• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.684-694
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• 2018

This study describes the successful establishment of a cryopreservation protocol for Citrus limon cultivars: 'Frost Eureka limon' and 'Cook Eureka limon', using a droplet-vitrification method. The shoot tips that were excised from in vitro grown seedlings of the two cultivars were preserved in liquid nitrogen (LN) and successfully regenerated into whole plants. Excised shoot tips were pre-cultured for 1 or 2 days in 0.3 M and 0.5 M sucrose solutions at $25^{\circ}C$ and incubated in a loading solution (LS) composed of 17.5% glycerol + 17.5% sucrose in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium for 40 min at $25^{\circ}C$. Prior to direct immersion in LN for 1 h, the shoot tips were dehydrated with plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) at $0^{\circ}C$ or PVS3 at $25^{\circ}C$. The frozen shoot tips were re-warmed and unloaded with 1.2 M sucrose in $\text\tiny{^1/_2}$ MS for 30 min at $25^{\circ}C$. Shoot tips were post-cultured overnight on survival medium and then micrografted onto 'trifoliate orange' (Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf. seedling rootstocks for recovery and to produce whole plants. The highest regrowth rates were 53.5% and 50.3% for cryopreserved shoot tips of 'Frost Eureka limon' and 'Cook Eureka limon', respectively, when pre-cultured in 0.3 M and 0.5 M sucrose concentrations in a sequencing manner, with LS and treated with PVS2 for 60 min at $0^{\circ}C$. We also investigated whether the ammonium ion concentration on post-culture medium affected the viability of the cryopreserved Citrus shoot tips. The viability of cooled samples, following culturing on woody plant media (WPM) containing $\text\tiny{^1/_4}$ ammonium nitrate overnight before micrografting, was the highest (70.3%) in 'Frost Eureka limon'. The study described here is a cost-effective and safe method to conserve Citrus fruit cultivars, for the improvement and large-scale multiplication of fruit plants and for breeding disease resistance.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.598-604
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• 2013

본 연구는 citrus 과피의 천연 갈변저해제로서 사용가능성을 알아보았다. Citrus 중 생과 및 가공에서 가장 많이 이용되고 있는 오렌지(C. sinensis), 감귤(C. unshiu), 레몬(C. limon), 자몽(C. paradisi)의 과피를 80% 에탄올로 추출 농축하였다. 각 추출물 0.05-5%에 사과 슬라이스를 침지하여 외관 및 색도 변화를 관찰한 후, pH와 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량을 조사하였으며, DPPH radical 소거 활성과 $Cu^{2+}$ 킬레이트 활성을 측정하였다. 사과 슬라이스 침지의 경우 다양한 농도의 추출물 중 대체로 0.1%에서 우수한 갈변저해효과를 보였으며 4종의 citrus 과피 중 레몬 과피추출물이 가장 우수한 효과를 보였다. pH의 경우 4종의 citrus 과피 추출물 간의 유의적 차이는 없었으며, ascorbic acid에 비해 높은 값을 보였고, 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량의 경우 레몬 과피 추출물이 가장 높게 측정되었다. DPPH radical 소거활성과 $Cu^{2+}$ 킬레이트 활성 모두 레몬 과피 추출물이 가장 우수하였고, 자몽 과피 추출물이 가장 낮은 활성을 보였다. 사과 슬라이스 침지 결과와 radical 소거 및 킬레이트 활성이 페놀 및 플라보노이드와 유사한 경향을 보이고 있어 이 물질들이 항산화 및 갈변저해 효과를 나타낸다고 추정된다. Citrus 과피 추출물의 항산화능은 농도 의존적이었지만 갈변저해효과는 mono 및 diphenol 과 같은 기질로 작용하는 페놀성 물질의 일부와 추출물 자체가 띠는 색으로 인해 0.1-0.5%에서 효과적이었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 citrus 과피 특히, 레몬 과피 추출물의 항산화와 갈변저해효과를 확인하였고, 천연 갈변저해제로서의 사용 가능성을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

Little information about the biological activities of Citrus limon (lemon) leaves has been reported, whereas the fruit of Citrus limon (lemon) has been well-documented to contain various pro-health bio-functional compounds. In the present study, the antiproliferative activities of the lemon leaves were evaluated using several cancer cell lines. From the n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions of methanolic extract of the leaves, the chloroform fraction of lemon leaves (CFLL) showed the most potent antiproliferative activity in the AGS human gastric cancer cells. The current study demonstrates that CFLL induces apoptosis in AGS cells, as evidenced by an increase in apoptotic bodies, cell population in the sub-G1 phase, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-3 and caspase-9. Compositional analysis of the CFLL using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) resulted in the identification of 27 compounds including trans, trans-farnesol (3.19 %), farnesol (3.26 %), vanillic acid (1.45 %), (-)-loliolide (5.24 %) and palmitic acid (6.96 %). Understanding the modes of action of these compounds individually and/or synergistically would provide useful information about their applications in cancer prevention and therapy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.529-535
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• 2007

The nutritive values of leaves of Citrus grandis, Citrus aurantium, Citrus oranges, Citrus limon, and Citrus deliciosa were evaluated by chemical composition and in vitro gas production techniques. There were significant (p<0.001) differences among citrus species in terms of chemical composition. Crude protein (CP) contents ranged from 123.0 to 148.3 g/kg DM. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were varied with species in the range 219.4-355.4 and 215.0-278.8 g/kg DM respectively. Condensed tannin (CT) contents were ranged from 5.9 to 10.2 g/kg DM. The PEG addition significantly (p<0.001) increased the gas production and some estimated parameters of citrus tree leaves. However, species showed variable responses to polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. There were also significant (p<0.001) differences among species in terms of gas production and estimated parameters. The OMD and ME contents of citrus leaves without PEG supplementation were ranged from 66.5 to 73.3% and 9.8 to 10.9 MJ/kg DM respectively. The improvement in gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) with PEG emphasized the negative effect of tannins on digestibility. The increase (%) in the estimated OMD and ME contents ranged from 5.5 to 9.8% and 5.7 to 10.2% respectively. All citrus tree leaves studied in this experiment have potential nutritive values indicated by high crude protein content, OMD, ME and low fiber values.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2007

To develop a new type of surimi with added citrus fruits, we examined the colors, textural properties and sensory evaluations of surimi after production. In the folding test, all samples had good flexibility, which suggested that addition of citrus fruits did not influence the flexibility of surimi. The pH in surimi samples was, in increasing order: lemon(Citrus limon), citron(Citrus junos), tangerine(Citrus unshiu), cumquet(Fortunella japonica var. margarita), and control. The pHs of each citrus fruits and the surimi with added citrus fruits were similar. Lightness increased in the following order: lemon, cumquet, control, citron, and tangerine surimi. Redness was high in the following order: tangerine, cumquet, control, citron, and lemon surimi. Yellowness increased in the following order: tangerine, cumquet, citron, lemon, and control surimi. There were no significant differences between lemon and control surimi. The hardness of surimi was highest in lemon, followed by citron, tangerine, cumquet, and control surimi. Although control surimi was the lowest, there were no significant differences among the samples. In terms of springness, it increased in the following order: tangerine, citron, control, lemon, and cumquet, but there were no significant differences among the samples. In sensory evaluation, overall acceptability decreased in the following order: cumquet, tangerine, control, citron, and lemon. Surimi containing cumquet got the best score in colors, textural properties, and taste except flavor. All samples got positive results in sensory ova luations, except for textural properties and taste of lemon and citron. Here, we confirm that surimi can be made with added citrus fruits, although we should examine in detail the quantities of added lemon and citron in a later study.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2023년도 임시총회 및 춘계학술대회
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• pp.67-67
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• 2023

수입귤 6종(레몬, 자몽, 청자몽, 오렌지, 만다린, 라임) 부위별 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성에 관하여 총 폴리페놀 함량 측정, 총 플라보노이드 함량 측정, DPPH radical 소거 활성 실험을 실시하였다. 수입귤 6종(레몬, 자몽, 청자몽, 오렌지, 만다린, 라임)의 각 부위별 생리활성 실험에서 총 폴리페놀 함량(mg/g)은 청자몽 중피(252.14mg/g)와 청자몽 외피(224.60mg/g), 청자몽 과피(213.13mg/g), 자몽 중피(197.13mg/g) 순으로 모두 150mg/g 이상의 양호한 폴리페놀 함량을 나타내었다. 수입귤 6종(레몬, 자몽, 청자몽, 오렌지, 만다린, 라임)의 각 부위별 총 플라보노이드 함량(mg/g)은 자몽 중피(147.24mg/g)와 청자몽 중피(147.08mg/g), 청자몽 과피(127.74mg/g), 청자몽 외피(122.5mg/g) 순으로 모두 120mg/g 이상의 매우 양호한 플라보노이드 함량을 나타내었다. 수입귤 6종(레몬, 자몽, 청자몽, 오렌지, 만다린, 라임)의 각 부위별 항산화 활성(EDA, %)은 레몬 과피(83.21%)를 시작으로 라임 전체(80.23%), 레몬 과육(77.02%), 레몬 전체(69.85%), 만다린 과피(68.86%), 라임 과육(64.61%) 순으로 EDA 50% 이상 값을 나타내어 양호한 항산화 활성을 보였다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.361-366
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• 1996

Acceptable fish noodles of better nutritional and sensory values than conventional noodle made only wheat flour were prepared by mixing wheat flour and ground tile fish (Branchioste gus japonicus). In oder to mask a distinctive fish odor, various herbs and spices, such as ginger (Zingiber officinale), curry (Chalcas koenigii), nutmeg (Myristica Pagrans), garlic (Ailium sativum), black pepper (Piper nigrum), lemon (Cirtus limon) or sodachi (Citrus sudachi) were added to the basic tile fish noodle. Also, for the purpose of enhancing eating qual ify and nutritional value of basic noodle were combined some agricultural or fishery products of Cheju island, citrus fruits; danyooja (Citrus danyooga), hagul (C. natfudaidai), medical plants; angelica utilis (Angelica keiskei), ginseng (Panax ginseng), cactus (Opuntia dillenii), vegetable; carrot (Daucus carota), dropwort (Oenanthe jnvanica), seaweeds; fusiforme (Hizkia fusiforme), gulfweed (Sargaceae hlvelium). The optimal mixing ratio for preparing the basic tile fish noodle amounted to ground tile fish 135 g: tile fish stock 139 $m\ell$: wheat flour 450 g: salts 10 g. The mixture of curry powder (2.5 g) and nutmeg powder (2.5 g) was proved to be the most effective combinations for masking unfavorable fish odor. The optimal amounts of materials to be added to the prepared basic noodle were 25 g citrus zest and 80m1 citrus juice for citrus fruits noodles, and ca. 140 g puree for noodles from medical plants, vegetables and seaweeds, respectively. The preference score obtained from consumer preference test, on a 9-point scales, were in oder of i) danyooja > carrot, angelica, ginseng > fusiforme, ii) hagul > dropwort, cactus > gulfweed. The shelf-life of tile fish noodle based on bacterial counting was estimated to be 7-days at 5$^{\circ}C$.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2021

Background: We aimed to investigate the effect of Citrous limon extract (CLE) on oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity and nitric oxide (NO) generation and the tooth bleaching effect of CLE as a substitute for hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and determine the feasibility and application of CLE as a safe and effective natural tooth bleaching agent. Methods: The protective effect of CLE on H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in Raw264.7 macrophages was investigated by the MTT assay. The inhibitory effect of CLE on the generation of H₂O₂-induced NO was confirmed by the NO assay, and the changes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression were confirmed by western blotting. Stained bovine teeth were treated with/without 15% and/or 35% CLE and H₂O₂, 15% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) for 3 hours, and were irradiated with/without bleaching light (BL) for 15 minutes. The color change of the treated bovine tooth surface was measured using a colorimeter. Results: The viability of Raw264.7 cells treated with each concentration of CLE and 500 μM H₂O₂ significantly increased as CLE increased, and NO generation and iNOS protein expression were significantly reduced in cells treated with 300 ㎍ CLE+/500 μM H₂O₂+ and 300 ㎍ CLE+/500 μM H₂O₂+/150 ㎍ NaHCO₃+. The bleaching effect of 35% CLE+ was higher than that of 15% CLE+ and 15% NaHCO₃+, and the effect was similar to that of 15% H₂O₂+. The 35% CLE+/15% NaHCO₃+ showed the greatest bleaching effect and was higher than that of the groups irradiated with the BL. The greatest bleaching effect was observed with 35% CLE+/15% NaHCO₃+, followed by 35% H₂O₂+/BL+. Conclusion: CLE inhibited oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity and NO generation in Raw264.7 cells and, could replace H₂O₂, which causes side effects and risks in teeth breaching treatment. It showed greatest teeth bleaching effect when combined with NaHCO₃. CLE is an effective and safe natural tooth bleaching substitute.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.137-152
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• 2021

Background and objective: This study was carried out to investigate and analyze the preference for plant fragrance and the psychological effects of a agro-healing activity in 101 firefighters aged 39.71 ± 10.94. Methods: For the psychological evaluation, post-traumatic stress symptoms, Korean occupational stress scale short form (KOSS-SF), emotional intelligence, and job satisfaction were surveyed on the Likert scale. For the preference for plant fragrances, 20 ㎕ of commercially available essential oils from four plant species (Mentha spp., Lavandula spp., Citrus limon, C. sinensis) were absorbed into each test paper and provided to the participants. Results: The rate of post-traumatic stress symptoms was high at 37.6% of the firefighters surveyed.. C. limon fragrance had the highest preference among the four plant fragrances, followed by C. sinensis > Mentha spp. > Lavandula spp. with statistically significant difference (F = 14.256, p < .001). The lower their age, income, and position, and higher the education level, the higher the preference for plant fragrances. And the administrative group had higher preference for plant fragrances than field group. In addition, as a result of examining the correlation between job satisfaction, preference for plant fragrance, post-traumatic stress, emotional intelligence, and job stress for fire-fighters, the higher the job satisfaction, the higher the fragrance preference and emotional intelligence, and the lower the post-traumatic stress and job stress. Conclusion: Therefore, installing a garden using botanical fragrances at workplaces that firefighters can easily access will improve job satisfaction and relieve stress. It can be concluded that applying the fragrance of plants to the healing farming activities at the fire-fighter's workplace can increase the usefulness of the healing activities.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.265-275
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• 2023

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fruit juices on Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens involved in Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among tribal women in the district Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Methods: Fresh juices of lemon (Citrus limon), amla/Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), pineapple (Ananas comosus), mosambi/sweet lime (Citrus limetta), orange (Citrus sinensis), kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa), and pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruits were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens involved in UITs and STIs among tribal women. Physico-chemical analysis of fresh fruits was also carried out by measuring the pH, moisture, protein, fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate, and ascorbic acid content. Results: Lemon and amla juice showed better antibacterial activity against the pathogens as compared to other juices. MIC results fruit juices against UTIs and STIs pathogens vary depending on the specific pathogen and juice chemical constituents. The physico-chemical analysis showed that the moisture content was highest in mosambi (90%), followed by orange (87%). Ascorbic acid content was found highest in amla (540 mg/100 g), followed by kiwi (90.3 mg/100 g). Pomegranate showed highest concentration of carbohydrate (15.28 g/100 g), fat (1.28 g/100 g), and protein (1.65 g/100 g). Lemon juice had lowest pH of 2.20, followed by amla 2.67. Conclusion: The lemon juice showed highest antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial pathogens involved in UTIs and STIs among tribal women in district Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh, India. The low pH of lemon may be responsible for its high antibacterial activity as compared to other juices.