• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.309-332
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• 2015

To investigate the distribution of vascular plants growing in Mt. Taebaeksan, a survey was conducted from April, 2014 to October, 2014. The flora of Mt. Taebaeksan was classified as a total of 406 taxa comprising of 79 families, 238 genus, 352 species, 4 subspecies, 43 varieties and 7 forma. Among them, 8 taxa were identified as endemic plants in Korea including Salix koriyanagi Kimura, Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, Anemone koraiensis Nakai, etc. 16 taxa of Korean rare plants species were identified including 4 taxa in the degree of VU (Asplenium spinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, etc.) and 12 taxa in the degree of LC (Clematis koreana Kom., Eranthis stellata Maxim., Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom., etc.) The floristic special plants were a total of 107 taxa which consist of 3 taxa in degree V(Polypodium virginianum L., etc.), 14 taxa in degree IV(Asplenium otophorum (Miq.) Koidz., etc.), 31 taxa in degree III (Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim., etc.), 32 taxa in degree II(Lycopodium chinense H.Christ, etc.) and 27 taxa in degree I(Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai, etc.). For the naturalized plants, 16 taxa were identified (Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Rumex crispus L., Cerastium glomeratum Thuill). Also, the percentage of urbanization index was 5 %, and the naturalized plant index was 3.9 % respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.498-515
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• 2011

The flora of Juwangsan National Park was surveyed. The field works was done for seven times from March to October 2008. Endangered species designated by The Ministry of Environment in Juwangsan National Park were found to be Hylotelephium ussuriense (KOM.) H. OHBA, Berchemia berchemiaefolia (MAK.) KOIDZ, Jeffersonia dubia BENTH., Iris odaesanensis Y.N.LEE and Acanthopanax senticosus (RUPR. et MAX.) HARMS, Lilium cernum KOM., Thalictrum coreanum LEV.(7 taxa). The floristic special plants were recorded to a total of 88 taxa; that is, degree V species (8 family 9 taxa) were containing as Jeffersonia dubia BENTH., Berchemia berchemiaefolia (MAK.) KOIDZ, Lilium cernum KOM., etc, degree IV species (4 family 5 taxa) were Cimicifuga heracleifolia KOM., Anemone reflexa STEPH. et WILLD., Patrinia rupestris JUSS., etc, degree III species (16 family 18 taxa) were containing; Pyrrosia petiolosa (CHRIST.et BARONI) CHING, Exochorda serratifolia S. MOORE., Aristolochia manshuriensis KOM., etc, degree II species (14 family 18 taxa) were Paeonia japonica MIYABE et TAKEDA, Isopyrum raddeanum (REGEL) MAX., Cypripedium macramthum SW., etc and degree I species (30 family 38 taxa) were Botrychium virginianum (L.) SW., Chloranthus japonicus SIEB., Dictamnus dasycarpus TURCZ., etc. 15 taxa that included Salix hulteni FLODERUS, Celtis choseniana NAKAI, Clematis trichotoma NAKAI, Vicia venosissima NAKAI, etc. were found to be endemic to korea and 21 taxa that included ; Bilderdykia dumetora (L.) DUM., Bilderdykia convolvulus DUM., Lepidium apetalum WILLD., Amorpha fruticosa L. and Symphytum offcinale L., Hibiscus trionum L. etc. were identified as naturalized plants.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.65
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• pp.163-187
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to find the implications of Christian education on the relationship between the formation of faith and digital literacy in the Korean society, which is rapidly changing within the fourth Industrial Revolution today through critical conversations on educational contexts. Over the past decade, Korean society has lived in an era of rapid and radical change more than any other time through a new way of life called the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The Korean church is also facing the reality that it must fulfill its urgent mission to deliver the unchanging truth in an ever-changing era. With this in mind, this study (1) identifies digital literacy as an essential competency requested in the era of the fourth industrial revolution by examining the relationship with congregation's life as well as its definition and contents, (2) discovers educational rationale for the relationship between faith formation and digital literacy by applying educational context of Christian education with attention to the educational efficiency of digital literacy, and (3) finds educational implications of digital literacy by re-conceptualizing the contents, context, role of teachers and students, and evaluation in the context of Christian education. I hope that this study will help Christian education serve for the spread of the Gospel of Christ and the realization of the kingdom of God on this earth through digital media in the future more time-responsively and mission-practically.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.127-139
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• 2021

This study selected representative musical song genres and suggested the application of vocal scales to demonstrate the various musical genres that appear in the modern musical style. Various genres of music and singing methods appeared according to the change in musical style throughout the early period (the early 1990s), the Golden Age (1940s to1960s), and the contemporary period (1970s to present) of musical theatre. To this end, this study selected Classic Broadway, Contemporary Broadway, Jazz/Blues, and Pop/Rock as representative musical genres as primary categories. In addition, five musicals and five songs that can represent the musical genres were selected as secondary categories. This study then divided the singing styles into Legit from , Pop from , Rock from , Jazz/Blues from , and Hip Hop/Rap from and suggested vocal scales. The analysis of this study demonstrated how various music was used as a material for musicals responding to the needs of the times in musical history and how important it is to develop various singing styles. While this study selected five representative genres and musicals to limit the scope of analysis, it intends to expand the scope through follow-up research. Based on this, it is anticipated that various further research will be conducted to study the diversity of musical vocal education and vocal techniques.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.68
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• pp.175-216
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• 2021

This essay aims to seek an alternative model of catechesis, as this form of education faces various challenges from the Korean Church especially during COVID-19 pandemic. For a long time, catechesis in the Korean Church narrowly focused on the act of producing Christians who would be loyal to the local church, rather than focusing on nurturing members loyal to Christ, an issue that has been problematized in recent publications on catechesis. Thus, the loss of social trust in the Korean Church and the decline of its public image exemplify how this type of catechesis as disciple-making for local church's benefit, mostly nurtures a vertical dimension of faith. The current teaching and learning method mostly employs a unilateral transfer of doctrine from the teacher to the learner and emphasizes the memorization of doctrine. This type of instruction renders the catechesis as the most lackluster and outdated form of Christian education. This essay aims to reconceptualize the traditional model of catechesis. This essay first critically evaluates current situations of catechesis and presents several alternative meanings on the concept of doctrine. Then it explores the theories of catechesis through different models posed by Christian educators such as John Westerhoff III and Richard Osmer. The final section is devoted to presenting an alternative form of catechesis that focuses on seeking holistic faith.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.280-285
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• 1991

The rice culture techniques of the ancient China which have played a key role directly and indirectly, in development of ancient farming and its techniques of Korea, were established before Christ in terms of dry-farming and the spirit of the farming-first principle. Especially techniques of rice culture were developed by cultivation methods for deep plowing, storage of water and preservation use of soil fertility. Therefore, the techniques of transplanting methods, seeding in rows, use of iron-made farming tools and dam construction for irrigation were advanced. And rice varieties were differentiated to avoid disasters or to supply of rice for various uses in many areas. Also, because north China was the origin of Chinese agriculture in which population density was low and flat land was wide that were the cradle of Chinese agriculture, ‘Hwayungsunubeob’(firing and drawning weed control method) and fallowing were quickened as intensive techniques of rice culture. In connection with the view of agricuture with 'the theory of the cosmic dual forces and the five primary substances' of Han Mooje and Chamwye scholars, the techniques of seeding and selection of crops were gradually developed. From ‘Jeminyosul’ of the 6th century to ‘Wangjongnongseo’ of the 14th century, the techniques of rice culture have been developed continuously and additively, but were not improved thereafter Won dynasty. From this point of time, the time of agriculture in the end of Koryo age and by ‘Nongsajiksul’ were initiated.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.72
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• pp.341-366
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• 2022

In Korean society, church once witnessed the period of its being considered light and salt. After the liberation, Korean church bestowed Jesus Christ's love to underprivileged neighbors in the industrialization process and organized practical participation activities for human rights and democratization. Nonetheless, church was sunken into quantitative growth without having qualitative growth. As church was cited as the epicenter of the spreading COVID-19, the image of selfish church has started receiving attention and there has appeared a criticism for immoral church tendency, which brought low trust about church. These things are resulted from church's failure to undertake its role with responsibility, in society. Such as this, church has lost its identity as the model of the Kingdom of God. In such a situation, church needs to remind itself of the enlightenment of the Ecumenical Movement, in order to recover trust and perform its mission. The Ecumenical Movement means accomplishing unification of the universe through a renewed church. This movement is aimed to create the earth as 'where humans can stay' and to consider the sustainability of mankinds. This purpose of this study is to examine political activities conducted for responsible participation in the church world and to find the way for church roles in this world. This researcher will attempt to investigate educational methods to help Christians in this world take full responsibility given to them, through an educational discussion about Christianity made in this context. This educational attempt means, in other words, political affairs also.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.73
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• pp.55-72
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• 2023

Recently, religious communities have devised multiple practical training programs for spiritual formation and direction. In this study, we define Christian spiritual formation as a lifelong journey of growing, progressing, increasing and strengthening toward wholeness in the image of Christ. In dialogue with J. Edwards' theology of spiritual sense, this essay suggests three major points of holistic spiritual formation in depth: first, spiritual Formation is a process; second, spiritual formation should attend to the balance between God's Initiative and Human Agency; third, holistic spiritual formation is a process to seek God-self. Spiritual formation is not a static status acquired by several techniques, methods or programs. It is a formative process through which one prepares to comprehend divine love and purpose. Spiritual formation is a dynamic process to respond to the One who shapes our life path with increasing faithfulness. Holistic comprehension of Christian spiritual formation will assist postmodern people to find meaning, value, purpose, and identity through deeper experiences with God in the midst of the fragmented and troubled world, so that they could restore wholeness in the image of God.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.1951-1975
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• 2023

Recent advances in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) have elevated them to the status of a critical instrument for overcoming spectrum limits and achieving severe future wireless communication requirements. Collaborative spectrum sensing is presented for efficient channel selection because spectrum sensing is an essential part of CRNs. This study presents an innovative cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) model that is built on the Firefly Algorithm (FA), as well as machine learning artificial neural networks (ANN). This system makes use of user grouping strategies to improve detection performance dramatically while lowering collaboration costs. Cooperative sensing wasn't used until after cognitive radio users had been correctly identified using energy data samples and an ANN model. Cooperative sensing strategies produce a user base that is either secure, requires less effort, or is faultless. The suggested method's purpose is to choose the best transmission channel. Clustering is utilized by the suggested ANN-FA model to reduce spectrum sensing inaccuracy. The transmission channel that has the highest weight is chosen by employing the method that has been provided for computing channel weight. The proposed ANN-FA model computes channel weight based on three sets of input parameters: PU utilization, CR count, and channel capacity. Using an improved evolutionary algorithm, the key principles of the ANN-FA scheme are optimized to boost the overall efficiency of the CRN channel selection technique. This study proposes the Artificial Neural Network with Firefly Algorithm (ANN-FA) for cognitive radio networks to overcome the obstacles. This proposed work focuses primarily on sensing the optimal secondary user channel and reducing the spectrum handoff delay in wireless networks. Several benchmark functions are utilized We analyze the efficacy of this innovative strategy by evaluating its performance. The performance of ANN-FA is 22.72 percent more robust and effective than that of the other metaheuristic algorithm, according to experimental findings. The proposed ANN-FA model is simulated using the NS2 simulator, The results are evaluated in terms of average interference ratio, spectrum opportunity utilization, three metrics are measured: packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, and end-to-average throughput for a variety of different CRs found in the network.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.479-488
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• 1995

Relationships between pine-mushroom(Tricholoma matsutake) yield and important climatic factors for the yield(such as monthly precipitation, relative humidity, temperature, and radiation percentage) were examined to find out limiting factors for pine-mushroom production and to develop a method for overcoming the factors by analyzing the yield and climate data for 17 years collected from 18 main regions of pine-mushroom production. Although there were variations among the production regions, climatic condition of September was the most significant factor for pine-mushroom yield in general, and the degrees of importance of each climatic factors were different among the production regions. Mean minimum temperature of September was positively correlated with pine-mushroom yield($$r^2{\geq_-}0.41$$) at the 1% level, of which were 9 regions such as Youngduck, Uljin, Samchuck, Bongwha arid so on. In these regions, vegetation control was expected to be effective for pine-mushroom production by allowing much sunlight penetration to the pine stand, which may increase soil temperature and keeping the temperature around the fungal colony in soil. Precipitation during September was positively correlated with pine-mushroom yield($$r^2{\geq_-}0.41$$) at Namwon, Moonkyung and Sangju. Thus, irrigation around fungal colony in dry soil during September would be effective for enhancing mushroom yield at the regions. Pine-mushroom yield of 1994 was quite low, similar to that of 1993, due to serious drought. In this period, we could manifest the possibility of enhancing pine-mushroom yield by irrigation for overcoming drought at Moonkyung and Keochang regions.