• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.219-229
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• 2006

Seventeen microbial species including 10 fungal taxa, two yeasts and five bacteria, were isolated from freshly prepared orange, guava and banana juices kept in open bottles at room temperature for 7 days. Eight different essential oils, from local herbs, were tested for their antimicrobial activity against these test organisms. The essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum basilicum and Origanum majorana were found to be highly effective against these microorganisms. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the most prevalent microorganisms in juice, showed the highest resistance against these essential oils. GC-MS analysis showed that while e-citral, a'-myrcene, and z-citral represent the major components (75.1 %) of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus; bezynen,l-methyl-4-(2-propenyl), 1,8-cineole and trans-a'-bisabolene were the main components (90.6%) of Ocimum basilicum; whereas 3-cyclohexen-l-0l,4-methyl-l(l-methylethyl)-(CAS), c-terpinene and trans-caryophyllene represent the major components (65.1%) of Origanum majorana. These three essential oils were introduced into juices by two techniques namely, fumigation and direct contact. The former technique showed more fungicidal effect than the latter one against A. flavus, A. niger, and S. cerevisiae. The essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus by comparison to other test oils showed the strongest effect against these fungi with a minimum inhibitory concentration of $1.5\;{\mu}l/ml$ medium and a sublethal concentration of $1.0\;{\mu}l/ml$. The antimicrobial activity of this oil is thermostable at $121^{\circ}C$ for 30 min.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.26-32
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• 2004

Objective: The aim of this work is to investigate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil obtained from Artemisia lavandulaefolia (A. lavandulaefolia), as the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics make it essential to constantly look for new and active compounds effective against pathogenic bacteria. Method: The aerial parts of A. lavandulaefolia (1 kg) were subjected to steam distillation for 3 h, using a modified Clevenger type apparatus in order to obtain essential oil. Diethyl ether was the extracting solvent kept at 25?. The essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography／mass spectrometry (GC／MS). The essential oil and the composition were tested for antimicrobial activities against 15 different genera of oral bacteria. Ninety-nine compounds accounting for 94.74$\%$<／TEX> of the oil were identified. The main compounds in the oil were 1,8-cineole (5.63$\%$), yomogi alcohol (4.49$\%$), camphor (4.92$\%$), a-caryophyllene (16.10$\%$), trans-a-famesene (5.09$\%$), a-terpineol (3.91$\%$), borneol (5.27$\%$), cis-chrysanthenol (6.98$\%$), and a-humulene oxide (3.33$\%$). The essential oil and its compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against 10 different genera of oral bacteria. Conclusion: The essential oil of A. lavandulaefolia exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all obligate anaerobic bacteria (MICs, 0.025 - 0.05 ㎎／ml) tested, while their major compounds demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.321-329
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• 2006

Albuterol, a selective ${\beta}_2$-adrenergic receptor stimulant, has been introduced as a potent bronchodilator for patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchial disease, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. The percutaneous permeation of albuterol sulfate was investigated in hairless mouse skin in vitro with and without pretreatment with enhancers. The enhancing effects of ethanol and various penetration enhancers such as terpenes, non-ionic surfactants, pyrrolidones, and fatty acids on the permeation of albuterol sulfate were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells. Among terpenes studied, 1,8-cineole was the most effective enhancer, which increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 33-fold compared with the control without enhancer pretrement, followed by d-limonene with enhancement ratio of 21.79. 2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 5.5-fold compared with the control. Other pyrrolidones tested showed only slight permeability enhancing effect with enhancement ratio less than 2.8. Nonionic surfactants showed moderate enhancing effects. Lauric acid increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 30-fold with decreasing the lag time from 2.85 to 0.64 hr. Oleic acid and linoleic acid showed enhancement ratio of 24.55 and 22.91, respectively. These findings would allow a more rational approach for designing formulations for the transdermal delivery of albuterol sulfate and similar drugs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2013

A Nodulisporium sp. (Hypoxylon sp.) has been isolated as an endophyte of Thelypteris angustifolia (Broadleaf Leaf Maiden Fern) in a rainforest region of Central America. It has been identified both on the basis of its morphological characteristics and by scanning electron microscopy as well as ITS sequence analysis. The endophyte produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have both fuel (mycodiesel) and use for biological control of plant disease. When grown on potato dextrose agar, the organism uniquely produces a series of ketones, including acetone; 2-pentanone; 3-hexanone, 4-methyl; 3-hexanone, 2,4-dimethyl; 2-hexanone, 4-methyl, and 5-hepten, 2-one and these account for about 25% of the total VOCs. The most abundant identified VOC was 1,8 cineole, which is commonly detected in this group of organisms. Other prominent VOCs produced by this endophyte include 1-butanol, 2-methyl, and phenylethanol alcohol. Moreover, of interest was the presence of cyclohexane, propyl, which is a common ingredient of diesel fuel. Furthermore, the VOCs of this isolate of Nodulisporium sp. were selectively active against a number of plant pathogens, and upon a 24 h exposure caused death to Phytophthora palmivora, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and 100% inhibition to Phytophthora cinnamomi with only slight to no inhibition of the other pathogens that were tested. From this work, it is becoming increasingly apparent that each isolate of this endophytic Nodulisporium spp., including the Daldina sp. and Hypoxylon spp. teleomorphs, seems to produce its own unique set of VOCs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.373-379
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• 2012

This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobiological effects of supercritical fluid extracts (SFEs) and Marc methanol extracts (SFMs) from Cinnamomum verum. Reducing effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and ABTS radical scavenging were investigated. SFM exhibited higher antioxidant activities in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. Measurements of the antimicrobial activity were used for Gram-positive bacteria (four strains) and Gram-negative bacteria (four strains). The antimicrobial activities of the SFE and SFM against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria revealed that SFE had a higher inhibition zone than SFM. Cinnamaldehyde, the active compound of C. verum, had a higher content in SFM (35% at 300 bar, $30^{\circ}C$) than methanol extracts from C. verum (0.5%). These results indicate that not only SFE oil, but also SFM, could be a good source for the food industry.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.53-59
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• 2022

Mugwort (Artemisia montana), which is a perennial plant mainly distributed throughout Northeast Asian regions, has been used as a preferred source of various foods and traditional medicines in Korea. In particular, as essential oils extracted from mugwort were reported to be biologically active, its steam distillate has been widely used to treat various conditions, such as itching, hemorrhoids, and gynecological inflammation. Therefore, efforts have been devoted to develop effective methods for the collection of bioactive essential oils from mugwort. In this study, five mugwort extracts were obtained using different extraction conditions, namely, 6 % ethanol at room temperature and at 80 ℃, pure ethanol, n-hexane, and an adsorbent resin. To evaluate the five extracts of mugwort, area-under-the-curve values (AUCs), chemical profiles, and major bioactive essential oil contents were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An overall assessment of the volatile components, including essential oils, in the five extracts was conducted using AUCs, and the individual essential oil in each extract was identified. Furthermore, the four major essential oils (1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, and α-terpineol), which are known to possess anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities, were quantified using authentic chemical standards. Based on the evaluation results, pure ethanol was the best extractant out of the five used in this study. This study provides evaluation results for the five different mugwort extracts and would be helpful for developing extraction methods to efficiently collect the bioactive oil components for medical purposes using chemical profiles of the extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.414-426
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• 2022

The Lauraceae family has commercial uses, such as in the food, pharmaceutical, and perfume industries. This study was conducted to investigate anti-asthmatic activity of essential oils from the seven species in the Lauraceae family. The essential oils were extracted from the leaves of seven species, and the chemical composition was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major constituents of essential oils differed depending on the species, even if they belonged to the same family. The main constituents were camphor (89.09%) in Cinnamomum camphora, linalool (26.91%) in Cinnamomum cassia, 1,8-cineole (23.90%) in Cinnamomum japonicum, d-limonene (10.27%) and β-eudesmol (10.03%) in Lindera obtusiloba, δ-cadinene (13.85%) and α-phellandrene (11.57%) in Machilus japonica, cis-,trans-β-ocimene (13.80% and 12.06%) and elemol (11.46%) in Neolitsea aciculata, and cis-β-ocimene (37.94%) and sabinene (24.91%) in Neolitsea sericea. The anti-asthmatic activity of essential oils was investigated using the lipopolysaccharide-induced NCI-H292 cells. The relative expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6] and mucus gene (MUC5AC and MUC5B) were significantly reduced by essential oils from seven species in the Lauraceae family. Among the seven essential oils, the essential oil from L. obtusiloba had the most superior anti-asthmatic activity. These results suggest that the essential oil of L. obtusiloba leaves could be used as an agent to suppress mucus hypersecretion.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2001

This study was conducted to compare volatile components from the ten kinds of basils cultivated in Korea. The ten kinds of basils were separated flower, leaf, and stem part from whole plants, respectively. All sample separated were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction method(SDE) and were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 42 components were identified in essential oils including 11 alcohols, 6 carbonyls, 20 hydrocarbons and 5 esters components. The major components were linalool, methyl chavicol, eugenol, trans-methyl cinnamate, ${\beta}-cubebene$ and 1,8-cineole. The content of linalool was high significantly in the flower$(31.8{\sim}53.0%)$, the leaf and stem showed $21.8{\sim}35.8%$ and $3.5{\sim}22.4%$, respectively. Especially, the content of methyl chavicol was high relatively in the leaf$(0.4{\sim}32.9%)$, the flower and stem showed $0.2{\sim}24.1%$ and $0{\sim}2.2%)$, respectively. Articock, figz, glove, and greek basils were rich in eugenol$(18.8{\sim}48.7%)$ and poor in methyl chavicol$(0{\sim}5.4%)$ when compared with others kinds of basils. The composition of the components identified showed quite difference between kinds of basils, and the number of components identified in stem was much less than that in flower and leaf

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to find herbicidal compounds from seven different plant essential oils such as amyris (Amyris balsamifera), cajuput (Melaleuca cajeputi), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), lavender (Lavendula spp.), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), pine (Pinus spp.) and rosemary (Rosmarius officinale), and determine their herbicidal activities. The in vitro herbicidal activity of cajuput essential oil was the highest among six essential oils ($GR_{50}$ value, $425{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) and major chemical components in cajuput essential oil were eucalyptol (37.2%), ${\alpha}$-terpineol (11.6%), benzaldehyde (5.2%), linalool (4.1%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (2.5%) and ${\beta}$-pinene (2.4%), and their $GR_{50}$ values were 2,731, 500, 50, 372, 4,363, and $4,671{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$, respectively. Soil application of cajuput essential oil and benzaldehyde did not show any herbicidal activity at 80 kg $ha^{-1}$. When cajuput essential oil was applied to foliar at 80 kg $ha^{-1}$, narrow-leaved plants such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolar), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), and southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) were killed 100%, however, broad-leaved plants indian jointvetch (Aeschynomeme indica), velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti), cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), Japanese morningglory (Calystegia japonica) were not killed, indicating the cajuput essential oil was effective to control narrow-leaved plants. Herbicidal activities of benzaldehyde at 80 kg $ha^{-1}$, to those plants were 20, 60 and 95%, respectively. Overall data showed that the herbicidal activity of cajuput essential oil was in part due to benzaldehyde.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2002

Several antagonistic bacteria, SD-1, 4, 10, 11, 14, 15, and 16, which have strong CMCase and amylase activities, were isolated from the fermented mushroom media. Among them, SD-1, 10, 11, and 15 have strong antibacterial activities against the mushroom pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas sp., and SD-1, 10, 11, 14, and 16 have strong antifungal activities against the mushroom pathogenic fungi, Trichoderma sp. SD-14, 15, and 16 did not inhibit the growth of mushroom Pleurotus eryngii ASI-2302, and Pleurotus ostreatus ASI-2042 and ASI-2180. When the culture broth mixture of the seven bacterial strains was applied to the mushroom media, the growths of pathogens, Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma sp., were inhibited.