. Tongues colored pale rose or red greatly outnumbered other colors. Tongue shape tended to be prickly or fissured, and tongue condition tended to be unflexible or deviated. Regarding tongue coat color, there were great amounts of yellow or clark yellow tongue coats, which were moist, thick or greasy in substance. The red tongue was significantly related to Fire-heat and deficiency of Yin syndrome, while faint white tongue to Damp syndrome(P=0.006). In terms of tongue coat, thin coat was related to Wind and Fire-heat syndromes, thick coat to Damp and Blood stasis syndrome, respectively (P=0.002). In conclusion, we thought that tongue inspection could be a useful Oriental medicine diagnosis in stroke.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1987

Respiratory care with oxygen inhalation is often a necessity to maintain life, and it is one of the important therapeutic adjuncts in respiratory disease and in intensive care after surgery. However, it has been reported that oxygen toxicity occurs after prolonged exposure to 100% 0, [Smith, 1899; Kistler et al. 1967; Schaffner et al. 1967; Rowland and Newman, 1969. Subjective symptoms of oxygen toxicity include tracheal irritation, frequent cough, some burning sensation in the trachea, tachypnea, severe dyspnea, etc. [Welch, 1963; Fisher et al, 1968; Milier et al, 1970; Clark and Lambertsen, 1971; Sackner, 1975]. Pathologic findings are atelectasis, injuries to the pulmonary capillaries and hemorrhage in the alveoli in gross specimens. There can be inflammation, proliferation of fibrin, thickening of alveolar membranes, degeneration of collagen fibers and interstitial edema in the microscopic findings. [Penrod, 1956; Cedergren, 1959; Bean, 1965; Schaffner, 1967]. Dubois and colleagues [1961] found that the amount of pulmonary surfactant was decreased in oxygen toxicity and atelectasis followed by the decreased pulmonary surfactant. Many authors reported that vital capacity, inspiratory force, pulmonary compliance, pulmonary capillary blood flow and pulmonary elasticity were deceased and arteriovenous shunting increased. [Comroe et al, 1945; Fuson et al, 1965; Kistler et al, 1966; Knowles and Blenner-hassett, 1967; Barber et al, 1978]. Many human volunteers were examined after prolonged exposure in a high oxygenated chamber and there were a few reports on animals with oxygen toxicity, subjects including rabbits. Gas partial pressures of alveoli and arteries were measured in rabbits exposed to 100% $O_2$ and the alveolar-arterial gas gradients were analyzed, which is the basis for the study of oxygen toxicity. These rabbits were divided into two groups; rabbits under natural respiration, and second group under artificial respiration with a respirator. The alveolar $PO_2$ [$P]AO_2$] and $PCO_2$ [$PACO_2$], and the arterial $PO_2$ [$PaO_2$] were measured under varying $O_2$ pressures; 15% $O_2$, 21% $O_2$ and 100% $O_2$.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2009

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is the problem that the vehicles stationed at central depot are to be optimally routed to supply customers with demands, satisfying vehicle capacity constraints. The CVRP is the NP-hard as it is a natural generalization of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). In this article, we propose the heuristic algorithm, called the bisection seed detection method, to solve the CVRP. The algorithm is composed of 3-phases. In the first phase, we work out the initial cluster using the improved sweep algorithm. In the next phase, we choose a seed node in each initial cluster by using the bisection seed detection method, and we compose the rout with the nearest node from each seed. At this phase, we compute the regret value to decide the list of priorities for the node assignment. In the final phase, we improve the route result by using the tabu search and exchange algorithm. We compared our heuristic with different heuristics such as the Clark-Wright heuristic and the genetic algorithm. The result of proposed heuristic show that our algorithm can get the nearest optimal value within the shortest execution time comparatively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.456-464
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• 1996

Fructans are the major vegetative storage carbohydrate in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). The depolymerization of fructans occurs by the sequential removal of terminal fructosyl residues by a specific fructan exohydrolase(FEH). The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize this enzyme in wheat. From stems and sheaths of field-grown wheat(cv. Clark), FEH was purified 356-fold using salt precipitation and a series of chromatographic procedures including size exclusion, anion exchange, and affinity chromatography. FEH had a molecular weight of 63.7 kD and an optima at pH 5.5 and 3$0^{\circ}C$. The $K_{m}$s for $\beta$(2 longrightarrow1) linked oligofructans varied, from 10 to 37mM, with the lowest $K_{m}$ for tetrasaccharide. The $V_{max}$ increased as degree of polymerization (DP) increased. Wheat FEH hydrolyzed only, $\beta$(2 longrightarrow1) linked fructans but not, $\beta$(2 longrightarrow6) linked timothy fructan or sucrose. The role of this FEH in fructan metabolism in wheat is discussed.sed.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 1994

Initially the paper will explore the concept, evolution and utility of Sustainable Development in the broad context of its links to the EIA process by predicting in advance decisions being made attempts to balance the needs of environmental, economic and social objectives. The paper then considers how an evolving and improved EIA process and in particular with the emphasis increasingly riving from projects to polieies, plans and programmes, can provide q framework to operationalise Sustainable Development with the focus on cumulative impacts, making EIA "problem focussed" and linking policy, environmental planning and assessment. The paper then reviews some of the practical EIA tools and methods that can support the practical application of more susk inable forms of development. The paper concludes by considering the follow ups that are now occurring after the Reo Sumit and suggests that has a Key and powerful role to play in this process, whether at an institutional prettiest policy level.