• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.327-337
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• 2020

Objective : Citri Unshius Pericarpium is the dried peel of mature fruit of Citrus unshiu Markovich and has been used to treat indigestion, vomiting, and removal of phlegm. This study investigated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of CEE (Ethanol extract of Citri Unshius Pericarpium) in cadmium (CdCl₂)-treated HepG2 cells. Methods : Component analysis of Citri Unshius Pericarpium was analyzed by UPLC with C₁₈ column. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were analyzed using commercially available kits. Results : Cadmium caused severe HepG2 cell death. Cadmium also increased ROS production, consistent with depletion of GSH and inhibition of the SOD enzyme. However, CEE treatment reduced cell death and relieved oxidative stress caused by cadmium toxicity. CEE lowered ROS levels and improved depletion of GSH levels. CEE also enhanced the enzymatic activity of SOD. In component analysis, hesperidin was the most abundant of the five marker compounds (Narigenin, Narigin, Narirutin, Hesperidin and Hesperidin), which assumes that hesperidin partially contributed to the antioxidant activity of CEE. Conclusion : These results suggested that CEE could be a potential substance to solve heavy metal-related health problems. In particular, inhibition of oxidative stress by CEE can be a way to treat liver damage caused by cadmium.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.117-128
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• 2010

Objectives : In this study the antidepressant effects of mixture of Citri Peticulatae Viride Pericarpium and Lycii Radicis Cortex on the change of HPA-Axis and Catecholamic system was investigated Methods : The forced swimming test(FST) was performed. The expression of corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF), c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN), and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the ventral tegmental area(VTA) and locus coeruleus(LC) was measured with immunohistochemical method and the concentration of seum adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) was measured with ELISA method. And the experimental groups were divided into the extraction after mixing(A) and mixture after extraction(B). The effects of both group were compared. Results : The duration of immobility in the forced swimming test was significantly decreased in the A400 group(P<0.01). The expression of CRF in PVN were significantly reduced in the A100, A400, B100, B400groups(P<0.001). but the expression of c-fos in PVN weren't reduced in all groups. And the concentration of ACTH in Plasma were significantly reduced in the A 100 group(P<0.01). The expression of TH in LC were significantly reduced in the A 400, B 100 and B400 groups(P<0.05~P<0.01). Conclusion : Mixture of Citri Peticulatae Viride Pericarpium and Lycii Radicis Cortex has antidepressant effects. But the difference between mixing and extracting methods was not shown.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

In order to examine oxidative stress of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant effect of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) extract, human skin melanoma cells were treated with various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$). Antioxidant effect of CRP extract on $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity, cell viability, DPPH-radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. In this study, $H_2O_2$ decreased cell viability of cultured human skin melanoma cells in dose- and time-dependent manners, and then, midcytotoxicity value (MCV) was determined at $60\;{\mu}M$ after human skin melanoma cells were cultured for 5 hours in the media containing $20{\sim}60\;{\mu}M$ of $H_2O_2$, respectively. The $H_2O_2$ was on cultured human skin melanoma cells because MCV of $H_2O_2$ was lower than $100\;{\mu}M$. In the antioxidant effect of CRP extract, CRP extract increased cell viability DPPH-radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity. From these results, it is suggested that $H_2O_2$ was very toxic on cultured human skin melanoma cells. And also, CRP extract has the antioxidant effect on $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2006

Objectives : It is demonstrated that oxygen free radicals have cytotoxic effect on NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. Recently, many of herb extracts have an effect of antioxidant in oxygen free radical-induced cytotoxicity. But, the toxic mechanism of oxygen free radical is left unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and antioxidant effect of Citri reticulatae pericarpium (CRP) on NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Methods : The cytotoxicy was measured by cell viability by XTT assay in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. XTT assay is regarded as a very sensitive screening method for the determination of the cell viability on various chemicals. Results : In this study, H2O2 decreased cell viability according to the dose- and time dependent manners after NIH3T3 fibroblasts were treated with various concentrations of H2O2 for 4 hours. And also, CRP showed the effect of antioxidant on $H_2O_2-induced $ cytotoxicity in cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Conclusion : These results suggest that $H_2O_2$ has highly cytotoxic effect on cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts by the decrease of cell viavility, and the herb extract such as CRP was showed the effect of antioxidant on $H_2O_2-induced$ cytotoxicity in these cultures.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium (CP) on 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-induced inflammation in PC12 cells. Methods: 4-HNE was treated in PC12 cell to cause inflammatory response, and then treated with CP water extract at 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/ml$. The phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ in PC12 cells were determined by Western blot, respectively. Results: The phosphorylation of JNK was significantly decreased in 4-HNE-stimulated PC12 cell by the treatment of CP extract at $25{\mu}g/ml$. The 4-HNE-induced expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$) p65 in nuclear of the cells was significantly decreased in PC12 cell by treatment with CP extract at 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/ml$. Conclusions: These results suggest that CP water extract has an anti-inflammatory activity through suppressing the JNK and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1375-1387
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• 2006

Through abdominal diagnoses, deficiency and excess, and cold and heat of the eight principles for differentiating syndromes can be determined, pathogens such as fluid retention, dry stool, retention of undigested food, abdominal mass, blood stagnation, stagnation of Gi, deficiency of Kidney Yang, and, spermatorrhea can be identified, nature and stages of the symptoms can be understood and then pathogenesis analyzed. Abdominal diagnosis can be one of primary factors in deciding treatment, expecting prognosis and treatment effect, and choosing herbal prescriptions. Representative herbs for epigastric stuffiness/fullness are Radix Ginseng, Pericarpium Citri, etc; for fullness of epigastrium, Rhizoma Pinelliae, Pericarpium Citri, Rhizoma Rhei, etc.; for severely rigid epigastrium, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Radix Ginseng, etc.; for epigastric pain, Rhizoma Pinelliae, Pericarpium Citri, etc.; for epigastric fullness and rigidity, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Ginseng, etc.; for feeling of obstruction in the epigastirum, Radix Bupleuri, Radix Ginseng, etc.; for palpitation in the epigastrium, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Ramulus Cinnamomi, etc. It is essential to rightly diagnose through comprehensive analysis of the data gained by the four methods of diagnosis, and in doing this, further studies on how to utilize abdomen diagnosis for clinical practice.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.31-37
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• 1974

Citrus unshiu Marc., a family of Rutaceae, has been used as antitussives, antiemetics, expectorants, spasmolytics, stomachics and digestants in oriental medicine. But there is few reports on the pharmacological effects of Citrus unshiu pericarpium. Present experiment was performed to observe the effects of the water extract of Citrus unshiu on isolated auricle and intestine in rabbits and blood pressure in rats and also to study on the active component on the cardiovascular system by means of thin layer chlomatography and spectrophotometer. 1. The water extract showed positive inotropic and positive chronotropic effect in the concentration of $1{\times}10^{-4}g/ml$, $5{\times}10^{-4}g/ml$, and $1{\times}10^{-3}g/ml$. 2. The motility of isolated rabbit intestine was significantly depressed by the water extract. 3. The blood pressure was markedly increased by the water extract. 4. The blood vessel of rabbit ear was constricted by perfusion of the ether extract. 5. The purified alkaloid of Citri pericarpium by ion exchange resin showed the same Rf value with l-synephrine on thin layer chromatography. 6. The purified alkaloid of Citri pericarpium by thin layer chromatography showed the same absorption curve with l-synephrine in the ultraviolet scanning.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2002

Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium extract(CRVP) have been used in oriental medicine for many centuries as a therapeutic agent for Soothing the liver and regulating the circulation of qi(疏肝理氣), and promoting digestion and removing stagnated food(消積化滯). The effects of CRVP on the vascular system is not known. The purpose of this Study was to investigate the effects of CRVP on the pial arterial diameter and regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) in normal rats and ischemic cerebrovascular pathologic model rats. The changes in rCBF was determinated by Laser-Doppler Flowmetry(LDF), and the changes in pial arterial diameter were determinated by video microscopy methods and video analyzer. The results were as follows ; 1. Pial arterial diameter was significantly increased by CRVP in a dose-dependent manner. 2. Pretreatment with L-NNA significantly inhibited CRVP induced increased rCBF and pial arterial diameter. 3. Both the methylene chloride fraction and the hexane fraction of CRVP dose-dependently improved the altered cerebral hemodynamics of cerebral ischemic animal by increasing rCBF. 4. Pretreatment with L-NNA and indomethacin significantly inhibited CRVP(MC) induced increased rCBF. 5. Pretreatment with L-NNA and indomethacin significantly inhibited CRVP(hexane) induced increased rCBF. 6. Pretreatment with CRVP maredly stabilized the changes rCBF and pial arterial diameter during the period of cerebral reperusion. In conclusion, CRVP causes a diverse response of rCBF and pial arterial diameter, and CRVP dose-dependently improved the altered cerebral hemodynamics of cerebral ischemic animal by increasing rCBF and pial arterial diameter. These results suggest that the improvement of cerebral hemodynamics is also mediated by nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.893-898
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• 2002

Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium extract(CRVP) have been used in oriental medicine for many centuries as a therapeutic agent for smoothing the liver and regulating the circulation of qi, and promoting digestion and removing stagnated food. The effects of CRVP on the inhibition of brain damage in cerebral ischemia is not known. Therefore, this Study was designed to investigate the cerebral protective effects of CRVP on the transient cerebral ischemia using modern techniques, and further to provide the possibility of scientification of oriental medicine. The size of cerebral infarct size was measured by morphometry, and brain edema was measured by morphometry and brain water content determination. The results were a$ follows ; 1. Water fraction of CRVP was reduced infect area of rats brain slices which were subjected to a transient cerebral ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. 2. Methylene chloride fraction and hexane fraction of CRVP was significantly reduced infarct area of rats brain slices which were subjected to a transient cerebral ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. 3. Methylene chloride fraction and hexane fraction of CRVP was significantly reduced infarct volume of rats brain which was subjected to a transient cerebral ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. 4. Methylene Chloride fraction and hexane fraction of CRVP was significantly decreased brain edema induced by a transient cerebral ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. 5. Methylene chloride fraction and hexane fraction of CRVP was significantly decreased brain water content of rats which were subjected to a transient cerebral ischemia. It is suggested that CRVP has an anti-ischemic effect through the inhibition of brain damage in a transient cerebral ischemia, and that in future further development of main effective constituent in CRVP can provide a novel therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2011

Objectives : To quantitatively analyze the academic characteristics of Yuhagan and Idongwon and compare it to existing qualitative analysis. Methods : The prescriptions listed in Somunsunmyungronbang and Nansilbijang were entered into a database. Commonly used combination of medical herbs were researched throughout the literature. Results : In Nansilbijang, among the combinations of 8 medical herbs, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Ginseng Radix, Citri Pericarpium, Atractyodis Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Phellodendri Cortex combination was used 11 times out of the 277 prescriptions. In Somunsunmyungronbang, combinations of 7 medical herbs: (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Menthae Herba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Forsythiae Fructus), (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Paeniae Radix Alba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Cnidii Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix), (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Schizonepete Herba) were each used 7 times out of the 350 prescriptions. Conclusions : Nansilbijang shows more prescriptions applying Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Ginseng Radix, Citri Pericarpium, Atractyodis Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Phellodendri Cortex. Prescriptions aimed to tonify ql with Ginseng Radix and Astragali Radix, to upraise the middle qi with Bupleuri Radix and Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and to regulate qi with Citri Pericarpium and Atractyodis Rhizoma were common. Somunsunmyungronbang preferred the use of Angelicae gigantis Radix, Platycodi Radix, Rhel Radix et Rhizoma, Gypsum Fibrosum, Schizonepete Herba, Forsythiae Fructus and Menthae Herba so its focus was on the aggressive management of febrile diseases.