• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.452-458
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• 2020

In this study we aimed to find out pesticide types with probability for underestimation of dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Korea by comparing the residue definitions between Korea and Codex standards. In addition, we sought to establish priorities regarding the necessity of review concerning pesticide types and their impacts based on the risk assessment and dietary exposure underestimation. As a result, we found that according to the residue definition information, 44 pesticides have probability for underestimation in terms of dietary exposure assessments. Among them, 24 pesticides have priority for review of dietary exposure underestimation and its impacts on risk assessment, based on the ADI values of pesticides, Korean MRL information and toxicological information of metabolite. The 24 pesticides were as follows: acibensolar-S-methyl, chlorfenapyr, chlorothalonil, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyflumetofen, dithiocarbamates, fenamidone, fenpyroximate, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluopicolide, flupyradifuron, fluxapyroxad, glyphosate, hexythiazox, isoprothiolane, isopyrazam, myclobutanil, penthiopyrad, propiconazole, spinetoram, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, trifloxystrobin. Furthermore, chlorfenapyr, chlorothalonil, dithiocarbamates and fenamidone may have considered a top priority for review due to greater toxicity of metabolite. This study could be of great use for improvement on risk assessment approaches in South Korea regarding pesticide residues in food commodities.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the current status of suspected endocrine disrupting pesticides among the agricultural products in northern area of Seoul in 2007. 3,026 samples was analyzed by multiresidue method. Detected Pesticide in 11 cases were procymidone, endosulfan, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, cyermethrin, fenvalerate, hexaconazole, carbendazim, pendimethalin, permethrin, parathion and exceeded 7 cases of endosulfan, procymidone, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, fenvalerate in the maximum residue limits(MRLs). Procymidone, endosulfan, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos comprised up to 80.5% in detected pesticides. Among the 321 cases of detected agricultural products, 287 cases(89.4%) were vegetables, 25 cases (7.8%) were fruits, Others were 9 cases(2.8%).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2002

Contamination of groundwater by agrochemicals used in the regional-scale Is now a major environmental problem, and this is especially true for Cheju island where virtually all potable water is from groundwater. The objective of this study was to assess leaching potential of eight pesticides in soils of citrus orchards using groundwater ubiquity score (GUS), retardation factor (RF) and attenuation factor (AF). Considering GUS estimated in 30 citrus orchard soils, metribuzin and metolachlor were classified as leacher, alachlor in volcanic ash soils and linuron in non-volcanic soils were classified as leacher, but chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos were classified as non-leacher. For RF values, metribuzin was classified to be mobile in soils of low organic carbon, metolachlor and alachlor were classified to be moderately immobile in most soils, but linuron, diuron, diniconazole, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos were all classified to be very immobile. For AF values, diniconazole, chlorothalonil, and chlorpyrifos were classified to be very unlikely leachable in all of the soils, metribuzin was classified to be likely leachable, and metolahclor, alachlor, linuron and diuron were classified to be leachable only in non-volcanic soils. Although there were some variations in the relative potential of teachability of pesticides estimated with the three different indices, the ranking was essentially determined on the base of the intrinsic properties of the chemicals and environmental properties. Among the eight pesticides, metribuzin, metolachlor, and alachlor, which have high water solubility and low $K_{oc}$ values, have a significant leaching potential especially in non-volcanic ash soils of low organic carbon. But diniconazole, chlorothalonil, and chlorpyrifos, which have low water solubility and high $K_{oc}$ values, were classified to be very immobile in all of the soils. Therefore, to lower the possibility of pesticide contamination of the groundwater in Cheju island, those pesticides which have high water solubility and low $K_{oc}$ values should be used with care in soils of low organic carbon including non-volcanic ash soils.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.263-272
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• 2000

A field study was carried out to find out the effective chemical for controlling algae without visual injury on creeping bentgrass golf greens. The results were as follows. 1. Chlorothalonil(75%), Metalaxy(7.5%)+Mancozeb(56%) and Mancozeb(75%) did not injure creeping bentgrass. Only chlorothalonil(75%) effectively controlled algae regardless of concentration among above mentioned 3 fungicides. 2. Mancozeb frequently used on golf courses showed about 50% effect on controling algae in this study. 3. Mancozeb(75%)+Copper hydroxide(73%) and Mancozeb(75%)+Streptomycin(100%) had good effects on algae control while injuring creeping bentgrass. 4. Copper hydroxide(73%) and copper sulfate basic(58%) $including\ulcorner$Cu$\lrcorner$showed effective algae control but caused injure creeping bentgrass. 5. Streptomycin has been scarcely used on golf greens but streptomycin(20%) 0.1g a.i/$\m^2$ had good control of algae and durability without injuring creeping bentgrass.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.348-351
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the control effect of fungicides on control of brown leaf blight, growth characteristics, and dry root yield in the cultivation of Alisma plantago after early maturing rice cropping. All fungicides treated had no effect on the growth and flowering rate of Alisma plantago. The major fungicides were mancozeb Wp, 75%, chlorothalonil Wp, 75%, dithianon Wp, 43%, difenoconazole Wp, 10%, benomyl Wp, 50%, and propineb Wp, 70%. Dry root of yield were increased largely with chlorothalonil Wp, 75%(33 g/20), fungicide than the other fungicides and control. All fungicides had no injury with standard dosage. On the other hand all fungicides had slight injury in the double dosage level for the Alisma plantago.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.392-396
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the control effect of fungicides of sclerotinia rot control, growth characteristics, and seed yield in the cultivation of rapeseed. All fungicides treated had no effect on the growth of rapeseed. The major fungicides were mancozeb 75% WP, chlorothalonil 75% WP, dithianon 43% WP. difenoconazole 10% WP, benomyl 50% WP, and propineb 70% WP. Dry seed yield and control were increased largely with chlorothalonil 75% WP ($33g/12{\ell}$), fungicide than the other fungicides Sclerotinia rot. All fungicides had no injury with standard dosage. On the other hand all fungicides had slight injury in the double dosage level for the rapeseed.

• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2005

This study was conducted evaluate the control effect of fungicides on control of Leaf blight, growth characteristics, and dry yield in the cultivation of Job's tears. All fungicides treated had no effect on the growth of Job's tears. The major fungicides were mancozeb Wp, $75\%$, chlorothalonil Wp, $75\%$, dithianon Wp, $43\%$, difenoconazole Wp, $10\%$, benomyl Wp, $50\%$, and propineb Wp, $70\%$. Dry seed yield were increased largely with chlorothalonil Wp, $75\%\;(33g/20\ell)$, fungicide than the other fungicides and control. All fungicides had no injury with standard dosage. On the other hand all fungicides had slight injury in the double dosage level for the Job's tears.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 1999

Photolysis behavoirs of pesticides(Chlorothalonil and Endosulfan) over UV irradiation UV irradiation with pH 3.0 and irradiation with 3.5% salt were studied. The analyses of pesticides were carried out using gas chromatograph with an electron-capture detector, total organic carbon, and Ion chromatograph, respectively. The reactions were conducted in a alumium annular reactor equipped with a low pressure mercury multilamp ($8W{\times}6$) and initial concentration was 10 ppm. Chlorothalonil was almost photodegraded by UV irradiation, UV irradiation with pH 3.0 and 3.5% salt within 30 min of reaction time. Endosulfan-${\alpha}$,${\beta}$(100%) were photodegraded to 38% of Endosulfan-${\alpha}$ and 25% of Endisulfan-${\beta}$ by UV irradiation. Endosulfan-${\alpha}$(83%) was photodegraded to 66% by UV irradiation, 70% by UV irradiation and pH 3.0 and 75% by UV irradiation and 3.5% salt. Endosulfan-${\beta}$(16%) was photodegraded to 80% by UV irradiation, 98% by UV irradiation and pH 3.0 and 90% by UV irradiation and 3.5% salt.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2004

The study was carried out to investigate the pesticide residual characteristics in peaches, pear and grape. Pesticide residue patterns were remarkably different because of major factors affecting the pesticide residue patterns such as ratios of surface to weight, surface matrices, cultivations, sizes, increase rate of weight, and varieties of fruits, etc.. Pesticide residue levels in grape appeared higher than those in peaches and pear, because the pesticide solution sprayed was infiltrated and accumulated between grape granules. The matrices composing of fruit surface and the ratios of surface area to weight on fruits seemed to playa key role for determining the pesticide residual characteristics in fruits.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.193-202
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• 1988

A pesticide monitoring study was undertaken for the strawberry and cucumber samples collected from plastic film houses and additional strawberries from supermarkets located in Seoul city in 1983 to evaluate pesticide residues in these food commodities and also to give basic informations in establishing maximum residue limits. Organophosphorus insecticides were not detected in any cucumber samples except that diazinon found with low residue levels in two strawberry samples. Fungicide procymidone and chlorothalonil were detected with considerable high frequencies in these vegetables while their residue levels were fairly low. Even the maximum residue levels. they were much lower than maximum residue limits established in these vegetables in Environment Administration. Korea. Of the strawberries from supermarkets in Seoul city, procymidone, chlorthalonil and dichlofluanid fungicides were also detected with similar detection frequencies and residue levels to those from the plas tic film houses. By washing the strawberries with tap water, the residues were removed from 38% to 95% of the total residues. Presently, it is considered that pesticide residues in strawberry and cucumber may be no harmfullevels for food commodities.