• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.E
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• pp.373-381
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• 1993

To understand the human exposure levels of volatile halogenated hydrocar-bons in ambient air, a new rapid and convenient analytical method for determination of the compounds in gaseous phase was evaluated and established. The method is based upon passsive diffusion to personal sampler containing adsorbent and solvent extraction followed by purge trap/ on-column cryof-ocusing method. A new method needs no special instrumentation for gas collection because it is based upon the passive diffusion principle. The typical chromatogram obtained in this study proved that rapid and simultaneous determination of target analytes was possible with good resolution. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in indoor air and the values obtained by this new method were compared with those by direct suction method. The concentration of carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,2-trichloroethylene, chloroform showed the values below 400$\mug/m^3$ except the maximum of 1,513$\mug/m^3$ of chloroform. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane showed approximately 1,000 to 5,000$\mug/m^3$ range of diurnal fluctuation in indoor air.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2007

Caesalpinia sappan L. (Leguminosae) is an oriental medicinal herb distributed in China and Taiwan, and its heartwood has been traditionally used as an analgesic, a therapy for thrombosis or tumor. This study was to investigate the proliferation and inhibition effects of Caesalpinia sappan extracts against human epithelial cell and cancer cell lines. The methanol extract of dried C. sappan heartwood was evaporated (KS-6), and then sequentially extracted by hexane (KS-01), chloroform (KS-02), ethyl acetate (KS-03), n-butanol (KS-04), and water (KS-05). After 48 hr of exposure, these fractions at a concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$ significantly increased, and reduced cell proliferation in both human normal epithelial and cancer cell lines. The ethyl acetate fraction (KS-03) among organic solvent fractions was 120.2% of the most proliferation activity ($50{\mu}g/ml$) against HaCaT human epithelial cell. However, fractions from chloroform, butanolic and methanolic extract had 7.2, 28.7 and 20.8% of antiproliferative effect on HaCaT cell, respectively. In cell proliferation effects of C. sappan extract on HeLa, SiHa and C33A human cervical cancer cells, chloroform fraction (KS-2) was the most antiproliferative activity, its antiproliferative rate (dosage, $50{\mu}g/ml$) relative to control was 25.8, 12.2 and 17.4% for SiHa, HeLa and C33A, respectively. The results indicated that the six extract fractions could induce cell cycle stimulate or arrest in some way. Finally, further investigation is needed to assess the molecular mechanisms mediated anticancer activities of this plant.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2000

In this study, we collected the tap water that treated from water plant in Seoul, Incheon, Taejon, Kwangju, Taeku and Pusan and supplied each house. The sampling period was June and September, 1997. The concentration of THMs formed by chlorination in drinking water was determined with the purge and trap method with GC/MSD recommended by the us EPA 542.2 method. Chloroform is the most of THMs (47.43%~93.11%) and the content order is bromodichloromethane > chlorodibromomethane > bromoform. In Incheon, Taejon, Kwangju, Taeku and Pusan, the content of bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform was higher than Seoul. But, in June and September, the concentration of THMs in six cities is not over Korea Drinking Water Regulation $100{\mu}g/L$. The calculated human exposure for each substances were chloroform $6.14{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$, bromodichloromethane $1.01{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$, chlorodibromomethane $0.29{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$, bromoform $0.01{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$ and THMs $7.98{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.188-192
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• 1991

Single non-lethal doses of chloroform $(CHCL_3)$ dichlorobromomethane $(CHCL_2Br)$, dibromochloromethane $(CHCIBr_2)$, or bromoform $(CHBr_3)$ were administered to male rats. Routes of exposure including single intraperitional (ip) and subcutaneous (sc) injection were used in order to permit comparison of severity of THM effects and renal toxicity was assessed at varied times following treatment. On an equimolar basis, sc administration of $CHBr_3$ (either 12 or 3 mmoles/kg) is more effective at increasing KW/BW than ip $CHCI_3$ treatment. Plasma urea nitrogen (BUN) following ip THM injections are markedly increased with all four THM at 24 hours post treatment. BUN response to $CHCL_2Br$ and $CHCIBr_3$-effected BUN levels have essentially returned to those of vehicle control. THM sc treatment results in a BUN response similar to that seen following ip treatment, with only the time course being different. With the exception of $CHCL_3$, sc and ip-treatments appear to be equally effective in evoking absolute BUN elevations. These results suggest that THM administration induce renal toxicity dependent upon the route or exposure.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.45-51
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• 1996

Histopathological changes of gills and caudal fins isolated from fishes, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, and Hernibarbus labeo, which were killed by oxygen deficiency or toxic chemicals, were studied. The toxic chemicals were HCl, NaOH, chloroform, benzene, heavy metals(Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, Hg), and o-dichlorobenzene. The exposure level was enough to kill the fishes within 30 minutes. Oxygen deficient water was prepared by aeration of nitrogen gas and the oxygen concentration was less than l ppm. Cryocutting was used for the rapid preparation of tissue slides and the tissues were stained by hematoxylin/eosin. In the fishes killed by hazardous chemicals, congestion and/or hyperplasia of secondary lamella and erosion of fin were found as the major histopathological changes. Whereas, these characteristics were not observed in gills or caudal fins of fishes killed by oxygen deficiency. These different bioindications appeared in the fishes killed by toxic substances or natural causes, can be used for the rapid identification of the causes of fish kills.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 1997.12a
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• pp.91-99
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• 1997

과거에는 환경오염에 의한 피해의 유무, 즉 인과관계를 규명하는 것이 일차적인 관심 대상이었다. 그러나 구체적이고 정량적인 정보를 요구하는 현대사회에서는 오염피해의 정도와 심각성을 평가하여 주민에게 알려 주어야 하며, 어느 정도의 오염수준을 우리사회에서 받아들일 수 있는가의 판단이 매우 중요한 문제로 떠오르게 되었다. 또한 복잡다기화 되어가고 있는 사회 현상속에서 이해관계와 불확실성으로 얽혀 있는 환경문제를 풀어나가기 위해서는 과학적이고 합리적인 방법론이 요구되고 있다. 이를 위해 제시될 수 있는 방법론이 위해성 평가(decision-making) 수단이나 연구의 한 분야로 지난 30여년 동안 비교적 빠르게 발전되어져 왔다. 우리나라의 경우도 이미 위해성 평가에 대한 연구가 계속 발전중에 있으며, 특히 수계에서 검출 가능하고 잠재적인 위해성을 지니는 수질오염물질에 대한 전반적인 위해성을 평가하여 우리나라 수질관리정책에 유용한 기초자료들을 지시한 바 있다. 본문에서는 수질중 chloroform을 대상으로 확률분포를 이용한 위해성 평가 방법론과 대기중 benzene을 대상으로 노출 허용량(margine of exposure) 접근법을 소개하고자 한다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.35-43
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• 1999

A number of disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed as a result of the addition of chlorine into the public water supply and some of them have been suggested to cause adverse health effects on humans. However, the estimation of human ingestion exposure to each DBP has been performed simply by multiplying the concentration of a chemical in the cold tap water by the volume of water consumed during a given period of time. However, a questionnaire concerning water consumptions administered to sixty people residing in Chunchon showed that the volume of tap water consumed accounted for approximately 70% of the total volume of water consumed and that of heated water represented approximately 94% of tap water ingested. Heating durations for water-containing foods (e. g., soups and pot stews) and heated beverages (e. g., barley tea) were grouped into 10, 20, 30, and 35 minutes. Based on these time frames, an aluminum pot containing one liter of tap water was heated for the above respective time periods using a gas range to determine the variations of the concentrations of individual DBPs by heating. The pH and total residual chlorine were measured before and after heating. Collected water samples were carried to the laboratory and analyzed for eight DBPs and total organic carbon. Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chloral hydrate, 1, 2-dichloro-2-propanone, 1, 1, 1-trichloropropanone, and dichloroacetonitrile were not detected following heating for 10 minutes and longer. The concentration of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was elevated with heating duration, resulting in the averages of 2.0, 3.1, 4.7, and 12 times the initial concentration, respectively, for 10, 20, 30, and 35 minute heating periods. On the other hand, the concentration of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) decreased with heating duration, with 0.65, 0.40, 0.34, and 0.19 times lower than the initial concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that ingestion exposure to DCAA increases with heating duration but that ingestion exposure to TCAA decreases. In addition, while the amount of DCAA was elevated at the initial time periods (10 or 20 minutes) and then slowly decreased, that of TCAA was rapidly decreased. In conclusion, water-heating processes during cooking influence the concentrations of individual DBPs in the tap water, with lower levels for volatile DBPs and TCAA, and higher levels for DCAA. Therefore, concentration change needs to be taken into consideration in the estimation of human ingestion exposure to DBPs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.110-126
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• 1993

Worker exposures to total chromium, hexavalent chromium (VI), sulfuric acid and alkaline dust at electroplating operations and worker exposures to trichloroethylene (TCE) and methyl chloroform (MCM) at degreasing operations in eleven small industrial plants were evaluated. Appropriate local exhaust ventilation systems for both operations were designed and recommended. Results of the study are summarized as follows ; 1. Out of 134 measurements for airborne hexavalent chromium concentrations, seven were exceeding the Korean occupational health standard of $50{\mu}g/m^3$ and 45 were exceeding the NIOSH standard of $1{\mu}g/m^3$. With an exception of one measurement, concentrations of total chromium were below the Korean standard of $500{\mu}g/m^3$. 2. Worker exposures to chromium were closely related to the existing control methods at the electroplating operations. Local exhaust systems, partial coverage of the tank surface, and antifoaming agents on liquid surface were adopted as control methods. 3. With an exception of one sample, airborne concentrations of sulfuric acid and alkaline dusts were below the applicable occupational heatlth standards. 4. Three plants indicated that airborne concentrations of TCE and MCM were exceeding the Korean standards. Other plants showed lower concentrations than the standards. It should be noted that generally, the activities and workloads on the day of surveys were less than normal. 5. Since the most existing ventilation systems did not satisfy the ACGIH criteria, the ventilation systems should be improved. Some examples for designing appropriate ventilation systems are presented.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.439-445
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• 2017

This study compares the safety of nail products by reviewing domestic and foreign literature for preparing a safety management plan for reduction of human body exposure to hazardous substances that occur in nail products. We analyzed the cases of exceeding the limit value of hazardous substances. In domestic artificial nail adhesive and nail tip, toluene content was 40.3 times higher than the standard value, chloroform was 22.8 times, and antimony was 15.4 times. In developed countries, it is obligatory to provide material safety data and workplace ventilation equipment through various policy researches. However, there is no safety standard in Korea. Therefore, if the regulations for safety management should be established with each characteristic of nail product, work environment, workers, and consumers, and the awareness of hazardous substance cosmetics should be improved through development and dissemination of various educational programs, it can contribute to disease prevention and health promotion.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.482-492
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• 2012

Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to produce background data which can be compared with data on vulnerable areas such as industrial complexes in Ulsan, SihwaBanwol, Gwangyang, Yeosu, Pohang, Cheongju and Daesan in Korea. Methods: This study was performed on 1,007 local residents in Gangneung using personal questionnaires and medical check-up. Environmental pollutants including heavy metals in blood and urine were analyzed and the results are as follows. Results: According to the results of medical check-up, 705 subjects were "Normal (A and B)", 232 subjects were "Disease doubtful (R1)" and 70 subjects were "High blood pressure or Diabetes doubtful (R2)". Regarding geometric mean concentration, blood lead was 1.57 ${\mu}g/dL$, urine cadmium was 0.82 ${\mu}g/g-cr$, urine mercury was 0.98 ${\mu}g/g-cr$ and urine arsenic was 15.78 ${\mu}g/g-cr$. In the analysis of 11 kinds of VOCs in blood, vinyl chloride, 1,3-butadiene and dichloroethylene were not detected, while the detection rate of other chemicals was above 70% except chloroform(49.7%) and trichloroethylene(19.0%). In analysis of 16 kinds of PAHs in blood, 10 kinds showed more than 80% in detection rate. Also, detection rate of 4 kinds of PCBs in blood ranged 52 to 78%. Conclusions: Compared with industrial compelxes, the concentration of blood lead was lower, while urine cadmium and mercury levels were similar. Also, urine arsenic ranged at a significant level. Further study is required to find the cause of regional differences in concentrations of environmental pollutants.