• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.1243-1252
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• 2000

The differential enhanced degradation of cis- and trans-1,3-D was observed in the previous two studies performed by several researchers. This study was initiated to investigate the involvement of microorganisms in the differential enhanced degradation of the chemicals. As expected, microorganisms were responsible for the enhanced degradation. A mixed bacterial culture capable of degrading 1,3-D was isolated from an enhanced soil sample collected from a site treated with 1,3-D. Similar to the enhanced soil, the mixed culture degraded trans-1,3-D faster than cis-1,3-D. This mixed culture could not utilize cis- and trans-1,3-D as a sole source of carbon for growth. Rather, a variety of second substrates were evaluated to stimulate the differential enhanced degradation of the two isomers. As a result, the mixed culture degraded cis- and trans-1,3-D only in the presence of a suitable second substrate. Therefore, it appeared that the degradation of cis- and trans-1,3-D was a cometabolic process. Second substrates that had the capacity to stimulate the degradation included soil leachate, tryptone, tryptophan, and alanine. Other substrates tested. including soil extract. glucose, yeast extract and indole, failed to stimulate the degradation of the two isomers. The mixed culture was composed of four morphologically distinctive colonies on L-agar plates.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1325-1330
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• 2009

The fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) was recently proposed as a direct replacement for methyl bromide ($CH_3Br$) in soil fumigation. This study was conducted to better understand behavior phase partitioning, diffusion and volatilization of 1,3-D as affected by isomer. The Henry's law constant(KH) of cis-1,3-D and trans-1,3-D was 0.058 and 0.037 at $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. $K_H$ of cis form of 1,3-D was higher than that of trans form of 1,3-D. To compare with volatilization of 1,3-D isomer, soil column [70 cm (length)${\times}$12 cm (i.d.)] included a shank injection at 30 cm with 300 kg $ha^{-1}$. Maximum cis-1,3-D and trans-1,3-D concentration reached 57 mg $L^{-1}$ and 39 mg $L^{-1}$ at 30 cm depth at 1h after application. Cumulatively, after 10 days, 51.8% and 43.57% of applied cis-1,3-D and trans-1,3-D was emitted via volatilization, respectively. The total losses of cis-1,3-D were significantly greater than that of trans-1,3-D. Finally, cis-1,3-D and trans-1,3-D, such as isomer are dominant of 1,3-D fates in soil.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.4 s.55
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• pp.365-373
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• 2006

Emission of methyl bromide (MeBr) from soil was implicated in stratospheric ozone depletion. To determine multi analysis of alternatives fumigants for MeBr, this paper describes the methods of analysis in water and soil. The MeBr, methyl iodide (Mel), propargyl bromide (PBr), cis 1,3-dichloropropene (cis 1,3-D), trans 1,3-dichloropropene (trans 1,3-D) and chloropicrin(CP) are separated on the base line on GC-ECD at three column of AT+DB+DB (90m) with temperature programing of $35^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}110^{\circ}C$ on GC-ECD. The relative retention time for MeBr, Mel, PBr, cis 1,3-D, trans 1,3-D and CP is 1.0, 1.4, 2.3, 3.2, 3.6 and 3.7, respertively. The detection limit for MeBr, Mel, PBr, cis 1,3-D, trans 1,3-D and CP is 469 pg, 5 pg, 21 pg, 79 pg, 101 PE and 5pg, respectively. Recovery of MeBr Mel, PBr, cis 1,3-D, trans 1,3-D and CP in water added 150 ppm fumigants were 81%, 96%, 95%, 97%, 98% and 99%, respectively. Recovery of MeBr, MeI, PBr, cis 1, 3-D, trans 1,3-D and CP in soil added 150ppm fumigants were 56%, 84%), 85%, 81%, 87% and 88%, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.125-139
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• 2000

The differential enhanced degradation of cis- and trans-1,3-D was observed in the previous two studies performed by Ou et al. (1995) and especially Chung et al. (1999). This study was initiated to investigate the involvement of microorganisms in the differential enhanced degradation of the chemicals. As expected, microorganisms were responsible for the enhanced degradation of the chemicals. A mixed bacterial culture capable of degrading 1,3-D was isolated from an enhanced soil sample collected from a site treated with 1,3-D. Similar to the enhanced soil, the mixed culture degraded trans-1,3-D faster than cis-1,3-D. This mixed culture could not utilize cis- and trans-1,3-D as a sole source of carbon for growth. Rather, a variety of second substrates were evaluated to stimulate the differential enhanced degradation of the two isomers. As a result, the mixed culture degraded cis- and trans-1,3-D only in the presence of a suitable second substrate. Second substrates that had the capacity to stimulate the degradation included soil leachate, tryptone, tryptophan, and alanine. Other substrates tested, including soil extract, glucose, yeast extract, and indole (ailed to stimulate the degradation of the two isomers. Therefore, it appeared that the degradation of cis- and trans-1,3-D was a cometabolic process. The mixed culture was composed of four morphologically distinctive bacterial colonies.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.379-386
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• 1995

Permethrin [3-phenox yben zyl(1RS)-cis,tans-3-(2,2-dichloroviny1)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate] insecticides were selected to study adsorption and leaching potentials related to pollution on Commerce silty clay loam soil near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. GLC-ECD chromatogram of permethrin included 32.5 % of cis-pemehin and 67.4 % of trans-permethrin. Extraction efficiencies of is and trmu-pemetun were 92.5 % and 92.3 % in fortified water, respectively and 85.9 % and 88.8 % in fortified soil, respectively. At a 1:10 moi]/water ratio,the Koc values for sis and fan isomers of permethrin were 938 and 877, respectively. Leaching of permethrin was evaluated in soil columns$(5.4 cm i.d. \times 26 cm length)$. Total recoveries of the permethrin applied to the soil column were $84.5\pm3.1%$. When the soil columns were leached with three pore volumes of water, the distributions of cis-permethrin leached were 6.10 % and 0.07 % of amount applied in the untreated zone soil and leachate water, respectively Trans-pemethrin distributions were 5.20 % in the untreated zone soil and 0.05 % in leachate water. Cis and trans-pemethrin was strongly adsorbed to soil. The results of the study showed the strong relationship between adsorption and leaching. Cis and trans-permethrin to be leached into the groundwater in soils with shallow aquifers were suggested a low leaching potential.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1463-1468
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• 2007

Emission of methyl bromide(MeBr) of soil fumigant was implicated in stratospheric ozone depletion. To determine the environmental fate for 1,3-dichloropene(1,3-D) of alternatives fumigants for MeBr, this paper researched the transformation for 1,3-D in water and soil. Half lives of cis-1,3-D in water with first-order kinetics are 9.9day and 1.7day at $25^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$, half lives of trans-1,3-D are 8.6day and 1.5day at $25^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$, respectively. Transformation for 1,3-D in water at high temperature faster then at low temperature. Hydrolysis for 1,3-D in water are unaffected at $pH\;2.5{\sim}pH\;10.0$, but hydrolysis for 1,3-D at pH 11.5 higher then at $pH\;2.5{\sim}pH\;10.0$. Half lives of cis-1,3-D in soil are 11.5day and 7.7day at 3% and 10% of soil moisture, half lives of trans-1,3-D are 9.9day and 6.9day at 3% and 10% of soil moisture, respectively. Transformation for 1,3-D in water increased with increasing soil moisture. Transformation for trans-1,3-D isomer are more rapid then cis-1,3-D isomer in water and soil. This research has identified that transformation for 1,3-dichloropropene are affected by temperature, pH, soil moisture, and isomer of cis and trans in water and soil.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 1990

The rate constants for the aquation of $trans-[CoETECl_2]^+ \;and \;cis-{\beta}-[CoTETCl_2]^+$ and the isomerization of $trans-[CoETEClOH_2]^{2+}$ were measured by spectrophotometric method under various temperature and pressure conditions. For the aquations of $trans-[CoETECl_2]^+ \;and\; cis-{\beta}-[CoTETCl_2]^+$, the activation entropies are 4.0 eu and 5.3 eu respectively and the activation volumes are $-5.8 cm^3mol-1\; and\; -6.6 cm^3mol^{-1}$ at 40$^{\circ}C$, respectively. From these data the dissociative mechanism involving trigonal bipyramid-type intermediate is proposed for the acquation reaction. For the isomerization of $trans-[CoETEClOH_2]^{2+}\; to\; cis-{\beta}-[CoETEClOH_2]^{2+}$ the activation entropy is 9.5 eu and the activation volume is $8.4 cm^3mol^{-1}(30^{\circ}C$. The mechanism of isomerization may be considered as the dissociative mechanism with $H_2O$-dissociation.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.277-283
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• 1997

Platinum(II) complexes(where, $[Pt(L)_2X_2]$; L=isoxazole(isox), 3,5-dimethylisoxazole(3,5-diMeisox), 3-methyl,5-phenylisoxazole(3-Me,5-Phisox), and 4-amino-3,5-dimethylisoxazole(4-ADI); X=Cl, Br) with planar ligands are investigated on antitumor activity by MM2 and EHMO calculations. It was found that, the net atomic charges of the halogen atoms in all of cis-, trans-isomers are greater than that of the nitrogen with planar form, indicating that ionic character of Pt-X bond is greater than that of Pt-N. Also, the ${\sigma}MO$ energy level($E{\sigma}_{(Pt-X)}$) of the interaction between $d_{x2-y2}$ orbital of Pt atom and $p_x$ orbital of X found to be higher than that of between $d_{x2-y2}$ orbital of Pt atom and $p_x$ orbital of N about all the complexes. It is found that bond strength of between Pt and X atom is weaker than that of between Pt and N atom. The ${\sigma}MO$ energy level($E{\sigma}_{(Pt-X)}$) of trans- complexes found to be higher than that of cis- complexes, as a result of bond strength of Pt-X in cis- and trans-complexes, for all the complexes. The degree of dissociation of X atom in Pt-X bond for trans-complexes are related to antitumor activity and the logIA value of inhibitory activity coefficient(IA).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2009

The objective was to determine the effects of supplementation of protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), CLA-20 comprising 10% each of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, on milk production and fatty acid profiles in plasma and milk in lactating dairy cows. Five mid-lactation, multiparous crossbred Holstein Friesian cows with average 402${\pm}$20 kg BW were used in a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design for 21-d periods. Cows were given a total mixed ration (TMR) and supplemented with CLA-20 at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g/d. The results showed that dry matter intake depression occurred in cows supplemented with CLA-20 at 160 g/d. Milk production slightly increased when CLA-20 supplementation was at 20, 40 and 80 g/d. However, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) was not affected by CLA-20 supplementation. Increased levels of CLA-20 supplementation resulted in a significantly decreased percentage of milk fat. Plasma concentrations of fatty acid were not altered by the amounts of CLA-20 supplementation except for the concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA. For all dietary treatments, percentages of fatty acids (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C13:0, C14:0 C14:1 C15:0 C15:1 C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C20:0, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:1 and C20:3n6) in milk fat were similar. Concentrations of C10:0, C11:0, C12:0 and C18:1n9c were decreased cubically and C18:0 was elevated linearly (p<0.01) according to the increased amounts of CLA-20 supplemented. The linear increase was observed for cis-9, trans-11 CLA (0.62, 1.17, 1.94, 1.87 and 1.82% of total fatty acid), trans-10, cis-12 CLA (0.01, 0.63, 0.67, 0.93 and 0.95% of total fatty acid) and total CLA (0.80, 2.25, 3.16, 3.97 and 3.94% of total fatty acid) in milk fat from 0 to 160 g/d of CLA-20 supplement. In conclusion, concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was concomitantly elevated at an increasing rate with the increased amounts of CLA-20. Based on the results in this study, supplementation of CLA-20 at 80 g/d optimally enhanced total CLA in milk fat.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.541-545
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• 2008

Stable molecular isomers were calculated for the azobenzene crown ether p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (1) in the host and their alkali-metal-ion complexes. The structures of two distinct isomers (cis and trans) have been optimized using DFT B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method. Trans isomer of 1 is found to be 11.69 kcal/mol more stable than cis analogue. For two different kinds of complexation mode, the alkali-metal-cation in the crown-ether moiety (exo) has much better complexation efficiency than in the benzene-rings (endo) pocket for both isomers of 1. Sodium ion has much better complexation efficiency than potassium ion in all kinds of complexation mode with host 1. The Na+ complexation efficiency of the trans-complex (1) in the exo-binding mode is 8.24 kcal/mol better than cis-exo analogue.