• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.345-362
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• 1998

In order to the comparative morphological study of the non-ciliated and ciliated epithelial cells, and to elucidate the process of degeneration of non-ciliated epithelial cell of the ductus epididymidis, Korean striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius coreae was examined with light and transmission electron microscopes. The morphological characteristics of non-ciliated epithelial cell, the cell types of the caput epididymidis (Cp), corpus epididymidis (Cr) and cauda epididymidis (Cu) were long-columnar, short-columnar and short-cuboudal, respectively. The mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum tended to be broken as they immigrated from Cp to the Cu. The Golgi acted vigorously at the Cp, but the Golgi was inactive in Cr and Cu. The secretory vesicles and lysosomes were increased gradually from Cp to the Cu. The process of degeneration of the non-ciliated epithelial cells observed in the Cp, Cr and Cu epididymidis. The increase of the non-ciliated epithelial cells, and its degeneration were observed more often from Cp to the Cu. The morphological characteristics of the ciliated epithelial cells, the cell types of the Cp, Cr and Cu were long-columnar, short-columnar and short-cuboudal, respecptively like the non-ciliated epithelial cells. The stereocilia was long and slender at the Cp and Cr, while Cu was very short. The pinocytotic vesicles and absorptive vesicles were increased from the Cp to the Cu. Numerous disintergrated products was existed at the Cr including the Cp, but Cu were not observed. A significant amount of lysosomes existed at the Cp and Cr epithelial cells, but they were not observed in Cu epithelial cells.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 1998

This study was conducted to examine the effect of culture supernatant of bovine oviductal epithelial cell(BOEC) on in vitro development of mouse embryos. To obtain the culture supernatant, ampullary epithelial cell, ithmic epithelial cell and ciliated eptithelial cell of bovine oviduct were cultured in Ham's F-10 su, pp.emented with 10% FCS. The development rates of mouse embryos to blastocyst stage were significantly(P<0.05) higher in BOEC-culture supernatant(72.3∼82.3%) than in Ham's F-10(50.7%). The proportions of embryonic development into hatched blastocysts were significantly(P<0.05) higher in ampullary cell supernatant(43.2%), ithmic cell supernatant(48.4%) and ciliated cell supernatant (27.7%) than in Ham's F-10(14.4%). On the other hand, the effect of ciliated cell supernatant was lower than those of other cell supernatants(P<0.05). And there was no difference between ampullary cell supernatant and ithmic cell supernatnat.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

Objective: To determine the localization, expression, and function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in fallopian tube epithelial cells. Methods: The localization of TLRs in fallopian tube epithelial cells was investigated by immunostaining. Surprisingly, the intensity of staining was not equal in the secretory and ciliated cells. After primary cell culture of fallopian tube epithelial cells, ring cloning was used to isolate colonies of ciliated epithelial cells, distinct from non-ciliated epithelial cells. The expression of TLRs 1-10 was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein localization was confirmed by immunostaining. The function of the TLRs was determined by interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production in response to TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9 ligands. Results: Fallopian tube epithelial cells expressed TLRs 1-10 in a cell-type-specific manner. Exposing fallopian tube epithelial cells to TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9 agonists induced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that TLR expression in the fallopian tubes is cell-type-specific. According to our results, ciliated cells may play more effective role than non-ciliated cells in the innate immune defense of the fallopian tubes, and in interactions with gametes and embryos.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 1997

The morphological development of lungs in fetuses of 60, 90 and 120 days of gestation and neonates of Korean native goats was investigated by light, scanning and transmission electron mictroscope. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Gross findings ; In the 60-days-old fetus, the lung was developed and differentiated into six lobes. 2. Light microscopic findings : The gland-like bronchioles were formed in loose mesenchyme at 60 days of gestation and the bronchial wall contained smooth muscles. The loose mesenchyme had been replaced by compact parenchymal tissue at 90 days of gestation and the cartilage plates appeared in bronchial wall which contained blood vessels, submucosal glands and smooth muscles. The lung parenchyma consisted of a fine network of alveoli at 120 days of gestation and the bronchial wall contained well-developed blood vessels, submucosal glands, cartilage plates and smooth muscles. In neonates, the lung tissue was similar to the mature lung tissue and the bronchial wall contained well developed cartilage plates. 3. Scanning electron microscopic findings : The epithelial cells lining the tubules were composed of cuboidal or columnar at 60 days of gestation and the epithelial cells lining the large airways were often ciliated : some were covered with stubby microvilli. The epithelial cells lining the canals were cuboidal at 90 days of gestation and the epithelial cells lining the bronchioles were ciliated cells or nonciliated(clara) cells, The clara cells contained row microvilli. The alvealor development of this stage was rapidly progressed ; the subdivision of canals by alveolar crests and assosiated wall attenuation resulted alveoli at 120 days of gestation and the respiratory bronchioles were lined by ciliated or nonciliated epithelial cells. In neonates, the epithelial cells lining the alveolar walls were mainly covered with pneumocyte type I ; Some were covered with pneu-mocyte type II. 4. Transmission electron microscopic findings : The epithelial cells lining the tubules were adhered with tight junction at apical borders of the adjacent cells at 60 days of gestation, which contained few organells and glycogen. The epithelial cells lining the canals were composed mostly of cuboidal cell at 90 days of gestation and the epithelial cells lining of the bronchioles were ciliated of nonciliated cell, which contained few organelles and abundant glycogen. The epithelial cells lining the alveolar walls were composed of pneumocyte type I and a few pneumocyte type II at 120 days of gestation. The epithelial cells lining of the bronchioles were ciliated or nonciliated cells. In neonates, pneumocyte type I was observed as flat and thin cytoplasmic extension in shape. Otherwise, pneumocyte type II was observed as cuboidal type with apical microvilli and contained osmiophillic lamellar inclusion bodies. Putting these various experiment results together, the lung development was slowly progressed at early stage, which was rapidly progressed in the late stage of gestation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.80-88
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• 1985

The tentacular epithelial cells of Cipangopaludina chinensis were studied with electron microscope. The tentacular epithelium consists of columnar supporting cells, numerous glandular cells and ciliated cells. Glandular cells are classified into three types; type I (mucous metachromasia cell), type II(mucous goblet cell) and type III. Ciliated cells are subdivided into two types; type I ciliated cell has cilia with typical axoneme(9+2), and type II ciliated cell has cilia with unusual axoneme.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2011

This study was performed to observe ultrastructure of the gill and to ascertain the effect of salinity on histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the gill of the Japanese clam, Corbicula japonica. Experimental period was 7 days. Experimental groups consisted of control, 5, 10, 20 psu. $LC_{50}$ (96 h.) by the probit was 19.55 psu. Mortality was significantly different from the control (p < 0.05). Inner demibranch of the gill of C. japonica was wider 1.37 times than outer demibranch (p < 0.001). The filament zone on the plica can be distinguished by the six epithelial celll cell; frontal ciliated epithelium ($7{\mu}m$), latero-frontal ciliated epithelium ($5{\mu}m$), postlatero-frontal epithelim ($3{\times}8{\mu}m$), and lateral ciliated epithelium ($5{\mu}m$) in the frontal zone, endothelial cellin the intermediate zone, and abfrontal cell in the abfrontal zone. It had one type of secretory cell that was filled with fibrous substances of low electron density. The gill of C. japonica exposed to 5 psu for 7 days was observed partially disappearance of the cilia, and glycogen granule in the filament. In the 10 psu, gill appeared partially modification of epithelial cell and destruction of the glycocalyx. Gill exposed to 20 psu was extended nuclus of the ciliated epithelial cell, destruction of the organelles, and observed glycogen granules infiltration and numerous vacuoles. Moreover, more than 50% filaments were observed that come out chitinous rod from disappearance of epithelial cell in the filament. Therefore, the destruction of the cilia and epithelial cell induce physiological activity and it may be leading directly to death.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 1997

The morphology of the ductuli efferentes of the Korean native pheasants were observed in order to obtain a basic data for further studying reproductive physiology and other male genital organs. The mature (14-16 months after hatching) male pheasants were used in this study. The specimens from pheasants were collected on a monthly basis. The general morphological changes of the ductuli efferentes were observed with hematoxylineosin stain, and semithin section by light microscope. The ultrastructural changes of the ductuli efferentes were investigated with ultrathin section by transmission electron microscope. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. During the breeding season, the average height of ductuli efferentes epithelium was $23.45{\pm}2.34{\mu}m$ and was largely decreased by $17.85{\pm}2.01{\mu}m$ during the non-breeding season. The thickeness of interstitial tissue was comparatively increased during the non-breeding season. 2. During the breeding season, the epithelial cells of ductuli efferentes were well developed. During the non-breeding season, epithelial layer and lumen of ductuli efferentes, were markedley reduced compared with those of breeding season. 3. Morphological changes of the ductuli efferentes underwent periodic changes paralleling to the spermatogenic cycle. 4. At least two different cell types were identified in the epithelium of ductuli efferentes, namely non-ciliated and ciliated cells. 5. The ciliated cells possess many vesicles, slightly smaller than those of the non-ciliated cells. 6. The ciliated cells contained numerous mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosome, and oval nuclei. The non-ciliated cells had a irregular nuclei and a cytoplasm containing few organelles. 7. During the breeding season, a number of vesicles, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and mitochondria were distinctively showed in the epithelial cells but in the non-breeding season only a few observed.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.763-770
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• 1998

A number of substances involved in the proliferation and differentiation of the tracheobronchial epithelium have been identified. The defects in the control of the proliferation and differentiation of tracheobronchial epithelial cells appear to constitute crucial steps in the transition of normal cells to neoplastic ones. Endothelin-1 is produced by tracheal epithelial cells, and its receptors are present in tracheal epithelial cells. However, the effect of endothelin-1 on the proliferation and differentiation of tracheal epithelial cells has not been clearly elucidated. This study was undertaken to investigate these actions of endothelin-1 in primary cultured cells of rat tracheal epithelia. Endothelin-1 stimulated proliferation of tracheal epithelial cells 1.5-fold when compared with that of control cells. Endothelin-1 increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Herbimycin A, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibited endothelin-1-induced proliferation of epithelial cells. The treatment of endothelin-1 during the primary culture of tracheal epithelial cells increased AB-PAS-stained cell population and ciliated cell population 6.5 fold and 1.5 fold, respectively, when compared with those in control cells. The responsiveness to carbachol and forskolin in the $Cl^-$ secretion was increased 1.7 and 1.9 fold, respectively, in the endothelin-treated epithelial cells. These results indicated that endothelin-1 increases proliferation via MAPK pathway and stimulates differentiation to secretory and ciliated cells in rat tracheal epithelial cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 1997

The development of trachea in fetuses on 60, 90 and 120 days of gestation and neonates of Korean native goats was investigated by microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results were summarized as follows; Light microscopic studies: 1. In the 60-day-old fetuses, the tracheal walls were differentiated and divided into four layers of the mucosa, submucosa, muscle and cartilage, and adventitia. The tracheal epithelium is composed of stratified ciliated columnar epithelium at 60- and 90-day-old fetuses while the epithelium observed at 120-day-old fetuses was pseudostraified ciliated colummar epithelium. 2. In the 90-day-old fetuses, tracheal glands extended into the submucosa and peripheral area of the tracheal cartilage. The blood vessels were observed in the submucosa and adventitia. The elastic and collagenous fibers were observed in the tracheal walls. 3. In the neonates, the tracheal walls consisted of mucosa with well-developed folds, submucosa, tracheal glands, muscle and cartilage, collagenous and elastic fibers, and adventitia, which were more developed than those of 120-day-old fetuses. The tracheal epithelium was developed as that in adults. Scanning electron microscopic studies: 4. In the 60-day-old fetuses, most of tracheal epithelial cells were nonciliated but short microvilli were sporadically observed on the luminal surface. On rare occasions, a few cells have solitary cilium. 5. In the 90-day-old fetuses, the ciliated cells appeared increasingly and cilia elongated longer than those of 60-day-old fetuses. 6. In the 120-day-old fetuses, the nonciliated cells covered with microvilli in dome-shape were barriered by thick carpet of cilia. The nonciliated cells also have many papillary projectons on the apical surface. 7. In the neonates, the nonciliated cells in tracheal epithelium were covered compactly with numerous cilia, and many secretory droplets were found on the cilia. Transmission electron microscopic studies: 8. In the 60-day-old fetuses, nonciliated cells of the tracheal epithelium contain large amounts of glycogen granules in the supernuclear and subnuclear areas meanwhile a few cell organelles were formed. Cilia were well formed along the apical cell membranes of the ciliated cells. Also found in the ciliated cells were basal corpuscles, mitochondria and short chains in granular endoplasmic reticulum(GER). Between the epithelial cells presented were well-defined junctional complex with zonula occludens and desmosomes. The nuclei were variable in size and shape. The more developed nucleoli were observed conspicuosly. 9. In the 90-day-old fetuses, nonciliated cells contained large glycogen granules. Accumulated glycogen granules were observed in the subnuclear and supranuclear portion of the cytoplasm. A few short microvilli were covered with glycocalyx. Ciliated cells contained numerous mitochondria and short chains of GER. 10. In the 120-day-old fetuses, the ciliated cells contained numerous mitochondria, abundant short chains of GER and nucleoli. Nonciliated cells contained some Golgi complex and mitochondria. The cell borders were well-defined and distinct junctional complex with zonula occludens, desmosomes, and interdigitorum. 11. In the neonates, well-developed goblet cells were observed in the tracheal epithelium. Ultrastructures of ciliated and nonciliated cells on the tracheal epithelia were similar in pattern as those in adults.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.353-361
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• 2022

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease characterized by persistent inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa and tissue remodeling, which can include basal/progenitor cell hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous cell metaplasia, loss or dysfunction of ciliated cells, and increased matrix deposition. Repeated injuries can stimulate airway epithelial cells to produce inflammatory mediators that activate epithelial cells, immune cells, or the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit. This persistent inflammation can consequently induce aberrant tissue remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms driving disease within the different molecular CRS subtypes remain inadequately characterized. Numerous secreted and cell surface proteins relevant to airway inflammation and remodeling are initially synthesized as inactive precursor proteins, including growth/differentiation factors and their associated receptors, enzymes, adhesion molecules, neuropeptides, and peptide hormones. Therefore, these precursor proteins require post-translational cleavage by proprotein convertases (PCs) to become fully functional. In this review, we summarize the roles of PCs in CRS-associated tissue remodeling and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting PCs for CRS treatment.