• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2007

To develop rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to be planted on salt-affected sites, cell lines with enhanced proline content and resistance to growth inhibition by Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZCA), a proline analogue, were screened out among calli irradiated with gamma ray of 50, 70, 90, and 120 Gy. The calli had been derived from embryo culture of the cultivar Donganbyeo. Selected AZCA resistant lines that had high proline accumulation were used as sources for selection of NaCl resistant lines. To determine an optimum concentration for selection of NaCl resistant lines, Donganbyeo seeds were initially cultured on the media containing various NaCl concentrations (0 to 2.5%) for 40 days, and 1.5% NaCl concentration was determined as the optimum concentration. One hundred sixteen salt-tolerant (ST) lines were selected from bulked 20,000 seeds of the AZCA resistant $M_{3}$ seeds in the medium containing 1.5% NaCl. The putative 33 lines ($M_{4}$ generation) considered with salt-tolerance were further analyzed for salt tolerance, amino acid and ion contents, and expression patterns of the salt tolerance-related genes. Out of the 33 lines, 7 lines were confirmed to have superior salt tolerance. Based on growth comparison of the entries, the selected mutant lines exhibited greater shoot length with average 1.5 times, root length with 1.3 times, root numbers with 1.1 times, and fresh weight with 1.5 times than control. Proline contents were increased maximum 20%, 100% and 20% in the leaf, seed and callus, respectively, of the selected lines. Compared to control, amino acid contents of the mutants were 24 to 29%, 49 to 143%, 32 to 60% higher in the leaf, seed and callus, respectively. The ratio of $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ for most of the ST-lines were lower than that of control, ranging from 1.0 to 3.8 for the leaf and 11.5 to 28.5 for the root, while the control had 3.5 and 32.9 in the leaf and root, respectively. The transcription patterns for the P5CS and NHXI genes observed by RT-PCR analysis indicated that these genes were actively expressed under salt stress. The selected mutants will be useful for the development of rice cultivar resistant to salt stress.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.22-35
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• 2021

Recently, as the climate changes rapidly and the prevalence of airborne fine particulate matter increases, the pattern of pollutants in the atmospheric environment is also changing. Therefore, the importance of studying the stability of pigments used in colored cultural properties is emerging. Hoecheong is an inorganic blue glass pigment called smalt; it is made by using cobalt as a coloring element in potash glass, and was widely used in colored cultural assets, such as murals and paintings. In this study, we collected three other hoecheong pigments to analyze their properties. The percentage of Co and K contained are different according to the manufacturer, and the smalt-3 sample has a lower cobalt content (15.1 wt.%) and higher potassium content (29.6 wt.%). After this analysis, colored specimens were prepared. Prepared specimens were exposed to ultra-violet rays, CO₂/NO₂, and NaCl, which are known to have the greatest influence on the stability of pigments. We found that factors affecting the color stability were NO₂ gas, ultra-violet rays, and water-soluble salts (NaCl). Among them, NO₂ has the most severe impact on color change of the pigments. Results of the component analysis showed that the color change depends on the potassium and cobalt content of the hoecheong pigment. Among the specimens, smalt-3 showed the most vulnerability after exposure to NO₂ gas and water-soluble salts. Pigment film stability is affected by watersoluble salts, giving rise not only to color change, but also weakening the physical properties of the film. However, there was no significant change in composition and color after exposure to CO₂ gas. In conclusion, we found that hoecheong pigments underwent color change and increased instability of the coating film when exposed to any of the atmospheric environmental factors used in this study, except for CO₂.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.787-795
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• 2001

For the developing natural fisheries flavoring substances using crustacea, the flavor constituents of enzyme hydrolysates from shore swimming crab (crab) and spotted shrimp (shrimp) were investigated. In taste-active compounds of both enzyme hydrolysates, total free amino acid contents of crab and shrimp enzyme hydrolysates were 5,226.7 mg% and 8,757.3 mg%, respectively. The major amino acids were taurine, glutamic acid, proline, asparagine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, lysine anserine and arginine. As for ATP related compounds, AMP was the principal component and small amounts of IMP was detected in both enzyme hydrolysates. In the quarternary ammonium bases, betaine was the principal component (593.8mg%), and contents of TMAO and betaine in both samples were 60.7 mg% and 850.0 mg%, 124.1 mg% and 755.9 mg%, respectively. The major components were Na, K, P and Cl in inorganic ions. The major fatty acids of both sample were 14 : 0, 16 : 0, 16 : 1n7, 18 : 1n9, 20 : 5n3 and 22 : 6n3, and composition ration of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of were 27.8% and 28.5%, respectively. Total 99~109 volatile compounds were detected as a cooked odor of crab and shrimp enzyme hydrolysates by SDE apparatus/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The volatile flavor compounds identified from cooked crab enzyme hydrolysate were composed of 6 acids, 10 alcohols, 7 aldehydes, 11 ketones, 1 ester, 5 phenols, 4 benzenes, 22 hydrocarbons, 1 furan, 21 nitrogen containing compounds and 11 micellaneous compounds. And the volatile flavor compounds indentified from cooked shrimp enzyme hydrolysate were composed of 13 acids, 10 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 10 ketones, 3 esters, 2 phenols, 5 benzenes, 36 hydrocarbons, 1 furan, 14 nitrogen containing compounds and 8 micellaneous compounds.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5-11
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• 2014

In this study, chemical analysis and ecotoxicity tests of leachate from disposal site for foot-and-mouth disease carcasses (FMD leachate) were conducted to collect fundamental data that will be used to develop environmental risk assessment tools for FMD leachate. For chemical analysis, concentration of $Cl^-$, $NH{_4}{^+}-N$, Korea standard method indicators for detection of leachate released from animal carcasses burial site into groundwater and NRN (Ninhydrin-Reactive Nitrogens), a newly suggested screening test indicator to detect groundwater contamination by FMD leachate, were assessed. For ecotoxicity tests, luminescent bacteria (V. fischeri), micro-algae (P. subcapitata) and water flea (D. magna) were selected as test species. Correlation analysis between the concentration of $Cl^-$, $NH{_4}{^+}-N$, NRN and the toxicity to V. fischeri was performed to identify the better indicators to monitor FMD leachate contamination. From regression analysis, the concentration of the indicators in FMD leachate contaminated sample that induced halfmaximal toxic effect to V. fischeri was evaluated. Results obtained from this study can be applied to assess the risk by FMD leachate and to establish the guideline to manage risk in relation to FMD leachate.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.3 s.70
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• pp.434-438
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• 2005

In the previous study, we isolated a myulchikinase (MK), which has fibrinolytic activity and cytotoxicity to the tumor cell line, from myl- chi-jeot-gal. In this study, the effect of NaCl concentration, metallic ions, pH, temperature, and plasminogen on the activity of MK was analysed. The MK activity was maintained at least $80\%$ activity up to $30\%$ NaCl, which indicates that the enzyme may be halotolerant. The optimal pH and temperature were 8 and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of MK was completely inhibited with 0.5 mM $Hg^{2+}$ and inhibited to $50^{\circ}C$ with 1 mM $Cu^{2+}\;and\;Zn^{2+}$. The MK showed strong activity in plasminogen- rich fibrin plate but not in plasminogen-free fibrin plate. The result indicates that the MK may be a plasminogen activator type fibrinolytic enzyme.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1996.06b
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• pp.3-27
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• 1996

분체의 입자 배열이 불규칙한 경우뿐만 아니라 입자 크기가 극미세하여 X선회절분석이 불가능한 경우에도 비정질물질이라 한다. 수용액 속에서 이런 비정질 물질을 합성하기 위해서는 합성용액의 과포화도를 높여 계속 유지시킴에 따라 극미세 1차핵 생성의 지속적인 유도에 따른 입자 성장을 최대한 억제시켜야만 한다. 본 연구에서는 흡습제, 칼슘제 및 식품 첨가제 등으로 이용되는 비정질 탄산칼슘을 계에서 합성하고, 이때 생성된 비정질 상태의 겔을 수용액 환경을 변화시켜가면서 따라 결정화를 유도하고 탄산칼슘의 동질이상을 관찰하였다. CO2의 유속을 11/min, 교반속도를 600rpm으로 고정시키고, Ca(OH)2의 양을 10g에서 50g까지 변화시켜가면서 겔 상태의 비정질 탄산칼슘을 합성하였다. 이때 전기전도도는 CO2의 용해와 더불어 Ca(OH)2의 용해도가 증가함에 따라 변화하였으며, 반응종반부에는 겔화가 시작될 때까지 거의 일정하였다. 따라서, 이러한 사실들로부터 현탁액 내에서의 전기전도도의 변화는 Ca이온의 영향을 받는 것으로 사료된다. 비정질 탄산칼슘은 수용액에서 불안정하여 CO2 가스를 방출하면서 급격히 결정화되는데, 본 연구에서는 Ca(OH)2의 양을 20g으로 하여 위의 방법에 의해 얻어진 겔을 수용액의 종류와 농도 및 결정화 온도, 교반속도를 달리하면서 결정화시켰다. 교반속도를 100rpm으로 하여 물의 온도변화에 다라 결정화시킨 경우 전 온도범위에서 칼사이트상이었으며, 물의 온도가 5$^{\circ}C$일 경우에는 미세한 입자들이 응집된 형태였으나, 그 외의 온도변화조건에서는 모두 평균입경 0.4$\mu\textrm{m}$정도의 비교적 균일하 능면체 형태였다. 또한 교반속도를 500rpm으로 증가시켰을 경우에는 8$0^{\circ}C$에서 침상의 아라코나이트가 소량생성되었음을 SEM사진으로 관찰할 수 있었으며, 소량의 바테라이트도 혼재되어 결정화되었음을 XRD결과로 알 수 있었다. 교반속도를 100rpm으로 한 NH4Cl 0.5mol/l 수용액에서는 입자의 형태와 크기가 불규칙한 칼사이트로 결정화되었으며, MgCl2 0.05mol/l 수용액의 경우에는 순수한 H2O의 경우에서와는 달리 2$0^{\circ}C$에서는 모서리가 무딘 매우 균일한 크기의 칼사이트 입자가 관찰되었으며, 6$0^{\circ}C$부터는 아라고나이트가 생성됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서, 고온(8$0^{\circ}C$)의 농도 MgCl2 수용액(0.1, 0.2 mol/l)에서 교반속도를 높여(800rpm) 겔을 결정화시킨 결과 아라고나이트의 생성수율이 증가되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2007

Sweat contents were investigated for using those data to forensic purpose. The experiments of identifying sweat contents were as follow: 1) measurement of amino acids (aspartic acid, serine, glycine etc) by HPLC, 2) anions ($Cl^-$, $F^-$, and $SO{_4}^{2-}$) by IC and 3) trace elements (Cu, Zn, Li, B, etc.) by ICP-MS. Amino acid contents in sweat are varied with individual samples and glycine, threonine, alanine, valine and histidine are detected as the prime one. The detected anions are $Cl^-$(2167~4073 ppm) and $F^-$(454~582 ppm) mostly. Trace elements of Rb, Zn and Cu are detected and those concentrations are relatively very high. The compositions of sweat can be influenced by various factors (diet, anthropometric, characteristics, physical fitness, age, gender and the state of the health).

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.867-873
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• 2010

This study investigated the corrosion properties of reinforced concrete with the addition of steel fibers. The transport properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete such as permeable void, absorption by capillary action, water permeability and chloride diffusion were first measured to evaluate the relationship with the corrosion of steel rebar. Test results showed a slight increase on the compressive strength with the addition of steel fibers as well as considerable improvement of penetration resistance to mass transport of harmful materials into concrete. The addition of steel fibers in reinforced concrete accelerated the initiation of steel corrosion contrary to the expected results based on the measured transport properties. The NaCl ponding surface showed the spalling failure due to the corrosion expansion of steel fibers and the cut-surface around the steel rebar showed the localized steel fiber's corrosion. The wet-dry cycling with high chloride ions as well as high temperature seems to induce the increase of salt crystallization on the pores continually and the increased pressure with the steel fiber's corrosion on the pores caused the spalling failure on the exposed surface. The microcracking on the surface therefore accelerated the movement of water, chloride ions and oxygen into the embedded steel rebar. The mechanism affecting corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement with steel fibers in this study are not yet fully understood and require further study comprising of accurate experimental design to isolate the effect of steel fiber's potential mechanism on the corrosion process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.510-522
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• 1999

The air pollutants ; $SO_2$, $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$, $Cl^-$ are absorbed into soils through falling with dusts and rain from the atmosphere. The sources of heavy metal contaminants in the environments are agricultural and horticultural materials, sewage sludges, fossil fuel combustion, metallurgical industries, electronics and waste disposal etc.. The soils and hydrosphere can be polluted on the way of the circulation of these heavy metals. Studied pollutant anions are $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$ and $Cl^-$ and heavy metals are Se, Mo, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cr, Co, V, As, Cu and Ni which are the elements to be concerned with the essentials for plants, with animal and human health. This study is with the aim of selecting the species of roadside trees and green space trees which have excellent absorption of air pollutants and heavy metals from the atmosphere and the soils in the urban area. Two areas are designated to carry out this study : urban area ; Kwangju city and rural area ; the yard of Forest Environment Institute of Chollanam-do, at Sanje-ri, Sampo-myum, Naju city, Chollanam-do (23km away from Kwangju). This study is carried out to understand the movement of anions and heavy metals from the soils to the trees in both areas, the absorption of anions and heavy metals from atmosphere into leaves and the amounts of anions and heavy metals in leaves and fine roots(< 1mm dia.) of roadside trees and green space trees in Kwangju and trees in the yard of Forest Environment Institute of Chollanam-do. The tree species selected for this study in both areas are Ginkgo biloba, Quercus acutissima, Cedrus deodara, Platanus occidentalis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Alnus japonica. Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Zekova serrata. Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, and Pinus densiflora. The results of the study are as follows : 1. $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$ and $Cl^-$ concentrations are higher in the soils of the urban area than in those of the rural area, and $NO{_3}^-$ and $SO{_4}^{-2}$ are higher in the leaves than in the roots due to the absorption of the these pollutants through the stomata. 2. Ginkgo biloba, Robinia pseudoacacia. Zekova serrata, Quercus acutissima, and Platanus occidentalis can be adequated to the roadside trees and the environmental trees due to their good absorption of $NO{_3}^-$ and $SO{_4}^{-2}$. 3. Heavy metals in the soils of both areas are in the order of Mn > Zn > V > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Mo> Cd, and in the leaves and roots of the trees in the both areas are in the order of Mn>Zn>Cr>Cu>V>Ni. Both orders are similar ones except V. There are more in the urban soils than in the rural soils in amount of Mn, Zn, Pb, V, Cu. 4. It is supposed that there is no antagonism between Mn and Zn in this study. 5. Se, Co and As are not detected in the soils, the leaves and the roots in both areas. Sn, Mo, Cd and Pb are also not detected in the leaves and roots in spite of considerable amount in the soils of both areas.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.253-266
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• 1989

The Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag hydrothermal vein type deposits which comprise the Dongil and Dong-cheogogsan mines occur within the Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in the Euiseong Basin of the southern Korean peninsula. The ore mineralization is contained within three stage(I,II and III) quartz and calcite veins. Ore minerals occur as dominant chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite and Pb, Ag, Sb and Bi-bearing sulfosalts. Stage I ore minerals were deposited between $400^{\circ}C$ and $200^{\circ}C$ from the fluid with moderate salinities(7.0 to 4.5 eq. wt. % NaCl). Evidence of boiling suggests pressure of less than 150 bars during stage I mineralization. This pressure corresponds to maximum depths of 650 m and 1700 m, respectively, assuming lithostatic and hydrostatic loads. The data on mineralogy, temperature and salinity, together with information on the solubility of Cu complex, suggest that Cu deposition is a result of boiling coupled with declining temperature from $350^{\circ}$ to $250^{\circ}C$ or declining log $a_{o_2}$(from -29.8 to -35.9 atm.)and increasing in pH. Pb, Ag, Sb and Bi-bearing sulfosalts were deposited by cooling and dilution at temperature of less than $250^{\circ}C$ from the ore fluid with less than -35.9 atm. of log $a_{o_2}$.