• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.37-57
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• 2019

This paper presents experimental and analytical studies to evaluate the cyclic behaviour of Circular Reinforced Concrete column Steel beam (CRCS) connections. Two 3/4-scale CRCS specimens are tested under quasi-static reversed cyclic loading. Specimens were strengthened with a tube plate (TP) and a steel doubler plate (SDP). Furthermore; nine interior beam-through type RCS connections are simulated using nonlinear three-dimensional finite element method using ABAQUS software and are verified with experimental results. The results revealed that using the TP improves the performance of the panel zone by providing better confinement to the concrete. Utilizing the TP at the panel zone may absorb and distribute stress in this region. Results demonstrate that TP can be used instead of SDP. Test records indicate that specimens with TP, with and without SDP maintained their maximum strength up to 4% drift angle, satisfying the recommendation given by AISC341-2016 for composite special moment-resisting frames.

• 복식문화학회:학술대회논문집
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• 복식문화학회 2005년도 Joint International Conference
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• pp.145-147
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• 2005

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.304-311
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• 2012

산업용제로 널리 이용되고 있는 PCE (Perchloroethylene)나 TCE (Trichloroethylene)와 같은 염화에틸렌화합물은 안정된 세정력을 가지고 있어 널리 이용되고 있지만 무분별한 사용과 부주의한 취급으로 인해 최근 토양 및 지하수 오염지역이 늘어나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 퇴적토, 슬러지, 토양, 지하수 등 다양한 지역에서 총 10개의 시료를 식종원으로 이용하여 생물학적 PCE 탈염소화 가능성을 평가하고, 가장 우수한 탈염소화 능력을 보인 낙동강 퇴적토 시료를 대상으로 PCE를 에틸렌까지 안정적으로 탈염소화 가능한 혼합미생물을 농화배양하였다. 농화배양된 탈염소화 미생물을 생물전기화학시스템(Bioelectrochemical System, BES)의 환원부에 식종하여 전극을 전자공급원으로 이용한 탈염소화 가능성을 평가한 결과, PCE가 TCE, cis-dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride를 거쳐 최종산물인 에틸렌으로 탈염소화됨을 확인할 수 있었다. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE)를 이용한 미생물군집 분석결과, 농화배양액에서 구축된 탈염소 미생물 군집과 BES 환원전극부내 미생물 군집 구조는 다르게 나타났으며, 전기화학적 활성을 지닌 다양한 미생물이 존재함을 확인할 수 있었다. BES 환원전극부에서 부유성장하는 미생물과 전극에 생물막을 형성하는 미생물 군집구조에도 큰 차이가 있었으며, 이는 탈염소화 메커니즘의 차이에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 추가적인 연구를 통해서 자세한 생물전기화학적 탈염소화 메커니즘을 밝혀낸다면 생물전기화학적 탈염소화 기술은 염화에틸렌 오염 토양/지하수의 획기적인 생물정화기술로 자리잡게 될 것이다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.37-47
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• 1999

In the 17th century, Europe had changed from medieval feudalistic ages into an absolute monarchy taking Catholicism and absolute monarchism together. On the other hand, Holland achieved prosperity in economy, culture, and arts through gradual enlightment of the people by winning independence from Spain, and religious reformation. The culture dress and its ornaments at the time was led by the governing class such as royal families and its aristocracy in Europe, while Holland, united republic country at the time, brought civil costume nationwide wholly by civil class and its effect to other neighboring countries in Europe. In addition, the origin of modern dress and its ornaments dates back to that time. Moreover, civil-looking dutch paintings found its sources in routine daily life and became realistic. With this respect, in this research, we put our purpose of the research in making a better and more understanding of the modern costume and its ornaments and exploring the spirit of human beings by analyzing dutch civil costumes shown in these artistic works. It is very important that this research is rather renovational comparing with prior ones focused on those of ruling classes. As a result of the research, the distinguished parts of the civil costumes appeares as following beauties. First, functional beauty was respected such as natural waist line, peplum, gather of the skirt and sleeve, apron, head towel were some of the examples to those in their costumes and its ornaments. Second, with respect to humanity under rough natural surroundings and long struggle with outside tribes, humanity of costume was brought by optimistic and even free mind to them. The three quater sleeve showed wrist and deep-cut decollete in their dress and ornaments. Third, with respect to simplicity, religious effect on the leading civil class demanding self-abstinence, frugality, and thrift in their way of life resulted in black-tone simple costumes with white collar in their costumes and its ornaments.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제25권
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• pp.597-626
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• 2011

Civil college is a public educational institute for theoretical and practical learning. This study examines the social context behind France's civil college and how it is being operated. Many studies have been conducted in Korea to examine Germany in terms of lifelong learning or adult learning, but there is almost no study on France. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the history and operation of civil college, the "college outside college," in France and what Korea should learn from it. The civil college of France can be discussed in two contexts: first, it is AUPF, which stands for the French association of civil colleges, and it was mostly influenced by Northern Europe and Germany. Second, it is Caen Civil College, which was established by M. Onfray based his philosophical collaboration. The European civil college opened almost 1,000 courses in 2010-2011 for a variety of subjects, including Foreign Languages, Mother Tongue, the Dialects of Alsace, Philosophy, Cosmology, History, Art History, Psychology, Sociology, Astronomy, Botany, and Natural Science. Courses in Fine Arts include drawing, painting, sculpture, photography, music, and theater. For another form of civil college, Philosopher M. Onfray has been operating Caen Civil College since 2002 for general education and cultural education. It is not acknowledged by conventional philosophers, but it is contributing to the popularization of philosophy. In conclusion, the civil college in France has brought in-depth philosophical discussions out of the lecture rooms in an effort to popularize learning, making lifelong learning more accessible to the general public.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

인공 배양토의 기능을 향상시키기 위해서 정수장 슬러지를 주원료로한 인공 배양토 개발에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 기존에 시판되고 있는 인공 배양토보다 제지 슬러지, 하수 슬러지, 완숙 퇴비, 정수장 슬러지를 각각 40, 20, 10, 30% 혼합하여 제조한 인공 배양토가 perennial ryegrass, 싸리나무에 대한 식물생육에 효과적이었다. 식물독성실험에서도 정수장 슬러지를 혼합한 시료에서는 식물독성이 나타나지 않았다. 또한 정수장 슬러지는 인공 배양토의 보수력 및 접착력 증가에 긍정적인 영향이 있었다. 정수장 슬러지는 알루미늄을 다량 함유하고 있으나, 퇴비와 혼합하였을 경우 pH 2의 낮은 pH에서 Al의 용출이 거의 없었다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 5th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.539-545
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• 2013

Although individual-level factors (e.g., attitudes, personality) have long been associated with day-to-day attendance decisions, increasingly researchers have recognized "the social nature of attendance dynamics and their susceptibility to social control (Johns, 2008)." Implications of this social approach for research would be to focus attention on the causes and effects of absence culture (i.e., absence-related perceptions, beliefs, values), and the effects of absence culture on individual and group attendance within social units. Construction projects typically require workers to work in teams or crews on highly interdependent projects, and, thus, are particularly relevant contexts to study absence culture. In this paper we apply a system dynamics (SD) model to study absence culture by utilizing the advantages of SD in capturing a feedback process and state changes. We were particularly interested in: (a) the awareness of social norms within construction crews that pertained to attendance, (b) the interplay between formal attendance rules (policy) and these social norms, and (c) how these sources of influence affected the decision-making process of construction crew members. We expect that the results of this work will help construction organizations evaluate (or re-consider) the effects of their attendance control policies (e.g., timing, strength, and frequency) within a social context. Moreover, our findings suggest that the key to reducing excessive absences might be to invest time in influencing absence culture directly rather than imposing frequent and strict regulations - which, in turn, may inadvertently fortify a culture that works against the organization's interests.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2015

RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) is the most important explosive contaminant, both in concentration and in frequency, at military shooting ranges in which green technologies such as phytoremediation or constructed wetlands are the best option for mitigation of explosive compounds discharge to the environment. A study was conducted with two identical lab-scale plug flow constructed wetlands planted with Amur silver grass to treat water artificially contaminated with 40 mg/L of toxic explosive compound, RDX. The reactor was inoculated with or without RDX degrading mixed culture to evaluate plant-microorganism interactions in RDX removal, transformation products distribution, and kinetic constants. RDX and its metabolites in water, plant, and sediment were analyzed by HPLC to determine mass balance and kinetic constants. After 30 days of operation, the reactor reached steady-state at which more than 99% of RDX was removed with or without the mixed culture inoculation. The major transformation product was TNX (Trinitroso-RDX) that comprised approximately 50% in the mass balance of both reactors. It was also the major compound in the plant root and shoot system. Acute toxicity analysis of the water samples showed more than 30% of toxicity reduction in the effluent than that of influent containing 40 mg/L of RDX. In the Amur silver grass mesocosm seeded with the mixed culture, the specific RDX removal rate, that is 1st order removal rate normalized to plant fresh weight, was estimated to be 0.84 kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ which is 16.7% higher than that in the planted only mesocosm. Therefore, the results of this study proved that Amur silver grass is an effective plant for RDX removal in constructed wetlands and the efficiency can be increased even more when applied with RDX degrading microbial consortia.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.607-621
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• 2012

The Expo Culture Centre is one of the permanent buildings at the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China. The main structure has an oval shape and consists of 36 radial cantilever steel trusses with different lengths and inner frames made of concrete-filled rectangular steel tube members. Tuned mass dampers are used to reduce the excessive vibrations of the sixth floor that are caused by human-induced resonance. A three-dimensional analytical model of the system is developed, and its main characteristics are established. A series of field tests are performed on the structure, and the test results show that the vertical vibration frequencies of most structural cantilevers are between 2.5 Hz and 3.5 Hz, which falls in the range of human-induced vibration. Twelve pairs of tuned mass dampers weighing 115 tons total were installed in the structure to suppress the vibration response of the system. These mass dampers were tuned to the vertical vibration frequency of the structure, which had the highest possibility of excitation. Test data obtained after the installation of the tuned mass dampers are used to evaluate their effectiveness for the reduction of the vibration acceleration. An analytical model of the structure is calibrated according to the measured dynamic characteristics. An analysis of the modified model is performed and the results show that when people walk normally, the structural vibration was low and the tuned mass dampers have no effect, but when people run at the structural vibration frequency, the tuned mass dampers can reduce the floor vibration acceleration by approximately 15%.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제15권3_2호
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• pp.59-70
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• 2015

본 연구는 사회안전망구축과 시민문화 및 지역사회결속의 관계를 규명하는데 있다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 2014년 7월 15일부터 9월 15일 까지 서울지역(강동, 강서, 강남, 강북) 일반 시민들을 모집단으로 선정한 다음 집락무선표집법(cluster random sampling)을 이용, 400명을 표집 하였다. 불성실한 자료를 제외하고 최종분석에 사용된 사례 수는 337명이다. 수집된 자료는 SPSSWIN 18.0을 이용하여 연구의 목적에 따라 분석 하였으며, 통계기법은 요인분석 신뢰도분석 상관분석 독립표본 t검증 일원변량분석 다중회귀분석 경로분석 등의 방법이 활용되었다. 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사회안전망구축은 시민 문화에 영향을 미친다. 자율방범활동이 활성화 될수록 질서준법정신은 높아진다. 지자체안전교육 경찰치안서비스가 활성화 될수록 참여의식은 높아진다. 자율방범활동 거리CCTV시설 경찰치안서비스가 활성화 될수록 관용정신은 높아진다. 반면, 거리 CCTV시설은 시민들의 자율성을 감소시킨다. 둘째, 사회안전망구축은 지역사회결속에 영향을 미친다. 거리CCTV시설 경찰치안서비스 범죄예방설계가 활성화 될수록 안정감은 높아진다. 지자체안전교육 경찰치안서비스 범죄예방설계가 활성화 될 수록 공동체의식은 높아진다. 자율방범활동 지자체안전교육 경찰치안서비스 범죄예방설계가 활성화 될수록 지역사회제도는 높아진다. 셋째, 시민문화는 지역사회결속에 영향을 미친다. 참여의식 관용정신이 활성화 될수록 안정감 공동체의식 지역사회제도는 높아진다. 넷째, 사회안전망구축은 지역사회제도에 직접적으로는 낮게 영향을 미치지만, 시민문화를 증대시켜 준다면 지역사회 결속에 더 크게 영향을 미친다.