• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.100-110
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• 2008

Recently, a lot of epidemiological studies revealed that low HDL-cholesterol level was a better predictor of risk for coronary heart disease than total cholesterol. This study investigated the anthropometric parameters, clinical blood indices, and dietary factors influencing serum HDL-cholesterol level by using a cross-sectional study for Korean female college students. The subjects were 94 female college students. They were divided into three groups according to their serum HDL-cholesterol levels, low HDL-cholesterol (<50 mg/dL, n=20), medium HDL-cholesterol (50 $\leq$, < 60 mg/dL, n=39) high serum HDL-cholesterol groups (60 $\leq$ mg/dL, n = 35). This study examined their demographic data and dietary intake throughout a questionnaire. Clinical blood indices were measured using an automatic blood chemistry analyzer (Selectra E), after 12 hours of fasting. BMI, body weight, fat mass, and waist circumferences were significantly increased according to low serum HDL-cholesterol levels. Serum lipid analysis showed a significantly higher level of TG, LDL-/HDL-Ratio, atherogenic index in the low HDL-cholesterol group. Serum levels of GPT, uric acid and alkaline phosphatase in the low HDL-cholesterol group were significantly higher than in the other group. The average consumption of energy was 1627 kcal and 77.76% of estimated energy requirement (EER). The mean ratio of calories from carbohydrate: protein: fat was 57:15:28. The low HDL-cholesterol group was significantly higher than the other groups in eggs, fat and oils consumption. Interestingly, milk and diary products consumption of low HDL-cholesterol group was half (p < 0.05) of those of the other groups. In conclusion, serum HDL-cholesterol levels appeared to be decreased by increasing BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, and serum TG level. In addition, some dietary factors seemed to be related to serum HDL-cholesterol levels. However, further research is needed to elucidate the exact relationship between serum HDL-cholesterol level and dietary factors.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 1995

The effects of various n-6/n-3 ratios(about 2, 4, 6, 8) of dietary fatty acids on various lipid levels and prostaglandin production were studied at the constant P/S ratio (1.5-1.6) in young (5 weeks old) and adult(8 months old) Sprague-Dawley rats using palm oil, safflower oil and sardine oil. The concentration of serum cholesterol tended to increase with the increasing n-6/n-3 ratio. The tendency of HDL-cholesterol levels was similar to serum cholesterol levels. These were not apparent differences between young and adults rats. Serum triglyceride levels increased according to increasing n-6/n-3 ratio in young rats. These were generally high in the adult rats compared with the young rats. Though liver cholesterol level tended to increase according to the increasing n-6/n-3 ratio in the young rats. The liver triglyceride level did not change according to the n-6/n-3 ratio. However, these levels were apparently higher in the adult than in the young rats. The fatty acid compositions of phosphatidylcholine(PC) were similar in serum and liver. The arachidonate/linoleate ratios in tissue PC were influenced by the n-6/n-3 ratio. They tended to be lower in the adult rats compared with the young rats. It was suggested that the activity of $\Delta$6-desturase was decreased by aging. Production of platelet thromboxane A2(TXA2)and aortic prostacyclin(PGI2) was not apparently influenced with n-6/n-3 ratio. Whereas the ratio of TXA2/PGI2 was the lowest value at 3.8 of n-6/n-3 ratio, expecially in the young rats. Thus this ratio seemed to be a desirable level to protect atherosclerosis. These results indicate that the lipid level and prostaglandin production were influenced not only by n-6/n-3 ratio(under constant P/S ratio) but by aging, particulary triglycerde level and arachidonic/linoleic acid ratio.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.117-123
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• 1981

The lipid composition of total serum lipids were investigated by latroscan TH-10 TLC analyzer in 69 healthy subjects and 62 patients with hypercholesterolemia. Total serum lipids level in healthy subjects was higher in females than males. There was a increase in total serum lipids level with increasing total serum cholesterol level in patients with hypercholesterolemia, regardless sex. Total serum lipids obtained from healthy subjects and patients with hypercholesterolemia were separated into phospholipids, free cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol esters. Increasing the level of total serum cholesterol in the patients resulted in a decrease in the level of phospholipids, which was a major lipid fraction, indicating that HDL level in the patients was also decreased. However, cholesterol esters, triglycerides and free cholesterol levels in the patients were higher than those found in healthy subjects. The FC/CE ratio for male patients was lower than for healthy males, while in female patients, this ratio was similar to that observed in healthy females.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2002

Gender differences in the effects of gonadectomy and high cholesterol diet on body weight and body cholesterol were investigated by using Sprague Dawley rats. Body weight, plasma and liver levels of cholesterol and triglyceride and platelet aggregation were examined in ovariectomized(OVX) or orchidectomized(ODX) rats with their intacts after feeding diet with or without 0.5% cholesterol. Body weight was significantly increased(p < 0.01) in OVX rats and significantly decreased(p < 0.01) in ODX rats compared to their respective intact rats, and cholesterol diet significantly(p < 0.05) decreased body weight in gonadectomized rats. Liver lobes from rats fed cholesterol diet were opaque and larger than those from rats find control dict, resulting in a significant increase(p < 0.01) in LW/BW ratio. Plasma and liver levels of total cholesterol were significantly increased (p < 0.01) in female rats regardless ovariectomy when find 0.5% cholesterol diet, but those levels in male rats were increased only when they were orchidectomized(p < 0.0l). Plasma HDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased(p < 0.05) in both sexes when find cholesterol diet. HDL-cholesterol were higher in female than male rats regardless treatments(p < 0.05). Liver triglyceride was significantly increased(p < 0.05) in both sexes when find cholesterol dict. Plasma level of triglyceride was not different among groups except significant decrease(p < 0.05) in cholesterol find ODX rats. Maximum platelet aggregation in female rats was significantly lower(p < 0.05) than male, but ovariectomy and cholesterol diet caused an increase te the level of male rats. Microscopic examination showed cholesterol diet caused a lipid accumulation in liver. Results indicate that intact female rats have higher response to hypercholestcrolemic diet than intact male rats and orchidectomy causes male rats more responsive to hypercholesterolemic diet. However, ovariectomy causes an increase female food efficiency ratio to the level of male rats, significantly increasing body weight.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.265-270
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• 2001

The effects of Cordyceps militaris on the weight gain, the food intake, the food efficient ratio, and the lipid concentrations of serum, liver, pancreas, heart and aorta in male rats fed cholesterol diet were studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were received 4 types of diets for 4 weeks, respectively : a normal diet(without cholesterol), a control diet(hypercholesterolemic diet), a hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with 3% fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris(CF), a hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with 3% mycelium of Cordyceps militaris(CM). The body weight gain of rats fed the control diet were significantly increased compared to those of the rats fed diets with CF or CM. But, the hepatic and pancreatic weights of rats fed diets with CF or CM were heavier than those of rats fed the normal diet. In serum of rats fed the CM diet, the concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and the atherogenic index were significantly lower than those of rats fed the control diet. Also, serum HDL-cholesterol concentration and HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio were significantly lower in rats fed the control, CF or CM diets than those in rats fed the normal diet. Whereas, the hepatic concentrations of the total lipid, the total cholesterol and the triglyceride were significantly higher in rats fed 3 hypercholesterolemic diets than those in the rats fed normal diet. The heart and pancreatic concentrations of total cholesterol were the highest in the rats fed diet with the CR among rats fed experimental diets. In conclusion, the CM feeding decreased the concentrations of the cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol and the atherogenic index in the serum of the rats. But the CF or CM feeding could not decrease the hepatic concentrations of the total lipid, cholesterol, triglyceride in the rats fed hypercholesterolemic diets. (Korean J Nutrition 34(3) : 265∼270, 2001)

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.253-260
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• 2000

Obesity is the risk factor of atherosclerosis and not only increases triglyceride concentration in blood but also decreases relatively the ratio of TG to HDL-Cholesterol in blood. In case of obesity, systolic blood pressure is also increased in responding the increase of TG in blood. Index of obesity in red ginseng-taking group (ginseng group) was lower as compared with non-red ginseng-taking group (control group). The TG concentration, the ratio of triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol in blood and systolic blood pressure were decreased in the subjects of ginseng group compared with that in control group. It is inferred that long-term intake of ginseng products may help to prevent the risk of atherosclerosis and obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.407-417
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate nutritional intake, the dietary behaviors and plasma lipid profile between smokers and non-smokers of college male students in the Gyeonggi Area. Dietary behaviors and attitude toward smoking were investigated by questionnaires. The result obtained were as follows: There was no significant difference in anthropometric measurements between smokers and nonsmokers. There was no significant difference in dietary behaviors. However, smokers tended to eat more snacks and desserts than nonsmokers. In plasma lipid levels, smokers had higher levels of plasma triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol than that of non-smokers(p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of smokers was a lower than that of non-smokers although the difference was not significant. AI(Atherogenic Index), Total /HDL cholesterol ratio and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio of smokers were significantly higher than that of non-smokers(p<0.01). BMI and SBP showed positive correlation with triglyceride(p<0.01) and VLDL-cholesterol(p<0.01). DBP showed positive correlation with triglyceride(p<0.001) and VLDL-cholesterol(p<0.01).

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.363-371
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of caffeine on lipid concentrations in ovariectomized rats. Forty-four rats (75${\pm}$5 g) were randomly divided into ovariectomy(ovx) and sham groups, each of which were randomly divided into two subgroups that were fed the control diet or a caffeine-supplemented diet (0.03%/diet). The experimental groups were classified into 1) sham-control, 2) sham-caffeine, 3) ovx-control and 4) ovx-caffeine groups. All rats had been fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 6 weeks. Triglyceride concentration and total cholesterol were measured in serum and liver. Serum HDL-cholesterol was measured. Serum LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index were calculated. Weight gain and food efficiency ratio were higher in ovx groups than in sham groups (p<0.05). Caffeine intake did not affect weight gain and food efficiency ratio. Mean food intake was significantly increased in ovx-caffeine group than other three groups. There were no significant differences in serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index between the control diet group and caffeine diet group. In addition, hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol level was unaffected by caffeine intake or ovariectomy. Therefore, we suggest that caffeine (0.03%/diet) intake may not have adverse effects on serum lipid level in ovariectomized rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1993

To investigate the effects mustard leaf(Brassica Juncea) on Cholesterol metabolism, male Sprague Dawley rate were fed semipurified diets containing 2% or 4% mustard leaf with or without cholesterol for 5 weeks. Plasma cholesterol content decreased significantly by feeding 4% mustard leaf with of without cholesterol for 5 weeks. Plasma cholesterol content decreased significantly by feeding 4% mustard leaf in rats fed 1% cholesterol in the diet. In addition, HDL-cholesterol increased slightly by the feeding of mustard leaf, resulting in a significant increase in the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio and a reduction of atherosclerotic index. However, levels of plasma lipids were not influenced by mustared leaf in rats fed cholesterol-free diet. The contents of all classes of lipid in liver increased by dietary cholesterol. Of the liver lipids, triglyceride and cholesterol ester were accumulated most, showing a fatty liver synodrome. Supplementation of mustard leaf to cholesterol-containing diet resulted in a slight decrease in neutral lipid contents of liver. Fecal cholesterol excretion was higher by more than 2.7 and 3.3-fold in rats fed 2 and 4% mustard leaf than in control rats fed cholesterol. Similar trends were found in fecal bile salt excretion; rats fed and 4% mustard leaf excreted more bile salts by more than 1.5 and 2% than those fed control diet containing cholesterol. In summary, mustard leaf may have an antiatherogenci effect of reducing plasma cholesterol level and increasing HDL-cholesterol level. The plasma cholesterol lowering effect of mustard leaf is suggested to be due, at least in part, to increase in fecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acids.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.468-475
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• 2001

Fenofibrate is a fibric acid derivative that is a strong reducer of triglyceride. Micronozed formulation of fenofibrate has improved bioavailability compared to non-micrornized formulation. This study performed a retrospective comparison of micrornized and non-micrornized fenofibrate (28 in micronized and 51 in non-micronized group) by comparing the means of changes in total triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TC/HDL ratio in type 2 diabetics with dyslipidemia The result skewed that after 12 weeks of treatment both drugs produced a significant reduction in total triglyceride levels (62% with micronized, 37% with non-micronized). The mean decrease observed for total triglyceride levels were significantly lower for micronized fenofibrate (p<0.001). Both drugs showed a significant reduction for total cholesterol levels (-22% with micronized, -14% with non-micronized fenofibrate). The mean decrease observed for total cholesterol was not significantly different between the two drugs (p>0.05). HDL-cholesterol levels increased by 24% and 15%) with micronized and non-micronized, respectively and the differences from the baseline were statistically significant for both drugs (p<0.05). The mean change of HDL-cholesterol was not significantly different between the two drugs. There was a statistically significant reduction in TC/HBL-cholesterol ratio from baseline for both drugs (7.1 to 4.8 with micronized and 5.1 to 4.5 with non-micronized), and the reduction of TC/HDL-cholesterol ratio tended to be significantly greater with micronized fenofibrate (p<0.05). This study shows that short-term treatment with micronized fenofibrate is more effective than non-micronized fenosbrate in type 2 diabetes patients with dyslipidemia.