• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.713-718
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• 2014

Alteration in chromosome numbers and structures instigate and foster massive genetic instability. As Boveri has seen a hundred years ago (Boveri, 1914; 2008), aneuploidy is hall-mark of many cancers. However, whether aneuploidy is the cause or the result of cancer is still at debate. The molecular mechanism behind aneuploidy includes the chromosome mis-segregation in mitosis by the compromise of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). SAC is an elaborate network of proteins, which monitor that all chromosomes are bipolarly attached with the spindles. Therefore, the weakening of the SAC is the major reason for chromosome number instability, while complete compromise of SAC results in detrimental death, exemplified in natural abortion in embryonic stage. Here, I will review on the recent progress on the understanding of chromosome missegregation and cancer, based on the comparison of different mouse models of BubR1, the core component of SAC.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.281-284
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• 1993

A karyotype of cytotype BB plant in Scilla scilloides Complex was established and the frequency of B-chromosomes were investigated. Chromosome complements of BB genome were composed of five pairs of subtelocentric and four pairs of metacentric chromosomes. Chromosome 1 has satellite with nucleolar organizer. Polymorphism was found in chromosome 2. The karyotype of cytotype BB will be available for analysis of genome composition in various cytotypes of S. scilloides Complex. The frequency of B-chromosome was 78.6%. Numbers of B-chromosome ranged from 1 to 4 and plants with 2B-chromosomes were predominant (57.2%). Two type of B-chromosomes, F and F', were found; F is a large iso-chromosome and F' a small one.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2002

Benzene is a widespread human carcinogen, inducing leukemia and hematotoxicity. Exposure to benzene metabolites has been shown to cause genetic damage, including aneusomy and chromosome aberrations. Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) procedure was used to determine if the benzene metabolite, 1, 2, 4-benzenetriol(BT), hydroquinone(HQ) and trans, trans-muconic acid(t,t-MA) induced specific chromosomal change in HL-60 cells. Treatment with BT, HQ and t,t-MA resulted in the induction of monosomy 8 and 21 in HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner. All of these metabolites also induced trisomy 8 and 21, but no correlation between frequencies of trisomy and concentration was found. Translocations between chromosome 8 and another unidentified chromosome ［t(8:\ulcorner)］, and between chromosome 21 and another unidentified chromosome ［t(8:21)］ were found. However, translocation between chromosome 8 and 21 ［t(8:21)］ was not found. Results indicate that the benzene metabolites, BT, HQ and t,t-MA, induce chromosome specific numerical and structural aberrations, and the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach may be a useful and powerful technique for detection of aneuploidy.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 1988

The chromosome of Anodota woodiana in the Lake Uiam was analysed as using air drying technique of spermatogonial tissue to obtain mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. The chromosome chcle did mot differ, in general, from that found in other bivalves. Chromosome of this species consisted of metacentrics and submetacentrics. The longest chromosome was 2.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and the shortest was about 1.4 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in length.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 2001

To study the relationship between the DNA content of human chromosomes and their involvement in radiation-induced structural chromosome aberrations, the frequencies of translocations and dicentrics induced in human lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to 2Gy of x-tay were analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH). Single whole chromosome probes(WCP), specific for chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 21 and triple combination of probes tot chromosome 1, 2 & 4 were used separately. A significant deviation of the frequency of symmetrical translocation and dicentrics from a DNA-proportional distribution was observed. Chromosomes 2, 7, 8, 9 and 21 were less frequently involved in the formation of symmetrical translocations and dicentrics than expected, whereas chromosomes 1 and 4 were more frequently involved. Chromosome 2 and 4 showed a higher frequency of acentric fragments. When triple combination probe for chromosome 1, 2 & 4 was used, no differences were found between the observed and expected frequency of exchange type aberrations. The results showed that the frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations was not proportional to DNA contents, suggesting the difference in the susceptibility to specific aberrations among individual chromosomes. The results also indicated that the FISH technique with combination of probes for chromosome 1, 2 & 4 was useful for radiation biodosimetry.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.436-440
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• 2022

In this study, yeast artificial chromosome Insert (YAC) harboring genes which related xylan metabolism was constructed by using chromosome manipulation technique. For efficient chromosome manipulation, each splitting fragment (DNA module) required for splitting process was prepared and these DNA modules were transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YKY164. By two-rounds chromosome splitting, yeast chromosome VII (1,124 kb) was split 887 kb-YAC, 45 kb-mini YAC and 198 kb-YAC and YKY183 strain containing 18 chromosomes was constructed. Splitting efficiency for chromosome manipulation was 50- 78% and expression level of foreign genes on 45 kb-mini YAC and enzyme activity were indistinguishable from that of the YKY164 strain. Furthermore, xylan-degraded products by recombinant enzymes were confirmed and mini-yeast artificial chromosome maintained stable mitotic stability without chromosome loss during 160 generations.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 1998

Fluorscence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific probe has been shown to be a valid and rapid method for detection of chromosome rearrangements induced by chemical and physical agents. This method is useful for quantifying structural aberrations, expecially for stable ones, such as translocation and insertion, which are difficult to detect with conventional method in human lymphocyte. In order to use the FISH method as a biodosimeter for monitoring human population exposed to various chemical and physical agent, baseline level of chromosome rearragement was established. Blood from forty four healthy adults were collected and analysed with whole chromosome-specific probes by human chromosome 1,2 and 4. The frequencies of stable translocation were 2.45 per 100 cell equivalent and those of insertion, color juction, acentric and dicentric were 0.32, 3.28, 0.23 and 0.27 per 100 cell equivalent respectively. The frequencies of chromosome rearragements increased with age in both sexes except for dicenrics. From above result, stable aberrations accumulate with age and it may reflect integrated lifetime exposure of adverse environment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 1998

Analyses of now karyotypes using different maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines have been performed. The accumulation and isolation of high quality and quantity metaphase chromosomes from root tips can be achieved from many kinds of maize lines. The chromosome suspensions were prepared by a simple slicing method from synchronized maize root tips and analyzed with a now cytometry. The variations of experimental now karyotypes were detected among inbred lines in terms of the positions and/or the numbers of chromosome peaks. The 2C DNA amount among 8 inbred lines ranged from 5.09 to 5.52 pg. The variability of DNA content in maize chromosome 1 was 9.1 % ranging from 0.685 to 0.747 pg. The selection of appropriate maize lines is critical for sorting specific single chromosome types. At least five different chromosome types can be discriminated and sorted from five maize lines.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 2003

Ring chromosome 21 causes a multitude of phenotypes, ranging from severe abnormalities to normal. The proposed mechanism of ring formation, breakage of both short and long arms of a chromosome with subsequent end to end fusion, remains unproven. We encountered a 4-year-old boy who presented developmental delay, microcephaly, micrognathia, hypertelorism, low-set ears, mild optic nerve hypoplasia, cleft lip and palate, scoliosis and left foot valgus, but normal brain MRI. Chromosome study from peripheral blood showed 46,XY, r(21)(p11.2q22.1) karyotype. The authors report the first case of ring chromosome 21 in Korea with a review of the literature.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1999

Chromosome rearrangements induced in human lymphocyte after in vitro exposure to chromium were analysed by the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) with triple combination of composite whole chromosome-specific probe for chromosome 1, 2 and 4. Chromosome aberrations was scored by the Protocol for Aberration Identification and Nomenclature Terminology (PAINT). Stable translocation was the most frequent type of aberrations and dicentrics and insertions were also observed. Chromium treatment enhanced the frequencies of stable translocations and color junctions in a dose-dependent manners, but no distinct increase of dicentrics and insertions was seen. The ratio of the yields of translocation to the yields of dicentric varied between 13 to 27. The presents results demonstrate fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is useful for detecting chromosomal rearrangements induced by chromium.