• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2018

Ankle osteoarthritis is a debilitating condition that causes severe pain associated with functional impairment and decreased activity. Ankle osteoarthritis, unlike that of the knee or hip joint, is rare in primary arthritis. Most cases are traumatic arthritis that occur after ankle sprain or fractures or chronic ankle instability. Although ankle fusion has been regarded as the standard treatment of ankle osteoarthritis in the past, total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is increasing due to the development of the implant design and surgical techniques. TAA is biomechanically superior to ankle fusion by preserving the movement of the ankle joint. In particular, it is functionally superior to ankle fusion because it enables normal joint motion during gait. In addition, there is an advantage of preserving the movement of the hindfoot and reducing the abnormal stress applied to the adjacent joints after ankle fusion to prevent the occurrence of long-term adjacent joint arthritis. Although the short-term and mid-term results of TAA have been reported to be excellent, long-term follow-up has a relatively low survival rate and high complication rate compared to total knee or hip arthroplasty. Therefore, continuous and further research is needed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.124-132
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• 2002

Daebangpung-tang(DBPT) is one of the prescriptions used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) in oriental medicine. The present study aimed to examine the analgesic effect of DBPT on a rat model of CFA-induced arthritis, which is not identical to human auto-immune arthritis although it does have many features in common with RA, and the relation between DBPT-induced analgesia and steroid hormones. CFA-induced arthritis rat model used to test the effect of DBPT was chronic pain model. After the induction of arthritis, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least the next 18 days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee, since oral injection of indomethacin produced temporary improvement of weight bearing. DBPT dissolved in water was orally administrated. After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 4 hours. DBPT produce significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis lasting at least 3 hours. The magnitude of this improvement was equivalent to that obtained after an oral injection of 3mg/kg of indomethacin and this improvement of stepping force was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The reduced stepping force was divided into three stages(10-30g, 30-50g, and 50-70g). All experiments was performed at 50-70g of stepping force, since both DBPT and indomethacin showed the most excellent analgesic effect at 50-70g of stepping force. DBPT produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner and showed analgesic effect on neuropathic pain as well. DBPT-induced analgesic effect could not be blocked by systemic injection of steroid antagonist mifepristone. The present study suggest 1) that DBPT produces a potent analgesic effect on the chronic knee arthritis pain model in the rat and 2) that steroids system does not mediate DBPT-induced analgesia.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1173-1184
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• 1991

This report is a review of 55 cases of peripheral arterial disease, who were treated at the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, Masan Koryo General Hospital from January, 1986 to December, 1990. The result are summerized as follows ; 1. The incidence of peripheral arterial disease were as follows that : Arterial injury was in 21 cases(38.2%), arteriosclerosis oblitrans 18cases(32.7%), thromboembolism 9cases(16.4%), Buerger's disease was in 7cases(12.7%). 2. Overall male to female ratio was 6.8 : 1, the prevalent age was 3rd and 4th decade in arterial injury, 7th and 8th decade in atherosclerosis and thromboembolism and 5th and 6th decade in Buerger's disease. 3. The farmer was the first ranked occupation of these patients with chronic occlusive arterial disease, which was composed of 17 cases (68%). 4. 23 cases of patients with chronic occlusive disease has been smoking and most of them have been smoking over 10 years. 5. The clinical symptoms in acute and chronic arterial obstruction were pain, claudication, gangrene and coldness in order. 6. The duration of symptom of chronic arterial occlusive disease was less 1 years in 15 cases(60%). 7. The lower extremity were more affected than upper extremity in peripheral arterial disease. 8. The cause of arterial injury was traffic accident 9 cases(42.9%) stab wound 8 cases (38.1%), postangiography 2 cases(9.5%) and belt injury 1 case. 9. The etiologic factors of acute arterial occlusion was arterial fibrillation myocardial ischemia and postangiography in order. 10. Lumber sympathectomy in Buerger's disease, artificial bypass graft in atherosclerosis and thromboembolctomy in thromboembolism, end to end with vein graft in arterial injury were performed frequently. 11. Conclusively overall result was satis factory but 3 cases was below knee amputated after operation of chronic arterial occlusive disease.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

Arthritis may be broadly classified as degenerative - related to defects in cartilage and other joint constituents, often age-associated - or inflammatory disease. Inflammatory arthritis called as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory arthropathy and characterized by a destructive arthritis. RA encompasses infectious arthritis, arthritis caused by intra-articular deposits of crystalline material (gout), syndromes associated with genetic defects (familial Mediterranean fever), and the immune-mediated inflammatory arthropathy. Degenerative arthritis called as osteoarthritis (OA), which is most frequently occurring, causes degenerative figures of knee, waist and knuckle, and accompanies severe pain around the cartilage. Also, it may cause morning stiffness, gelling effect, tenderness, bone swelling, crepitus, and motion disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.539-547
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• 2013

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of exercise of diverse intensities on the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$(tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$) in the spinal cord in osteoarthritic rats. METHODS: Over a period of four weeks, the authors applied treadmill exercise programs of diverse intensities to Sprague-Dawley rats, to which intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate(MIA, $3mg/50{\mu}l$, diluted in saline) was applied to the right knee joint to induce osteoarthritis. The four-week exercise program was not carried out with the control group(CG, n=10). Exercise programs of applicable intensities were applied to the low-intensity exercise group(LEG, n=10), moderate-intensity exercise group (MEG, n=10), and high-intensity exercise group(HEG, n=10) over the four weeks. Observations were made of expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the spinal cord in osteoarthritic rats using western blot analysis. RESULT: there were significant differences(p<.05) in the comparison of expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ between the four groups involved. The expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the spinal cord, the LEG and HEG had more elevated expression significantly than the CG(p<.05). But the MEG had reduced expression significantly than the CG(p<.05). CONCLUSION: These study results suggest that moderate-intensity exercise is effective in inhibition TNF-${\alpha}$ in the spinal cord. They also indicate that in prescribing exercise to treat osteoarthritic patients, exercise of moderate intensity is most suitable to patients' chronic pain, rather than low or high intensity.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.83-104
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• 2005

Objectives : DaeBangPungTang(DBPT) is one of the prescriptions used for the treatment of knee arthritis in oriental medicine. The present study aimed to examine the analgesic effect of DBPT on a rat model of carrageenan-induced arthritis, and the relations between DBPT-induced analgesia and endogenous nitric oxide(NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord. Methods : Carrageenan-induced arthritis rat model was used to test the effect of DBPT as a chronic pain model. After the induction of arthritis, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least tile next 4 days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee, since oral infection of indomethacin produced temporary improvement of weight bearing. DBPT dissolved in normal saline was minted several acupoints. After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 12 hours. Results : DBPT produced significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis lasting at least 9 hours. The magnitude of this improvement was equivalent to that obtained after an oral injection of 3mg/kg of indomethacin and this improvement of stepping force was interpreted as an analgesic effect. DBPT produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner. Both NO production and iNOS, COX-2 protein expression increased by arthritis were suppressed by DBPT. DBPT on combination with electroacupuncture (EA) produced more powerful and longer lasting improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis than either DBPT or EA did. Conclusion : The present study suggest that DBPT produces a potent analgesic effect on the chronic hee arthritis pain model in the rat and that DBPT-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of iNOS/COX-2 protein expression.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.67-85
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• 2006

Obiecnves : The purpose of this study was to examine the analgesic effect of moxi-tar on a rat model of carrageenan-induced arthritis and the relations between moxi-tar-induced analgesia and endogenous NO and iNOS, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord. Methods : Carrageenan-induced arthritis rat model was used to test the effect of moxi-tar as a chronic pain model. After the induction of arthritis, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least the next 4 days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee, since oral injection of indomethacin produced temporary improvement of weight bearing. Moxi-tar dissolved in ethyl alcohol was injected several acupoints. After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 12 hours. Results : Moxi-tar produced significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis lasting at least 9 hours. The magnitude of this improvement was equivalent to that obtained after an oral injection of 3 mg/kg of indomethacin and this improvement of stepping force was interpreted as an analgesic effect. Moxi-tar produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner. Both NO production and iNOS, COX-2 protein expression increased by arthritis were suppressed by moxi-tar. moxi-tar on combination with electroacupuncture (EA) produced more powerful and longer lasting improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis than either moxi-tar or EA did. Conclusion : The present study suggest that moxi-tar produces a potent analgesic effect on the chronic knee arthritis pain model in the rat and that moxi-tar-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of iNOS/COX-2 protein expression.

• The Journal of Traditional Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was produced to examine the effects of moxibustion that had been played important role to traditional oriental medical treatment on disease. Recently, it was reported that moxi-tar which is generated in the process of moxibustion as burning combustibles decreased nitric oxide(NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) generation in cellular experiments. Methods: Carrageenan-induced arthritis rat model was used to test the effect of moxi-tar as a chronic pain model. Diluted moxi-tar was single injected in several acupoints or combined with electroacupuncture (l ms, 2 Hz, and 2 mA) into contralateral ST36 acupoint for 30 min to assess the synergic effects. After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 12 hours. Endogenous NO and iNOS, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord were examined on a rat model of carrageenan-induced arthritis. Results : After the induction of arthritis, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least the next 4 days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee, since oral injection of indomethacin produced temporary improvement of weight bearing. Maxi-tar produced significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis lasting at least 9 hours. The magnitude of this improvement was equivalent to that obtained after an oral injection of 3 mg/kg of indomethacin and this improvement of stepping force was interpreted as an analgesic effect. Maxi-tar produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner. Both NO production and iNOS, COX-2 protein expression increased by arthritis were suppressed by maxi-tar. Moxi-tar on combination with electroacupuncture (EA) produced more powerful and longer lasting improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis than either moxi-tar or EA did. Conclusion : The present study suggest that maxi-tar produces a potent analgesic effect on the chronic knee arthritis pain model in the rat and that moxi-tar-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of iNOS/COX-2 protein expression.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.55-65
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this review is to analyze results of case studies and controlled studies about Carthmi-Flos pharmacopuncture. Based on the review, authors desire to suggest the study model including precise information and evident the effect of Carthmi-Flos pharmacopuncture objectively in treating clinical disorders. Methods We search 44 studies about Carthmi-Flos pharmacopuncture from 6 Korean web databases, using words 'Carthmi-Flos pharmacopuncture' in Korean alphabet. This study had been conducted throughout 1 month (July, 2017). We selected case studies and controlled trials in investigated 44 thesis, excluding experimental research and thesis not using the Carthmi-Flos pharmacopuncture for major treatment. Results We analyze 13 case reports and 7 controlled trials. As a result, Carthmi-Flos Pharmacopuncture was used mostly in musculoskeletal, neurological diseases. But this can be applied to internal diseases. Disorders reported effectively were carpal tunnel syndrome, degenerative knee joint arthritis, posterior neck pain, low back pain, radial nerve palsy, shoulder pain, lumbar compression fracture, alopecia areata, chronic daily headache, duverney fracture, oligomenorrhea, cervical disc herniation, rheumatoid arthritis and cervical headache. Conclusions As we analyzed, Carthmi-Flos pharmacopuncture is specifically effective in musculoskeletal and neurologic diseases. But there are various problems in study design. To design accurately, the study design should include much more specific information. And the result can be more precise by excluding other methods.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.147-159
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• 1995

Although there are many research studies on the effectiveness of heat and cold therapy for patients with arthritis at home or health care center, little attention has been paid to determining which therapy associates with season is effective for patients with chronic arthritis. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of heat and cold therapy associated with season for patients with arthritis. An experimental design using replications with intervention was employed. A total of 27 female arthritic patients were selected. Data were collected in summer and winter. Hot bag and ice bag were applied on each patient's knee for each 20 minutes alternatively. Joint pain, discomfort and range of motion were measured. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, and two-way ANOVA. The results of this study were ; 1. Joint pain Heat therapy was effective for pain relief, as compared with cold therapy. Heat therapy was more effective for pain relief in winter than in summer. Cold therapy was effective for pain relief, but there was no statistically significant difference of pain relief between summer and winter. 2. Discomfort Discomfort was decreased using heat therapy, whereas it was increased using cold therapy. Although discomfort was decreased using heat therapy in both summer and winter, there was no statistically significant difference of discomfort between summer and winter. Using cold therapy, discomfort was decreased in summer, but increased in winter. and season had effect on discomfort. 3. Range of motion Although there was no statistically significant difference between the range of motion for both heat and cold therapy, range of motion was Increased using both heat and cold therapy. In winter, range of motion was increased rather than in summer by using heat therapy. Using cold therapy, The range of motion was decreased in both summer and winter. There was no stastistically significant difference of range of motion between heat therapy and cold therapy. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference of range of motion between summer and winter. In conclusion, both heat and cold therapy were effective for pain relief, discomfort, and range of motion, especially heat therapy. Heat therapy was effective for pain relief, discomfort, and range of motion in winter, as compared with summer. Cold therapy, however, was effective for only pain relief in winter, The findings suggest the use of heat therapy for patients with arthritis especially in winter.