• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2009

Background: Discogenic pain can develop into chronic low back pain that is very difficult to treat effectively, because the pathogenesis of the disease still remains controversial. To clarify the pathogenesis, numerous animal models of intervertebral disc degeneration have been proposed in the literature, each with attendant advantages and disadvantages. The aim of this study was to determine the most efficacious method and dose of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection into intervertebral disc to develop a discogenic pain in a rat. Methods: CFA was injected into the L5-L6 or L4-L5 disc of male Sprague-Dawley rats in various conditions including a dose of CFA (10, 20, or 50 uL), drilling, injection site sealing using cyanoacrylate, and injection velocity. Sham animals were subjected to the same procedure, except for the CFA injection. Mechanical and heat allodynia were serially measured at both hindpaws until 8 weeks post-operatively. Serial MRI analyses were performed to observe degenerative changes of the discs. In addition, CGRP & Substance P-immunoreactivities (ir) in the superficial dorsal horn were evaluated at 4 weeks using immunohistochemistry. Results: Each condition provoked various problems such as development of hindpaw paralysis, CFA leakage, and no pain development. Mid-sagittal T2 MRI revealed no significant degenerative changes in the CFA injected disc. The CGRP-ir of the bilateral superficial dorsal horns at the level of L5-L6 was significantly increased in the CFA group. Conclusions: A total of 10 uL CFA injection into L5-L6 disc for a period of 10 minutes using a 26-gauge needle without drilling was the most efficacious way to develop discogenic pain animal model.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

이 연구의 목적은 만성요통 여성 환자들에서 나타나는 자세 이상을 평가하고 방사선적 변수들과 임상적인 변수들과의 상관성을 알아보는 것이다. 이 연구의 대상자는 만성요통 여성 환자 38명과 대조군 32명이었다. 변수의 측정은 모든 대상자들이 이완된 자세로 기립한 상태에서 방사선 검사를 실시한 후 경추전만각, 흉추후만각, 요추전만각, 그리고 요추경사각을 측정하였다. 대상자들의 연령과 통증기간은 의무기록지를 참고하였다. 자료분석은 요통군과 대조군의 방사선적 변수들 간의 유의한 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위해 독립된 t-검정을 시행하였고, 방사선적 변수들과 임상적 변수들과의 상관성을 알아보기 위해 피어슨 상관분석을 시행하였다. 연구결과 만성요통 환자군과 대조군사이의 경추전만각(p<.05), 요추전만각(p<.001), 그리고 천추경사각(p<.01)에서 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 보였다. 통증기간은 요추전만각과 통계적학으로 유의한 상관관계가 있었으며(p<.05), 경추전만각은 흉추후만각과 통계학적으로 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(p<.05). 또한 흉추후만각, 요추전만각, 그리고 천추경사각은 각각 상호간에 상관관계가 있었다(p<.05). 만성요통은 요추만곡의 변화를 초래하여 흉추부 및 경추부의 자세이상을 유발할 수 있다. 그러므로 요통으로 인하여 올 수 있는 신체 전반적인 자세이상을 미리 예측하고 이를 교정하여야만 장기적으로 올 수 있는 합병증들을 예방할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to survey the working environmental conditions and musculoskeletal workload(DMQ) in red pepper farmers. 155 full-time farmers(males=91, females=64) lived in Chungnam and Jeonbuk participated in the study. To offer the fundamental data for agricultural improvement of red pepper farms, information about working farm conditions, health condition, musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs), labor intensity and musculoskeletal workload was obtained by questionnaire and interviews. The results are as follows: 1. The farmers reported sunlights, high temperature and cold/ draught as uncomfortable work environment. 2. Physical and mental fatigue in females is higher than that of males. 3. The prevalence rates of medical diagnosed diseases are higher in order of osteoarthritis, herniated nucleus pulposus(HNP), and chronic gastritis/gastric ulcer. 4. Prevalence rates of musculoskeletal symptoms more than standard 1 among the various pain areas are higher in order of low back, shoulders and knees. These results can be used practically for agricultural improvement of red pepper farms to prevent MSDs.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Dangkisoo-san(Dangguixu-san) and Gamihwalhyul-tang(Jiaweihuoxie-tang) herb-medication for the Traffic accident patient group with the effectiveness of common herb-medication for the general patient group by using 7-Zone-Diagnostic System. Two groups were selected from those who took the CP-6000A test in College of Oriental Medical Hospital of Sangji University from March 2007 to January 2008. Mean values of Factor AA on Skin Resistance Variability(SRV) of two groups were compared. The mean values of the deviation between measurement and 50 in pre-examination was higher than those of post-examination. Especially, there were remarkable difference between the mean values of the deviation between measurement and 50 in pre-examination and those of post-examination within the general patient group. When we compare pre-examination with post-examination in each area, 2 areas have remarkable difference within the general patient group. The mean values of positive deviation in pre-examination was higher than those of post-examination within both group. Especially, the TA patient group was remarkable. The other side the mean values of negative deviation in pre-xamination was remarkably higher than those of post-examination within the general patient group. By contraries the mean values of negative deviation in pre-examination was lower than those of post-examination within the TA patient group. These results suggest that Dangkisoo-san(Dangguixu-san) and Gamihwalhyul-tang(Jiaweihuoxie-tang) herb-medication will be less effective for chronic and weak traffic accident patients.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2000

Herniated lumbar intervertebral disc(HIVD) is the most common reason causing low back pain and leg radiating pain. The purpose of this study is to see the good of Oriental-Western medicine on HIVD. In order to this syudy, HIVD patients divided into two groups: Group with Oriental medicine(GOM) and Group with Oriental-Westem medicine(GOWM). The results of treatments were summarized as follows. 1. If We investigate a state of patients, GrIII type is 17 cases in GOM and is 16 cases in GOWM. In the GOM, Gr II shows better than the others and in the GOWM, GrI, III shows better than the others. 2. The results of treatments in GOM and GOWM is the good in a general way. It shows excellent type at 10 cases in the GOM, and shows excellent type at 14 cases in GOWM. 3. In Acute stage(in one month), subacute stage(one month~six months) and chronic stage(over six months), the therapic point of GOM and GOWM is 2.9~3.5 on the average. 4. If we notice the effect point of HIVD, in GOM, the point of bulging type is 3, protruded type is 3.5 extruded type is 3. But in GOWM, the point of bulging type is 3.7, protruded type is 3.5 extruded type is 2.7.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.22-37
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate LBP(low-back pain) prevalence rate and its related factors inphysical therapists. A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted to 522 physical therapists in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk. The LBP prevalence rate for recent 6 months was $61.7\%$. According to age, the prevalence rate was highest in the group aged 24 or less for both male and female physical therapistis. For male physical therapists , it was higher in smokers and drivers, but for female ones, it was not in a significant relationship with smoking and driving. According to work experience, the prevalence rates of those who had been working for less than one year were the highest, and those who had been working at hospitals and clinics were $69.1\%$, significantly high. According to therapy techinque, the prevalence rate related ti PNF was $71.6\%$, the highest and to occupational therapy was $34.3\%$, the lowest. According to working environment for six months, in both male and female physical therapists. LBP prevalence rate was in a statistically significant relationship with work hours during the day, night and weekend duties, repetitive works, motions that bend or twist the waist, the number of patients per day, the number of time to help patients per day, the number of time to carry medical equipment per day and the length of time to work standing. The rate was also higher when physical therapists fekt nire stress from their work. According to the result of multiple logistic regression analysis, male was in a significant relationship with work experience and motions that bend or twist the waist and female was in a significant relationship with work hours during the night and weekend duties, the number of time to help patients per day, motions that bena or twist the waist, actions taken to protect the waist. As for the developmental pattem of LBP in the group of physical therapists with LBP for six moths, $15.7\%$ of them had LBP for first time, $42.3\%$ had recurred LBP, and $42.0\%$ had chronic LBP. As for the causes of LBP, $51.7\%$ said that it was because they worked in the same posture for a long time, and as for how to treat LBP, 48.8% said that they treated themselvs or got help from their co-wokers. The results presented above suggest that physical therapists are exposed to high risk of LBP caused form occupational activities. Therefire, it is necessary to improve working environment to reduce the occurrence of LBP and to develop education programs for preventing the occurrence and recurrence of LBP.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2005

In this study, the muscle strength and endurance of the lumbar at flexion and extension were determined using an isokinetic muscle strength meter (Biodex) in patients with chronic lumbar go (10 male and 10 females), and the changes in muscle strength and endurance of the lumbar at flexion and extension after application of Y-shaped sacrospinalis muscle taping, typically used for patient with lumbar go, were studied. In addition, the sacrospinalis muscle taping of a different shape (I-shaped taping) was applied bilaterally centering on the spine, and the muscle strength and endurance of the lumbar at flexion and extension were determined and compared with those before taping. In addition, the results after application of Y-shaped taping and I-shaped taping were also compared. 1. The extensor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and after application of Y-shaped taping showed the level of significance (p<.05). The flexor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio taping and after application of Y-shaped taping did not show the level of significance. 2. The flexor muscle endurance of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and application of Y-shaped taping did not show the level of significance. The extensor muscle endurance of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and after application of Y-shaped taping did not show the level of significance. 3. The extensor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and after application of I-shaped taping showed the level of significance (p<.05). The flexor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and after application of I-shaped taping showed the level of significance (p<.05). 4. The flexor muscle endurance of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio taping and after application of I-shaped taping showed the level of significance. The extensor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec before application of kinesio Taping and after application of I-shaped taping showed the level of significance (p<.05). 5. In comparison between after application of Y-shaped taping and after application of I-shaped taping, the flexor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/sec did not show the level of significance. In comparison between after application of Y-shaped taping and after application of I-shaped taping, the extensor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $60^{\circ}$/ sec showed the level of significance (p<.05). 6. In comparison between after application of Y-shaped taping and after application of I-shaped taping, the flexor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec did not show the level of significance. In comparison between after application of Y-shaped taping and after application of I-shaped taping, the extensor muscle strength of the lumbar at loading of $90^{\circ}$/sec did not showed the level of significance (p<.05).

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was designed to find out the effectiveness of reposition sense, muscle fatigue response on lumbar spine after apply lumbosacral stabilization exercise program to 4 patients with chronic low back pain and for 12 weeks. Method: In this study the reposition sense was measured in 3 angle(60, 30, 12) of the lumbar spine motion with blind by MedX test machine and the difference of instability to lumbar vertebra segments in flexion, extension test of standing position and spinal load test Mattress Test by Spinal Mouse. The stabilization exercise program was applied 2 times a week for 12 weeks in hospital and 2 times a day for 20 minutes at home. Result: The results of the present study were that the repositioning sense was appeared the most error in 12 angles of lumbar flexion and Men was appeared to decrease an error more than female in average value of 4 angles after 12 weeks. And average error of male was decrease more than female. Thus the effects of lumbosacral stabilization exercise was improved repositioning sense of prorioceptor. Fatigue response test(FRT) results, in male, was raised muscle fatigue rate during increase weight, on the other hand female appeared lower than male. Conclusion: As a results, lumbosacral stabilization exercise was aided to improvement of lumbar spine repositioning sense and vertebra segments stabilization. It was showed the rate of decrease in typically 12 degree angle point of each 3 angle(60, 36, 12). Especially, that spine instability patients will have a risk when in lifting a load or working with slight flexion posture around 12 degree during the daily of living life and it is probably to increase recurrence rate. Thus, not only lumbar extension muscle strength but also stability of vertebra segments in lumbar spine may be very important.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2013

The Interest in disease prevention and rehabilitation is increasing depending on increase of patients with spinal. This is being developed using the spine stabilization device is being studied. So far studies have only evaluated the effect on trunk stabilization exercises but analysis of human movement patterns for active movement and passive movement did not. We assessed the muscle activity of trunk and leg muscle during passive and active tilt mode on eight tilt directions at tilt angle of $30^{\circ}$ using 3-D dynamic postural balance training system. We performed experimental study on the muscular activities of trunk muscle about rectus abdominis, external obliques, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, and leg muscle about rectus femoris, Biceps femoris, Tibialis Anterior, gastrocnemius. As a result, muscle activation was different depending on the direction of movement and pattern. The results indicate that various patterns of spinal stabilization exercise system could be applied to an effective training of chronic low back pain patients.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2005

Background : Over the last thirty years, majority of researches on clinical effectiveness of acupuncture have been explanatory (or experimental) randomized controlled trial. The benefits of acupuncture in clinical trials are still controversial and most studies concluded that further control studies were required. Standardized combinations of acupuncture points for all the experimental subjects in various past studies have been criticized because such treatments do not reflect current routine clinical treatment. Objective : This paper aims to review pragmatic clinical trials on the effect of acupuncture treatment and to develop the ideal clinical research methodology of acupuncture study. Method : Clinical studies of acupuncture relevant with pragmatic or individualized trials were searched mainly in Pubmed and Science direct databases. All articles were fully reviewed by researchers, and data were evaluated by usage of a standardized form. Results & Suggestion : Pragmatic acupuncture researches were tried for various symptoms (eg. low back pain, hypertension, depression during pregnancy, sleep quality in HIV disease, chronic poststroke leg spasticity, headache, etc). Individualized acupuncture treatments based on oriental disease pattern diagnosis reflexes practical treatments which is more effective than unified and fixed acupuncture treatments without any theoretical basis of oriental medical philosophy. Conclusion : To overcome the controversies and limitations of past explanatory acupuncture trials, more individualized and tailored acupuncture trials with the theoretical basis of oriental medical diagnosis is highly recommended. Also clear definition and categorization of pattern identification should be established for further active clinical researches and applications of acupuncture.