• 수면정신생리
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2009

목 적: 바이오피드백은 정신생리연구에서 중요한 위치에 있으며 정신생리장애 치료에도 유용하다. 만성통증은 매우 흔히 관찰되는 대표적 정신생리장애이다. 이 연구에서는 바이오피드백 기기를 이용한 스트레스 반응 검사로 만성통증 환자와 정상인 간에 생리신호의 특성을 비교하였다. 방 법: 만성통증 환자 42명(남자 17명, 여자 25명, 44.67${\pm}11.10$세)에게 치료 첫째 시간에 바이오피드백 기기를 이용하여 스트레스 반응검사를 하였다. 그 결과를 정상인 42명(남자 17명, 여자 25명, 45.17${\pm}10.46$세)과 비교하였다. 스트레스 반응검사에서는 기저, 스트레스, 그리고 회복 상태에서 각각 전두근 근전도(frontalis electromyography), 피부전도(skin conductance), 피부체온(skin temperature)을 각각 2분씩 측정하여 평균값을 산출하였다. 측정값들의 양 군간 비교에는 독립 t-검정(independent t-test), 각 상태에 따른 측정값의 변화는 대응표본 t-검정(paired-test)로 분석하였다(양측검정, p<0.05). 결 과: 만성 통증 환자는 정상인에 비해 기저, 스트레스, 그리고 회복 상태 모두에서 전두근이 더 긴장해 있었다 (기저: $8.10{\pm}10.465.97{\mu}V$ vs $4.72{\pm}1.52{\mu}V$, t=-3.56, p<0.01; 스트레스: $11.25{\pm}6.89{\mu}V$ vs $8.49{\pm}4.78{\mu}V$, t=-2.13, p<0.05; 회복: $7.12{\pm}3.77{\mu}V$ vs $4.78{\pm}1.59{\mu}V$, t= -3.70, p<0.01). 또한 만성 통증 환자는 세 상태 모두에서 피부전도가 더 잘 되었다(기저: $1.06{\pm}1.0{\mu}S$ vs $0.42{\pm}0.29{\mu}S$, t=-4.0. p<0.01; 스트레스: $1.87{\pm}2.05{\mu}S$ vs $1.03{\pm}0.86{\mu}S$, t=-2.47, p<0.05; 회복: $1.74{\pm}1.77{\mu}S$ vs $0.64{\pm}0.59{\mu}S$, t=-3.8, p<0.01). 그러나 피부체온은 기저, 스트레스, 그리고 회복 상태 모두에서 두 군 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 결 론: 만성 통증 환자는 정상인에 비해 전두근 근전도와 피부전도 측정값이 전반적으로 증가된 소견을 보였다. 이는 통증으로 인하여 교감신경계가 정상인에 비해 자극에 더 예민한 상태에 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.162-162
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• 2003

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.83-94
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• 2009

Background and Objectives: The skin barrier protects skin against a harmful environment. Its function includes an antimicrobial barrier as well as a physical barrier. Stress is harmful to the skin barrier and there are many studies on this, but there are few about the effect of stress during pregnancy on the skin barrier of offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stress during pregnancy on the skin barrier of offspring by examination with the naked eye, cortisol, weight, TEWL and histologic tests. Materials and Methods: Male hairless mice ten weeks old were coupled with females for three days. After twelve days the females were divided into two groups. We stressed one group and not the other group. The offspring from the non-stressed (N group) and stressed (S group) grew up until four weeks. The S group was exposed to chronic mild stress using the chronic stress model protocol modified method of Wilner and Towell for a week. We made examinations with the naked eye, assessment of cortisol, weight, TEWL, and histologic test to contrast the S group with the N group. Statistical analysis was performed by using Mann-Whitney and Friedman test. Statistical significance was achieved if the probability was less than 5% (p<0.05). Results: 1. By making an examination with the naked eye, S group showed papules, creases and dryness on their skin, but N showed no change compared with normal skin. 2. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in cortisol (p>0.05). 3. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in weight. N group had less weight than S group (p<0.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in TEWL (p>0.05). 5. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in TEWL recovery (p>0.05). 6. In TEWL and TEWL recovery, there was statistically significant difference by time between S group and N group (p<0.005). Histologically, S group showed a thicker epidermis and epidermal crest than N group. Conclusions: We found that stress during pregnancy has negative effects on the skin barrier of offspring. Though there were no statistically significant differences between S group and N group in TEWL recovery, we found evidence that the recovery of skin barrier function is interrupted by stress during pregnancy by examination with both the naked eye and histology.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.374-380
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• 1996

Sprague-Dawley male rats (150 g) were chronically treated with 5 v/v % ethanol admixed with nutritionally complete liquid diet and fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. One half of each group was exposed to cold stress at 4 ^{\circ}C either for 24 h (for determination of mRNA by in situ hybridization) or for 48 h (for determination of enzyme activity). Chronic ethanol treatment (ethanol) did not affect tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) mRNA level in locus coeruleus(LC) of brain and adrenal medulla(AM) compared to controls. Cold stress showed strong increase of TH mRNA level in LC and AM compared to controls. Pretreated ethanol reduced the increased TH mRNA level by cold stress in LC and AM. Ethanol did not affect TH activity in LC and adenal glands(adrenals). Cold stress increased TH activity in LC but not in adrenals. Pretreated ethanol did not reduce the increased TH activity by cold stress in LC but this result was not shown in adrenals. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase(PNMT) activity in $C_{1}$$C_{2}$ and adrenals increased only in ethanol treated group. THese results suggest that ethanol does not affect TH mRNA level and activity in LC and adrenals, but increases PNMT activity in $C_{1}$$C_{2}$ and adrenals in normal rat. It is also suggested that pretreated ethanol reduces the magnitude of cold stress response, that is induction of TH mRNA in LC and AM, and does not reduce the protein activation of TH that is also cold stress response in LC.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2003

Objective : This study was designed to assess the protective effects of Hwangryeonhaedoktang on the animal model of depression, induced by chronic mild stress(CMS). Method : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this experiment. The subjects were divided into 3 groups ( 1. CMS-drug: Hwangryeonhaedoktang administered during CMS treatment, 2. CMS-vehicle: water administered, 3. normal ). After 4 weeks of CMS treatment, they were executed forced swimming test(FST), open field test and c-Fos in paraventricular nucleus(PVN) were measured. Result : 1. In FST, immobility behavior decreased significantly in CMS-drug group. 2. There was no difference in the open field test between 3 groups 3. c-Fos expressed cell bodies in PVN were significantly less in CMS-drug than in CMS-vehicle group. Conclusion : These results suggest that Hwangryeonhaedoktang may have protective antidepressant effects in CMS model rats. And these effects could be explained by the elevated stress-copying behaviors which are related with PVN of hypothalamus.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.96-100
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• 2013

Purpose: Chronic periodontitis (CP) seems to be associated with stress and depression, but little information on this possible association is available in the literature. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association among stress, the salivary cortisol level (SCL), and CP. Methods: Seventy systemically healthy subjects were included in the study from January to September 2011. Full medical and dental histories were obtained, and the following measurements were recorded: 1) probing depth; 2) clinical attachment level; 3) bleeding on probing; and 4) tooth mobility. Saliva samples were collected for the evaluation of SCL (via a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay), and all subjects also answered a questionnaire (i.e., the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale). The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated, and one way analysis of variance and the Tukey-Kramer method were performed. Results: A total of 36 subjects with CP (51.4%) and 34 without CP were evaluated. Of them, all of the subjects with CP and one periodontally healthy subject were diagnosed with depression. Subjects with moderate CP had statistically significantly higher levels of SCL than subjects with a diagnosis of slight CP (P=0.006). Also, subjects with severe CP showed the same outcome when compared to those with slight CP (P=0.012). In addition, 46 subjects presented high SCL whereas 24 had a normal level. CP was found to be correlated with the SCL, with an OR of 4.14 (95% CI, 1.43 to 12.01). Conclusions: Subjects with a high SCL and depression may show an increased risk for CP.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.144-154
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• 2023

Background: As the major pathophysiological feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is vital for the occurrence of cardiovascular complications. The activation of calpain-1 mediates the production of endothelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairs nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, resulting in vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED). Ginsenoside Rg1 is thought to against endothelial cell dysfunction, but the potential mechanism of CIH-induced VED remains unclear. Methods: C57BL/6 mice and human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were exposed to CIH following knockout or overexpression of calpain-1. The effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on VED, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the expression levels of calpain-1, PP2A and p-eNOS were detected both in vivo and in vitro. Results: CIH promoted VED, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by enhanced levels of calpain-1 and PP2A and reduced levels of p-eNOS in mice and cellular levels. Ginsenoside Rg1, calpain-1 knockout, OKA, NAC and TEMPOL treatment protected against CIH-induced VED, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which is likely concomitant with the downregulated protein expression of calpain-1 and PP2A and the upregulation of p-eNOS in mice and cellular levels. Calpain-1 overexpression increased the expression of PP2A, reduced the level of p-eNOS, and accelerated the occurrence and development of VED, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in HCAECs exposed to CIH. Moreover, scavengers of O₂^·-, H₂O₂, complex I or mitoKATP abolished CIH-induced impairment in endothelial-dependent relaxation. Conclusion: Ginsenoside Rg1 may alleviate CIH-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction by suppressing the formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species through the calpain-1 pathway.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 2022

Purpose: The purposes of this study was to describe the lived experience structures of married immigrant women with chronic diseases in reorganizing their lives in a variety of situations and contexts. Methods: This study applied grounded theory approach, and the participants were 15 married immigrant women with chronic disease. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and then analyzed by the method in Strauss and Corbin (1998). Results: The extracted data were organized 41 concepts, 21 subcategories, and 8 categories. The central phenomenon was determined to be "Life turned into a chronic disease." The causal conditions were "Undergoing physical and mental stress from marriage", "Lack of information on chronic diseases." The extracted contexts was "The demand for health resources." action and interaction strategies, "Finding problems and solutions." The intervention conditions influencing the strategies was "Establishing a support system." The result of such action was "To settle down in a way of life that suits your conditions." Conclusion: By providing a comprehensive and integrative understanding of how married immigrant women with chronic disease reorganize their lives, the study is expected to contribute to the development of social systems and national policies.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.60-65
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate clinical and radiographical results of treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability with modified Brostrom procedure. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 22 cases in 22 patients treated with modified $Brostr{\ddot{o}}m$ procedure under the diagnosis of chronic lateral ankle instability from May 2000 to August 2004. Average age was 32.3 years. Average follow-up period was 23 months. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs of ankle anteroposterior view, lateral view and varus stress view were analyzed. The clinical evaluation was performed according to the Americal Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society scales. Results: After the modified $Brostr{\ddot{o}}m$ procedure, Americal Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society scales score was improved by average 28 points. Among the 22 cases, 13 cases were excellent, 3 cases good, 4 cases fair, and 2 cases poor with satisfaction of 73%. Five cases had intermittent ankle pain of whom 3 cases had difficulty during competitive sports activity. Lateral tilting of talus improved by average 5.4 degrees on varus stress view. Conclusions: The modified $Brostr{\ddot{o}}m$ procedure is one of the most effective methods for treating of chronic lateral ankle instability.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2004

Objective: This study was designed to investigate clinical features of chronic urticaria and assess Korean traditional medical therapy on that. Methods: The ratio of male and female, duration of symptoms, personal history and family history of allergic diseases, serum IgE level, and suspected causes and provocation factors were investigated in 41 patients with chronic urticaria. And frequency of wheals, duration of wheals, number of wheals, itch severity, and antihistamine counts of 6-point(0-5) score was assessed in 26 patients. The change of total scores between baseline and follow up were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test(p〈0.05). Results: 1. The ratio of male and female was 1:1.28 and the mean duration of symptoms was 26.0 months. 2. The frequency of personal history and family history of allergic diseases was each 53.7$\%$ and 48.8$\%$ and 30.6$\%$ had over 200 IU／mL serum IgE level. 3. The suspected causes were none(43.9$\%$), foods(29.3$\%$), drugs(9.8$\%$) and stress(7.3$\%$). 4. The suspected provocation factors were foods(39.0$\%$), none(19.5$\%$), fatigue(17.0$\%$), heat and sweating(l4.6$\%$), pressure(12.2$\%$) and stress(9.8). 5. The total scores between baseline and follow up of 26 patients was lowered from 14.85${\pm}$3.80 to 7.65${\pm}$4.31 and it was significant statistically. Conclusions: Korean traditional medical therapy was proved to be effective on the chronic urticaria and we need to consider foods as important factor in both treatment and patient education of urticaria.