• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.367-374
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• 2022

In recent years, research into medicinal herbs with antioxidative activities has increased. Chrysanthemum morifolium and Chrysanthemum indicum are aromatic herb plants and that have long been used in traditional Vietnamese medicine. This study aims to evaluate the chemical compositions and antioxidative activities of essential oils hydrodistilled from the flower heads of C. morifolium and C. indicum. The chemical compositions of the essential oils were compared using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The antioxidative activity was determined and evaluated spectroscopically by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating activity, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity assays. According to the GC/MS results, chrysanthenone was predominant in the essential oils of both C. morifolium (64.14%) and C. indicum (32.02%). This is the first report of the identification of chrysanthenone as a major constituent of the essential oil of C. morifolium. Both Chrysanthemum oils were also revealed to possess antioxidant potential, exhibiting high antioxidative activities. In particular, the DPPH radical scavenging activities of the C. morifolium and C. indicum oils at a concentration of 100 mg/mL were 76.9 and 83.2%, respectively. The metal chelating values of C. morifolium and C. indicum were 0.85 and 0.76, whereas the reducing power values of that at 100 mg/mL were 0.76 and 0.71, respectively. This study provides the chemical properties of the essential oils of both C. morifolium and C. indicum grown in Vietnam and their potential antioxidant capacity.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1288-1292
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• 2009

Volatile flavor compounds were isolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L. (gamguk) produced in Korea and China by the hydro distillation, and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of oils from Korean and Chinese gamguk were 2.0 and 0.5%(v/w), respectively. Sixty-three volatile compounds of Korean gamguk representing 89.28% of the total peak area were tentatively identified, including 35 hydrocarbons, 12 alcohols, 6 ketones, 3 esters, 5 aldehydes, 1 oxide, and 1 miscellaneous component. Thirty-six volatile components of Chinese gamguk constituted 58.15% of the total volatile composition were tentatively characterized, consisting of 19 hydrocarbons, 7 alcohols, 2 ketones, 2 esters, 4 aldehydes, 1 oxide, and 1 miscellaneous component. The predominant components of Korean oil were ${\alpha}$-pinene, 1,8-cineol, and chrysanthenone. Whereas, camphor, ${\alpha}$-curcumene, and ${\beta}$-sesquiphellandrene were the main aroma compounds of Chinese gamguk.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2008

The aroma constituents of Chrysanthemum indicum L. were separated by the hydro distillation extraction method using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of Chrysanthemum indicum L. flower oil was 2.0% (w/w) and the color was light golden yellow. Sixty-three volatile flavor components, which make up 89.28% of the total aroma composition of the flower oil, were tentatively characterized. This essential oil contained 35 hydrocarbons (48.75%), 12 alcohols (19.92%), 6 ketones (15.31%), 3 esters (4.61%), 5 aldehydes (0.43%), 1 oxide (0.22%), and 1 miscellaneous component (0.04%). ${\alpha}$-Pinene (14.63%), 1,8-cineol (10.71%) and chrysanthenone (10.01%) were the predominant volatile components in Chrysanthemum indicum L., an aromatic medicinal herbaceous plant.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2002

The compositions of essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Chrysanthemum boreale and C. indicum by steam distillation were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Ninty-four components were identified in the essential oil from C. boreale, with camphor (15.40% as GC peak area), cir-chrysanthenol (14.11%), ${\alpha}-thujone$ (13.27%), 1,8-cineole (4.16%), ${\alpha}-pinene$ (3.80%), ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ (3.58%), gremacrene D (2.69%), camphene (2.40%), umbellulone (2.24%) and ${\beta}-pinene$ (2.00%) as the major constituents. In the oil from C. indicum, the major constituents among 80 components identified were germacrene D (16.50%), camphor (10.04%), ${\alpha}-thujone$ (6.40%), ${\alpha}-pinene$ (4.50%), ${\alpha}-cadinol$ (3.97%), camphene (3.82%), ${\beta}-pinene$ (3.67%), zingiberene (3.64%), cis-chrysanthenol (3.45%), piperitone (3.09%), 1,8-cineole (2.61%) and chrysanthenone (2.42%). The oil from C. boreale, although similar to that from C. indicum in many respects, contained proportionately higher levels of camphor, cis-chrysanthenol, ${\alpha}-thujone$, 1,8-cineole and umbellulone, while that from C. indicum contained higher levels of germacrene D, ${\beta}-caryophyllene$, ${\alpha}-cadinol$, zingiberene, cis-chrysanthenol and piperitone.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.363-368
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• 2009

To fulfill the increasing demand for a high quality of flower, we investigated the effects of nitrogen application on plant growth, yield and bioactive compounds of Chrysanthemum indicum L.. C. indicum L. was cultivated in a pot scale, and nitrogen applied with the level of 0 (N0), 50 (N50), 100 (N100), 150 (N150), 200 (N200) and $300\;(N300)\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ to suggest optimum rate of nitrogen fertilization. Phosphate and potassium applied the same amount of $80-80\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ ($P_2O_5-K_2O$) in all treatments. Growth characteristics and yields of C. indicum L. were significantly affected by nitrogen application. Maximum yield achieved in 265 and $295\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ N treatment on the whole plant and the flower parts, respectively. The nitrogen content and uptake of whole plant significantly increased by the increase of nitrogen application. Five major components of essential oil, $\alpha$-pinene, 1,8-cineol, chrysanthenone, germacrene-D, and $\alpha$-curcumene in flowerheads of C. indicum L. occupied approximately 40% of peak area, germacrene-D decreased by the increase of nitrogen application among them. However, cumambrin A contents in the flower parts of C. indicum L. were affected negatively by the increase of nitrogen application, but total yields of cumambrin A in flower part significantly increased. Conclusively, nitrogen fertilization could increase the yield of flowerheads. The optimum application level of nitrogen fertilizer might be on the range of $265-295\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ in a mountainous soil.